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Sharifi F, Naderi-Boldaji M, Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti M, Kheiralipour K, Ghasemi M, Maleki A. Feasibility study of detecting some milk adulterations using a LED-based Vis-SWNIR photoacoustic spectroscopy system. Food Chem 2023; 424:136411. [PMID: 37229900 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate a previousely developed photoacoustic spectroscopy system with light sources of visible to short-wave near infrared (Vis-SWNIR, 395-940 nm) for detection of adulterations in cow's milk including formalin, urea, hydrogen peroxide, starch, sodium hypochlorite, and detergent powder. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed a very good visual differentiation of different adulterations. The artificial neural networks (ANN) showed the highest classification accuracy (97.6 %) in detection of adulteration type and adulteration level (nearly 100 %). It can be generally concluded that the Vis-SWNIR photoacoustic spectroscopy system is a reliable and potent instrument for detecting various types of milk adulterations. Further studies are suggested with including cow's milk of different sources with probable variations in composition to generalize the findings of the present study. With the extension of the light sources to the range of long-wave NIR, the system can be applied as a diagnostic tool for quality evaluation of other liquid foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sharifi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran; Bakhtar Higher Education Institution, Ilam 69313-83638, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Naderi-Boldaji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran.
| | - Mahdi Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran
| | - Kamran Kheiralipour
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam 69391-77111, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghasemi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering of Biosystems, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord 88186-34141, Iran
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2
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A stable isotope and chemometric framework to distinguish fresh milk from reconstituted milk powder and detect potential extraneous nitrogen additives. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Hebling E Tavares JP, da Silva Medeiros ML, Barbin DF. Near-infrared techniques for fraud detection in dairy products: A review. J Food Sci 2022; 87:1943-1960. [PMID: 35362099 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The dairy products sector is an important part of the food industry, and their consumption is expected to grow in the next 10 years. Therefore, the authentication of these products in a faster and precise way is required for the sake of public health. This review proposes the use of near-infrared techniques for the detection of food fraud in dairy products as they are faster, nondestructive, environmentally friendly, do not require sample preparation, and allow multiconstituent analysis. First, we have described frequent forms of food fraud in dairy products and the application of traditional techniques for their detection, highlighting gaps and counterproductive characteristics for the actual global food chain, as longer sample preparation time and use of reagents. Then, the application of near-infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging for the detection of food fraud mainly in cheese, butter, and yogurt are described. As these techniques depend on model development, the coverage of different dairy products by the literature will promote the identification of food fraud in a faster and reliable way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Douglas Fernandes Barbin
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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4
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Shenashen MA, Emran MY, El Sabagh A, Selim MM, Elmarakbi A, El-Safty SA. Progress in sensory devices of pesticides, pathogens, coronavirus, and chemical additives and hazards in food assessment: Food safety concerns. PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022; 124:100866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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5
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Presence of soy in cereals and cereal products: validation of an ELISA technique and monitoring of products from the Italian market. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-021-01333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Segura-Gil I, Nicolau-Lapeña I, Galán-Malo P, Mata L, Calvo M, Sánchez L, Pérez MD. Development of two ELISA formats to determine glycinin. Application to detect soy in model and commercial processed food. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Yang J, Zheng N, Yang Y, Wang J, Soyeurt H. Detection of plant protein adulterated in fluid milk using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:2721-2728. [PMID: 30042588 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3194-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The illegal or unlabelled addition of plant protein in milk can cause serious anaphylaxis. For sustainable food security, it is therefore important to develop a methodology to detect non-milk protein in milk products. This research aims to differentiate milk adulterated with plant protein using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with mass spectrometry. According to the protein spots highlighted on the gel of adulterated milk, β-conglycinin and glycinin were detected in milk adulterated with soy protein, while legumin, vicilin, and convicilin indicated the addition of pea protein, and β-amylase and serpin marked wheat protein. These results suggest that a 2-DE-based protein profile is a useful method to identify milk adulterated with soy and pea protein, with a detection limit of 4% plant protein in the total protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Yang
- 1Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
- 2Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing, 100193 China
- 3State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
- 4AGROBIOCHEM Department and Teaching and Research Centre (TERRA), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Nan Zheng
- 1Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
- 2Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing, 100193 China
- 3State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yongxin Yang
- 5Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, 230031 China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- 1Ministry of Agriculture-Milk Risk Assessment Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
- 2Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing, 100193 China
- 3State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Hélène Soyeurt
- 4AGROBIOCHEM Department and Teaching and Research Centre (TERRA), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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8
