1
|
Liu Z, Liang J, Hu H, Wu M, Ma J, Ma Z, Ji J, Chen H, Li X, Wang Z, Luo Y. Development of an Effective Neutralizing Antibody Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3125-3139. [PMID: 37333734 PMCID: PMC10275375 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s408921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are essential for preventing reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and the recurrence of COVID-19; nonetheless, the formation of NAbs following vaccination and infection remains enigmatic due to the lack of a practical and effective NAb assay in routine laboratory settings. In this study, we developed a convenient lateral flow assay for the rapid and precise measurement of serum NAb levels within 20 minutes. Methods Receptor-binding domain-fragment crystallizable (RBD-Fc) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-histidine tag (ACE2-His) were expressed by the eukaryotic expression systems of Spodoptera frugiperda clone 9 and human embryonic kidney 293T, respectively. Then, colloidal gold was synthesized and conjugated with ACE2. After optimizing various operating parameters, an NAb lateral flow assay was constructed. Subsequently, its detection limit, specificity, and stability were systematically evaluated, and clinical samples were analyzed to validate its clinical feasibility. Results RBD-Fc and ACE2-His were obtained with 94.01% and 90.05% purity, respectively. The synthesized colloidal gold had a uniform distribution with an average diameter of 24.15 ± 2.56 nm. With a detection limit of 2 μg/mL, the proposed assay demonstrated a sensitivity of 97.80% and a specificity of 100% in 684 uninfected clinical samples. By evaluating 356 specimens from infected individuals, we observed that the overall concordance rate between the proposed assay and conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was 95.22%, and we noticed that 16.57% (59/356) of individuals still did not produce NAbs after infection (both by ELISA and the proposed assay). All the above tests by this assay can obtain results within 20 minutes by the naked eye without any additional instruments or equipment. Conclusion The proposed assay can expediently and reliably detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAbs after infection, and the results provide valuable data to facilitate effective prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2. Clinical trial registration Serum and blood samples were used under approval from the Biomedical Research Ethics Subcommittee of Henan University, and the clinical trial registration number was HUSOM-2022-052. We confirm that this study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hangzhan Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengli Wu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Ma
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianing Ji
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hengyi Chen
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhizeng Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, People’s Republic of China
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Luo
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, Jiangjin Hospital, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Laboratory Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen C, Liang J, Hu H, Li X, Wang L, Wang Z. Research progress in methods for detecting neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Anal Biochem 2023:115199. [PMID: 37257735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has seriously affected the lives of people worldwide. Clarifying the attenuation rule of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) in vivo is the key to prevent reinfection and recurrence of virus. Currently, the commonly used methods for detecting NAb include virus neutralization tests, pseudovirus neutralization assays, lateral flow immunochromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The detection of NAb not only can be used to evaluate the level of immunity after vaccination or infection but also can provide important theoretical support for virus reinfection, recurrence and vaccine iteration. In this research, the related technologies of SARS-CoV-2 NAb detection were reviewed, aiming to provide better research ideas for SARS-CoV-2 epidemic prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Chen
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Jiahui Liang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Hangzhan Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China; Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Xiaoquan Li
- Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, 274000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| | - Zhizeng Wang
- Center of Smart Laboratory and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Clinical Laboratory of the First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng L, Lan L, Ramalingam M, He J, Yang Y, Gao M, Shi Z. A review of current effective COVID-19 testing methods and quality control. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:239. [PMID: 37195393 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which primarily affects the respiratory system and can lead to severe illness. The virus is extremely contagious, early and accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial to contain its spread, to provide prompt treatment, and to prevent complications. Currently, the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is considered to be the gold standard for detecting COVID-19 in its early stages. In addition, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LMAP), clustering rule interval short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA), computed tomography (CT), and electrochemical sensors are also common tests. However, these different methods vary greatly in terms of their detection efficiency, specificity, accuracy, sensitivity, cost, and throughput. Besides, most of the current detection methods are conducted in central hospitals and laboratories, which is a great challenge for remote and underdeveloped areas. Therefore, it is essential to review the advantages and disadvantages of different COVID-19 detection methods, as well as the technology that can enhance detection efficiency and improve detection quality in greater details.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Cheng
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| | - Liang Lan
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Jianrong He
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Yimin Yang
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Min Gao
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gaber Y, Abdel Alem S, Musa S, Amer K, Elnagdy T, Hassan WA, Abdelrahman RZ, Gad A, Ali MA, Badary HA, Shawky S, Talaat H, Kassem AM, Fouad R. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulins using chemiluminescence immunoassay and its correlation with neutralizing antibodies. Virus Res 2022; 319:198852. [PMID: 35834979 PMCID: PMC9273163 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 infection have a pivotal role in protective immune response; however, their measurement requires specialized facilities. We evaluated the degree of correlation between NAbs and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total Ig antibodies detected by chemiluminescent immunoassay in asymptomatic and previously symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 patients. METHODS A total of 1241 participants (previously symptomatic patients and asymptomatic individuals), who were screened for SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR or serology, were enrolled in our study. Sera were analyzed for the presence of anti-spike-1(S1)-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total Ig antibodies, using Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, USA. A signal/cut-off value (S/CO) ≥ 1 was considered reactive. NAbs were measured in 103 random samples from groups using microneutralization assay, with titer ≥ 1:10 being considered positive. RESULTS Asymptomatic (n = 229) and 261 previously symptomatic individuals with positive serology and negative RT-PCR were finally included. Significant higher anti-S1-IgG titers were seen in asymptomatic individuals (P < 0.0001). Conversely, anti-S1-total Ig titers were significantly higher in previously symptomatic (P < 0.0001). NAbs were detected in both groups, however, higher titers were seen in previously symptomatic patients. There is a correlation between NAbs and both IgG/total anti-S1-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (r = 0.47, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.49, P < 0.0001, respectively). IgG and total Ig could predict a neutralization titer of ≥ 1:160 at S/CO >4.44 and >65 with AUC 0.69 and 0.67, respectively. CONCLUSION Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection can produce comparable antibodies response to previously symptomatic individuals, however higher neutralization activity was seen in the previously symptomatic. Anti-S1-SARS-CoV-2 IgG/total Ig antibodies showed a correlation with neutralization activity and can be used to estimate the presence of protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Gaber
- Endemic Medicine Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shereen Abdel Alem
- Endemic Medicine Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherief Musa
- Endemic Medicine Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled Amer
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek Elnagdy
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wael A Hassan
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Gad
- Armed Forces Laboratories for Medical Research and Blood Bank, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hedy A Badary
- Endemic Medicine Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Shawky
- Clinical Pathology Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala Talaat
- Department of Pediatrics, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdel Meguid Kassem
- Endemic Medicine Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabab Fouad
- Endemic Medicine Department, Kasr Al-Aini Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kwon SR, Kim N, Park H, Minn D, Park S, Roh EY, Yoon JH, Shin S. Strong SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response After Booster Dose of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccines in Uninfected Healthcare Workers. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e135. [PMID: 35578582 PMCID: PMC9110264 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite strict guidelines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), South Korea is facing its fourth pandemic wave. In this study, by using an automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay assay, we tracked anti-spike protein receptor-binding domain (anti-S-RBD) antibody titer from the second dose to 2 weeks after the booster dose vaccination. After the second dose, 234 participants had their anti-S-RBD antibody titers decrease over time. We also showed the booster dose (the third dose) increased antibody titer by average 14 (min-max, 2-255)-fold higher compared to the second dose among the 211-booster group participants, therefore, the booster dose could be recommended for low responders to the second dose. Our findings showed a distinct humoral response after booster doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines and may provide further evidence of booster vaccination efficacy. These data will also be helpful in vaccination policy decisions that determine the need for the booster dose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Ryun Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Namhee Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunwoong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Eun Youn Roh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sue Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Junker D, Dulovic A, Becker M, Wagner TR, Kaiser PD, Traenkle B, Kienzle K, Bunk S, Struemper C, Haeberle H, Schmauder K, Ruetalo N, Malek N, Althaus K, Koeppen M, Rothbauer U, Walz JS, Schindler M, Bitzer M, Göpel S, Schneiderhan-Marra N. COVID-19 patient serum less potently inhibits ACE2-RBD binding for various SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7168. [PMID: 35505068 PMCID: PMC9062870 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10987-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As