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Gautam PB, Sharma R, Lata K, Rajput YS, Mann B. Construction of a lateral flow strip for detection of soymilk in milk. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:4213-4219. [PMID: 29184227 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A lateral flow based detection method for ascertaining the presence of soymilk in whole bovine milk has been described. The method uses commercially available rabbit anti-soy protein antibodies conjugated to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) wherein soymilk protein in adulterated milk and soymilk protein at test line competes for limited antibodies. At control line, anti-rabbit immunoglobulin was immobilized for ensuring flow properties of antibody-conjugated AuNPs. Absence or diminished intensity of band at test line indicates presence of soymilk in milk. The soymilk detection limit was 1.75% (v/v) in whole bovine milk and results are available in 5 min. Constructed lateral flow device can be used for on-spot examination of soymilk in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyae Brath Gautam
- Department of Dairy Chemistry, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Rajan Sharma
- Department of Dairy Chemistry, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Kiran Lata
- Department of Dairy Chemistry, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Y S Rajput
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Bimlesh Mann
- Department of Dairy Chemistry, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
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9
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Jha SN, Jaiswal P, Grewal MK, Gupta M, Bhardwaj R. Detection of Adulterants and Contaminants in Liquid Foods-A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:1662-84. [PMID: 25975571 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.798257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Milk and fruit juices have paramount importance in human diet. Increasing demand of these liquid foods has made them vulnerable to economic adulteration during processing and in supply chain. Adulterants are difficult to detect by consumers and thus necessitating the requirement of rapid, accurate and sensitive detection. The potential adulterants in milk and fruit juices and their limits set by different regulatory bodies have been briefly described in this review. Potential advantages and limitations of various techniques such as physicochemical methods, chromatography, immunoassays, molecular, electrical, spectroscopy with chemometrics, electronic nose, and biosensors have been described. Spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics has shown potential for rapid, precise, and sensitive detection of potential adulterants in these liquid foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Narayan Jha
- a Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division, Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering & Technology , Ludhiana , India
| | - Pranita Jaiswal
- a Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division, Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering & Technology , Ludhiana , India
| | - Manpreet Kaur Grewal
- a Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division, Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering & Technology , Ludhiana , India
| | - Mansha Gupta
- a Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division, Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering & Technology , Ludhiana , India
| | - Rishi Bhardwaj
- a Agricultural Structures and Environmental Control Division, Central Institute of Postharvest Engineering & Technology , Ludhiana , India
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10
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Azad T, Ahmed S. Common milk adulteration and their detection techniques. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-016-0045-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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11
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Poonia A, Jha A, Sharma R, Singh HB, Rai AK, Sharma N. Detection of adulteration in milk: A review. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Poonia
- Centre of Food Science and Technology; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi 221 005 India
| | - Alok Jha
- Centre of Food Science and Technology; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi 221 005 India
| | - Rajan Sharma
- Division of Dairy Chemistry; National Dairy Research Institute; Karnal 132 001 India
| | | | - Ashwini Kumar Rai
- Department of Botany; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi 221 005 India
| | - Nitya Sharma
- Department of Farm Engineering; Banaras Hindu University; Varanasi 221 005 India
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12
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Scholl PF, Farris SM, Mossoba MM. Rapid turbidimetric detection of milk powder adulteration with plant proteins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:1498-505. [PMID: 24484379 DOI: 10.1021/jf405617f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Development of assays to screen milk for economically motivated adulteration with foreign proteins has been stalled since 2008 due to strong international reactions to the melamine poisoning incident in China and the surveillance emphasis placed on low molecular weight nitrogen-rich adulterants. New screening assays are still needed to detect high molecular weight foreign protein adulterants and characterize this understudied potential risk. A rapid turbidimetric method was developed to screen milk powder for adulteration with insoluble plant proteins. Milk powder samples spiked with 0.03-3% by weight of soy, pea, rice, and wheat protein isolates were extracted in 96-well plates, and resuspended pellet solution absorbance was measured. Limits of detection ranged from 100 to 200 μg, or 0.1-0.2% of the sample weight, and adulterant pellets were visually apparent even at ∼0.1%. Extraction recoveries ranged from 25 to 100%. Assay sensitivity and simplicity indicate that it would be ideally suitable to rapidly screen milk samples in resource poor environments where adulteration with plant protein is suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Scholl
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, HFS-707, Room BE-006, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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13
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Molina-Delgado MÁ, Aguilar-Caballos MP, Gomez-Hens A. Determination of soy proteins in food samples by dispersive solid-phase immunoextraction and dynamic long-wavelength fluorometry. Mikrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-013-1056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Heterogeneous immunoassay for soy protein determination using nile blue-doped silica nanoparticles as labels and front-surface long-wavelength fluorimetry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 701:194-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Simó C, Domínguez-Vega E, Marina ML, García MC, Dinelli G, Cifuentes A. CE-TOF MS analysis of complex protein hydrolyzates from genetically modified soybeans--a tool for foodomics. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1175-1183. [PMID: 20209569 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