global vaccination campaigns against SARS-CoV-2 proceed, there is particular interest in the longevity of immune protection, especially with regard to increasingly infectious virus variants. Neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 are promising correlates of protective immunity and have been successfully used for prevention and therapy. As SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) are known to affect binding to the ACE2 receptor and by extension neutralizing activity, we developed a bead-based multiplex ACE2-RBD inhibition assay (RBDCoV-ACE2) as a highly scalable, time-, cost-, and material-saving alternative to infectious live-virus neutralization tests. By mimicking the interaction between ACE2 and the RBD, this serological multiplex assay allows the simultaneous analysis of ACE2 binding inhibition to the RBDs of all SARS-CoV-2 VOCs and variants of interest (VOIs) in a single well. Following validation against a classical virus neutralization test and comparison of performance against a commercially available assay, we analyzed 266 serum samples from 168 COVID-19 patients of varying severity. ACE2 binding inhibition was reduced for ten out of eleven variants examined compared to wild-type, especially for those displaying the E484K mutation such as VOCs beta and gamma. ACE2 binding inhibition, while highly individualistic, positively correlated with IgG levels. ACE2 binding inhibition also correlated with disease severity up to WHO grade 7, after which it reduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Junker
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Alex Dulovic
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Becker
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Teresa R Wagner
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp D Kaiser
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Bjoern Traenkle
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kienzle
- Department Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bunk
- Department Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carlotta Struemper
- Department Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Helene Haeberle
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kristina Schmauder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natalia Ruetalo
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nisar Malek
- Department Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Center for Personalized Medicine, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karina Althaus
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Koeppen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rothbauer
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany.,Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Juliane S Walz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Robert Bosch Center for Tumor Diseases (RBCT), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Schindler
- Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Bitzer
- Department Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Center for Personalized Medicine, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Siri Göpel
- Department Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Nicole Schneiderhan-Marra
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Markwiesenstrasse 55, 72770, Reutlingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Van Ert HA, Bohan DW, Rogers K, Fili M, Rojas Chávez RA, Qing E, Han C, Dempewolf S, Hu G, Schwery N, Sevcik K, Ruggio N, Boyt D, Pentella MA, Gallagher T, Jackson JB, Merrill AE, Knudson CM, Brown GD, Maury W, Haim H. Limited Variation between SARS-CoV-2-Infected Individuals in Domain Specificity and Relative Potency of the Antibody Response against the Spike Glycoprotein. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0267621. [PMID: 35080430 PMCID: PMC8791189 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02676-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is arranged as a trimer on the virus surface, composed of three S1 and three S2 subunits. Infected and vaccinated individuals generate antibodies against spike, which can neutralize the virus. Most antibodies target the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD) of S1; however, antibodies against other regions of spike have also been isolated. The interhost variability in domain specificity and relative neutralization efficacy of the antibodies is still poorly characterized. To this end, we tested serum and plasma samples collected from 85 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent subjects. Samples were analyzed using seven immunoassays that employ different domains, subunits, and oligomeric forms of spike to capture the antibodies. Samples were also tested for their neutralization of pseudovirus containing SARS-CoV-2 spike and of replication-competent SARS-CoV-2. While the total amount of anti-spike antibodies produced varied among convalescent subjects, we observed an unexpectedly fixed ratio of RBD- to NTD-targeting antibodies. The relative potency of the response (defined as the measured neutralization efficacy relative to the total level of spike-targeting antibodies) also exhibited limited variation between subjects and was not associated with the overall amount of antispike antibodies produced. These studies suggest that host-to-host variation in the polyclonal response elicited against SARS-CoV-2 spike in early pandemic subjects is primarily limited to the quantity of antibodies generated rather than their domain specificity or relative neutralization potency. IMPORTANCE Infection by SARS-CoV-2 elicits antibodies against various domains of the spike protein, including the RBD and NTD of subunit S1 and against subunit S2. The antibody responses of different infected individuals exhibit different efficacies to inactivate (neutralize) the virus. Here, we show that the observed variation in the neutralizing activity of the antibody responses in COVID-19 convalescent subjects is caused by differences in the amounts of antibodies rather than their recognition properties or the potency of their antiviral activity. These findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccine strategies that focus on enhancing the overall level of the antibodies will likely elicit a more uniformly efficacious protective response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanora A. Van Ert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Dana W. Bohan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Kai Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Mohammad Fili
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Roberth A. Rojas Chávez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Enya Qing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States
| | - Changze Han
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Spencer Dempewolf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Guiping Hu
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Nathan Schwery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Kristina Sevcik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Natalie Ruggio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Devlin Boyt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Michael A. Pentella
- State Hygienic Laboratory, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Tom Gallagher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, United States
| | - J. Brooks Jackson
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Anna E. Merrill
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - C. Michael Knudson
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Grant D. Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Hillel Haim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Borderline and weakly positive antibody levels against the S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 exhibit limited agreement with virus neutralization titres. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY PLUS 2022; 2:100058. [PMID: 35262031 PMCID: PMC8651569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcvp.2021.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in a large number of people is – besides cellular immunity – important to overcome the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. While determination of neutralizing antibodies via virus neutralization tests are laborious, assays to determine the antibody levels serologically are fully automated and widely available. Correlations between these methodologies were recently given by the manufacturers, however performance in samples close to the cut off value have not yet been fully validated. Thus, we analysed 22 borderline and low positive (<100 BAU/ml) samples and 9 high positive (≥ 100 BAU/ml) from infected and/or vaccinated individuals and compared the SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay (Abbott), LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG (Diasorin), Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S (Roche), and SARS-CoV-2 IgG (Siemens) with results obtained from a virus neutralization test. Based on the cut off values given by Abbott, Diasorin, Roche, and Siemens, the positive serologic results were concordant with the virus neutralization test in 100%, 76%, 88%, and 71%, respectively, while in turn, negative ones were in agreement in 29%, 79%, 93%, and 86%, respectively. In conclusion, weakly positive, serologic results are challenging to correctly predict the presence of neutralizing antibodies. Our study suggests, that different cut off values (for positivity vs. presence of neutralizing antibodies) could improve the test's performance, but determination thereof requires more samples to be analysed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Niedrist T, Drexler C, Torreiter PP, Matejka J, Strahlhofer-Augsten M, Kral S, Riegler S, Gülly C, Zurl C, Kriegl L, Krause R, Berghold A, Steinmetz I, Schlenke P, Herrmann M. Longitudinal comparison of automated SARS-CoV-2 serology assays in assessing virus neutralization capacity in COVID-19 convalescent sera. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2022; 146:538-546. [PMID: 35085385 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0604-sa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.– Serological tests on automated immunology analyzers are increasingly used to monitor the acquired immunity against SARS-CoV-2. The heterogeneity of assays raises concerns about their diagnostic performance and comparability. OBJECTIVE.– To test sera from formerly infected individuals for SARS-Cov-2 antibodies utilizing six automated serology assays and a pseudoneutralization test (PNT). DESIGN.– Six SARS-CoV-2 serology assays were utilized to assess 954 samples collected during a 12 months period from 315 COVID-19 convalescents. The tests determined either antibodies against the viral nucleocapsid (anti-NC) or spike protein (anti-S). Two assays did not distinguish between antibody classes whereas the others selectively measured immunoglubulins G (IgG) antibodies. PNT was used to detect the presence of neutralizing antibodies. RESULTS.– Comparison of qualitative results showed only slight to moderate concordance between the assays (Cohen's kappa < 0.57). Significant correlations (P < .001) were observed between the antibody titers from all quantitative assays. However, titer changes were not detected equally. A total anti-S assay measured an increase in 128 out of 172 cases (74%) of a suitable subset, whereas all IgG anti-S tests reported decreases in at least 118 (69%). Regarding the PNT results, diagnostic sensitivities ≥89% were achieved with PPVs ≥93%. In contrast, specificity changed substantially over time varying from 20 to 100%. CONCLUSIONS.– Comparability of serological SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests is rather poor. Due to different diagnostic specificities, the tested assays were not equally capable of capturing changes in antibody titers. However, with thoroughly validated cut-offs, IgG-selective anti-S assays are a reliable surrogate test for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in former COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Niedrist
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (Niedrist, Herrmann), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Camilla Drexler
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine (Drexler, Torreiter, Schlenke), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Patrick Paul Torreiter