A CE-TOF MS proteomic approach was applied for the analysis of hydrolyzates from complex soybean protein mixtures. After CE-TOF MS method development, the new approach provided the simultaneous analysis of more than 150 peptides from the soybean protein fraction soluble in ACN-water (80/20 v/v). The method is fast (about 30 min of analysis per sample) and is characterized by a relatively low running cost. The approach was used to study the substantial equivalence between a genetically modified variety of soybean compared with its traditional counterpart. No significant differences were found between the two studied soybeans based on the protein fraction studied. The capacity of the CE-TOF MS method to analyze complex mixtures of peptides in short times opens interesting possibilities in the growing Foodomics area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simó
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Industrial Fermentations, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Domínguez-Vega
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Marina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Concepción García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giovanni Dinelli
- Department of Agroenvironmental Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Industrial Fermentations, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Sánchez-Martínez ML, Aguilar-Caballos MP, Gómez-Hens A. Homogeneous immunoassay for soy protein determination in food samples using gold nanoparticles as labels and light scattering detection. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 636:58-62. [PMID: 19231356 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Revised: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A homogeneous aggregation immunoassay involving the use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and light scattering detection is described for soy protein determination in food samples. AuNPs act as enhancers of the precipitate that appears when the antigen-antibody complex is formed. The AuNPs-antibody conjugate has been synthesized by physical adsorption of polyclonal anti-soy protein antibodies onto the surface of commercial AuNPs with a nominal diameter of 20nm. The direct assay is based on the reaction of the conjugate with soy protein, which reaches the equilibrium in about 10min, and the measurement of the light scattering intensity at 530nm, which is proportional to the analyte concentration. The dynamic range of the calibration graph is 0.2-20microgm L(-1) and the detection limit value is 65ngm L(-1). The precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, has been assayed at two different concentrations, 0.2 and 1microgm L(-1), giving values ranging from 4.7 to 5.9%. The interference of other proteins has been assayed. The usefulness of this method has been shown by its application to the analysis of fruit juice and "nonmilk yoghourt" samples. The results obtained with the proposed method are similar to those obtained by using a commercial ELISA kit, but the assay time is significantly shorter and the detection limit was about 10 times lower. A recovery study has been also performed, giving values in the range of 84.0-119.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Sánchez-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Córdoba, Campus of Rabanales, Marie-Curie Annex Building, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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17
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de Luis R, Mata L, Estopañán G, Lavilla M, Sánchez L, Pérez MD. Evaluation of indirect competitive and double antibody sandwich ELISA tests to determine β-lactoglobulin and ovomucoid in model processed foods. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/09540100802520755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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18
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Reid LM, O'Donnell CP, Downey G. Recent technological advances for the determination of food authenticity. Trends Food Sci Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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García MC, Marina ML. Rapid detection of the addition of soybean proteins to cheese and other dairy products by reversed-phase perfusion chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 23:339-47. [PMID: 16546880 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500435247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The undeclared addition of soybean proteins to milk products is forbidden and a method is needed for food control and enforcement. This paper reports the development of a chromatographic method for routine analysis enabling the detection of the addition of soybean proteins to dairy products. A perfusion chromatography column and a linear binary gradient of acetonitrile-water-0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid at a temperature of 60 degrees C were used. A very simple sample treatment consisting of mixing the sample with a suitable solvent (Milli-Q water or bicarbonate buffer (pH=11)) and centrifuging was used. The method enabled the separation of soybean proteins from milk proteins in less than 4 min (at a flow-rate of 3 ml/min). The method has been successfully applied to the detection of soybean proteins in milk, cheese, yogurt, and enteral formula. The correct quantitation of these vegetable proteins has also been possible in milk adulterated at origin with known sources of soybean proteins. The application of the method to samples adulterated at origin also leads to interesting conclusions as to the effect of the processing conditions used for the preparation of each dairy product on the determination of soybean proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Dziuba J, Nałęcz D, Minkiewicz P, Dziuba B. Identification and determination of milk and soybean protein preparations using enzymatic hydrolysis followed by chromatography and chemometrical data analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Chen WL, Huang MT, Liu HC, Li CW, Mao SJT. Distinction Between Dry and Raw Milk Using Monoclonal Antibodies Prepared Against Dry Milk Proteins. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:2720-9. [PMID: 15328298 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)73399-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the heating process during the preparation of dry milk (DMLK) causes structural changes in some milk proteins. However, because such changes are subtle, whether they can be detected by an immunochemical approach remains questionable. The present study attempted to develop a sensitive mAb that might distinguish the DMLK from freshly prepared raw milk. To test this possibility, we immunized mice with commercially prepared DMLK and produced a panel of mAb. From 900 hybridomas screened using an ELISA, 4 clones were found to be specific to DMLK; the other 68 clones recognized both DMLK and raw milk. In contrast to polyclonal antibodies, only the specific mAb could detect the DMLK spiked into the raw milk at as low as 5% in concentration (vol/vol). Western blot analysis shows that these specific mAb were all directed against beta-lactoglobulin (LG) and LG-milk protein conjugates. These mAb reacted with raw milk heated at 95 degrees for 15 min; the reaction with LG-conjugates, however, was abolished when treated with reducing reagent. Thus, results suggests that a new antigenic epitope was exposed in a heating process, and the thio group of LG cross linked with other protein moiety played a provocative role in mAb recognition. A hypothetical model with respect to the interaction between the mAb and DMLK is proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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