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine (Drexler, Torreiter, Schlenke), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Matejka
- Biobank Graz (Matejka, Strahlhofer-Augsten, Kral, Riegler, Gülly), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Manuela Strahlhofer-Augsten
- Biobank Graz (Matejka, Strahlhofer-Augsten, Kral, Riegler, Gülly), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Kral
- Biobank Graz (Matejka, Strahlhofer-Augsten, Kral, Riegler, Gülly), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Skaiste Riegler
- Biobank Graz (Matejka, Strahlhofer-Augsten, Kral, Riegler, Gülly), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Gülly
- Biobank Graz (Matejka, Strahlhofer-Augsten, Kral, Riegler, Gülly), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Center for Medical Research (Gülly), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Zurl
- Division of Infectious Diseases in the Department of Internal Medicine (Zurl, Kriegl, Krause), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Division of General Paediatrics in the Department of Paediatrics and Adolescents Medicine (Zurl), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa Kriegl
- Division of Infectious Diseases in the Department of Internal Medicine (Zurl, Kriegl, Krause), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Krause
- Division of Infectious Diseases in the Department of Internal Medicine (Zurl, Kriegl, Krause), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria (Krause)
| | - Andrea Berghold
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation (Berghold), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ivo Steinmetz
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine (Steinmetz), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Schlenke
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion Medicine (Drexler, Torreiter, Schlenke), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Herrmann
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics (Niedrist, Herrmann), Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ramos A, Cardoso MJ, Ribeiro L, Guimarães JT. Assessing SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies after BNT162b2 Vaccination and Their Correlation with SARS-CoV-2 IgG Anti-S1, Anti-RBD and Anti-S2 Serological Titers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:205. [PMID: 35054372 PMCID: PMC8775066 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The humoral response through neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) is a key component of the immune response to COVID-19. However, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), the gold standard for determining NAbs, is technically demanding, time-consuming and requires BSL-3 conditions. Correlating the NAbs and total antibodies levels, assessed by generalized and automated serological tests, is crucial. Through a commercial surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT), we aimed to evaluate the production of SARS-CoV-2 NAbs in a set of vaccinated healthcare workers and to correlate these NAbs with the SARS-CoV-2 IgG anti-S1, anti-RBD and anti-S2 serological titers. We found that 6 months after vaccination, only 74% maintain NAbs for the Wuhan strain/UK variant (V1) and 47% maintain NAbs for the South African and Brazil variants (V2). Through Spearman's correlation, we found the following correlations between the percentage of inhibition of NAbs and the SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, USA) and BioPlex 2200 SARS-CoV-2 IgG Panel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) immunoassays: rho = 0.87 (V1) and rho = 0.73 (V2) for anti-S1 assessed by Abbott assay; rho = 0.77 (V1) and rho = 0.72 (V2) for anti-S1, rho = 0.88 (V1) and rho = 0.82 (V2) for anti-RBD, and rho = 0.68 (V1) and rho = 0.60 (V2) for anti-S2 assessed by BioPlex assay (p < 0.001 for all). In conclusion, we found a strong correlation between this fast, user-friendly, mobile and bio-safe sVNT and the serological immunoassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Ramos
- Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (L.R.); (J.T.G.)
- EPI Unit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Cardoso
- Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (L.R.); (J.T.G.)
| | - Luís Ribeiro
- Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (L.R.); (J.T.G.)
| | - João Tiago Guimarães
- Serviço de Patologia Clínica, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; (M.J.C.); (L.R.); (J.T.G.)
- EPI Unit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Robust SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses in Asian COVID-Naïve Subjects 180 Days after Two Doses of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111241. [PMID: 34835172 PMCID: PMC8622758 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Subjects with previous COVID-19 have augmented post-vaccination responses. However, the antibody response in COVID-naïve subjects from Southeast Asia is not well known. Methods: 77 COVID-naïve vaccinees were tested with a full antibody panel [spike antibodies (total (T-Ab), IgG, IgM) and neutralizing antibodies (N-Ab)] pre-vaccination, 10 days after dose 1, and 20/40/60/90/120/150/180 days after dose 2. Results: 10 days after dose 1, 67.6% (48/71)/69.0% (49/71) were T-Ab/IgG positive; only 15.5% (11/71)/14.1% (10/71) were N-Ab/IgM positive. While all (100%) subjects had brisk T-Ab, IgG and N-Ab antibody responses 20 days after complete vaccination, only 79.1% (53/67) were IgM positive. At 180 days (n = 8), T-Ab/IgG/N-Ab were still reactive (lowest T-Ab 186 U/mL, IgG 617 AU/mL, N-Ab 0.39 µg/mL), but IgM was negative in all samples. Spike antibody thresholds of T-Ab 74.1 U/mL (r = 0.95) and IgG 916 AU/mL (r = 0.95) corresponded to N-Ab reactivity (>0.3 µg/mL). Non-linear regression analysis showed that N-Ab would decrease to 0.3 µg/mL by 241 days, whereas T-Ab/IgG would need 470/163 days to reach titers of T-Ab/IgG associated with a N-Ab 0.3 µg/mL (76.4 U/mL and 916 AU/mL respectively). Conclusions: The antibody responses of T-Ab, IgG and N-Ab remain high and durable even at 180 days. N-Ab titers are expected to remain reactive up to 241 days post-vaccination.
Collapse
|
12
|
Montesinos I, Dahma H, Wolff F, Dauby N, Delaunoy S, Wuyts M, Detemmerman C, Duterme C, Vandenberg O, Martin C, Hallin M. Neutralizing antibody responses following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection: Dynamics and correlation with commercial serologic tests. J Clin Virol 2021; 144:104988. [PMID: 34607239 PMCID: PMC8479371 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The prediction of SARS-CoV-2 immunity by commercially available serologic tests will be crucial to assess the efficacy of vaccination. We used plaque reduction neutralization testing as the reference standard to evaluate the diagnostic performance of six commercial serologic tests for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Euroimmun ELISA anti-spike 1 IgG, Euroimmun anti-spike 1 IgG QuantiVac ELISA, Elecsys Anti-nucleocapsid protein total antibodies, Elecsys Anti-receptor-binding domain total antibodies, VIDAS anti-spike subdomain IgG, and Microblot-Array COVID-19 IgG assay were performed on 228 sera from 89 healthcare workers who participated in a six-month seroprevalence survey. Although all immunoassays demonstrated similar performances, VIDAS SARS-CoV-2 IgG and Euroimmun QuantiVac IgG (area under the curve 0.96 and 0.95 respectively) showed the better ability to detect Nabs. Except for the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 and the Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S assays, the commercial serologic tests evaluated here showed a significant decrease of antibody titers in the 6-month follow-up samples. Depending on the immunoassay, 21% to 33% of the participants became seronegative, and 16.9% had a loss of neutralizing antibodies. Microblot-Array assay results showed cross-reactivity with HCoVNL63 in only one sample, and this sample showed SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing capacity. In conclusion, our results support the use of VIDAS SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA IgG, Euroimmun Anti-SARS-CoV-2 QuantiVac ELISA IgG and Microblot-Array COVID-19 IgG assays to monitor neutralizing antibody response following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection. These immunoassays could facilitate the prediction of post-vaccine protection in the long term and the allocation of booster doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Montesinos
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB). Université Libre de Bruxelles. Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Hafid Dahma
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB). Université Libre de Bruxelles. Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fleur Wolff
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB). Université Libre de Bruxelles. Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dauby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Saint Pierre- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). Brussels, Belgium & Institute for Medical Immunology (ULB), Belgium; Institute for Medical Immunology. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Center for Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sabrina Delaunoy
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB). Université Libre de Bruxelles. Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magaly Wuyts
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB). Université Libre de Bruxelles. Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cedric Detemmerman
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB). Université Libre de Bruxelles. Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cecile Duterme
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB). Université Libre de Bruxelles. Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vandenberg
- Innovation and Business Development Unit, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; Center for Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; Division of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Saint Pierre- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). Brussels, Belgium & Institute for Medical Immunology (ULB), Belgium
| | - Marie Hallin
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB). Université Libre de Bruxelles. Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium; Innovation and Business Development Unit, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles - Universitair Laboratorium Brussel (LHUB-ULB), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Selwyn GS, Ye C, Bradfute SB. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Surgical Masks Infused with Quaternary Ammonium Salts. Viruses 2021; 13:v13060960. [PMID: 34067345 PMCID: PMC8224633 DOI: 10.3390/v13060960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the need for protective and effective personal protective equipment (PPE). Research has shown that SARS-CoV-2 can survive on personal protective equipment, such as commonly used surgical masks. Methods are needed to inactivate virus on contaminated material. We show here that embedding viral-disinfecting compounds during the manufacturing of surgical masks inactivates a high dose (up to 1 × 105 pfu) of live, authentic SARS-CoV-2 within minutes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary S. Selwyn
- Green Theme Technologies Inc., Rio Rancho, NM 87124, USA
- Correspondence: (G.S.S.); (S.B.B.); Tel.: +1-505-577-4447 (G.S.S.); +1-505-272-9368 (S.B.B.)
| | - Chunyan Ye
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA;
| | - Steven B. Bradfute
- Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA;
- Correspondence: (G.S.S.); (S.B.B.); Tel.: +1-505-577-4447 (G.S.S.); +1-505-272-9368 (S.B.B.)
| |
Collapse
|