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Fan MZ, Cheng L, Wang M, Chen J, Fan W, Jashari F, Wang W. Monomodular and multifunctional processive endocellulases: implications for swine nutrition and gut microbiome. Anim Microbiome 2024; 6:4. [PMID: 38308359 PMCID: PMC10837961 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-024-00292-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Poor efficiency of dietary fibre utilization not only limits global pork production profit margin but also adversely affects utilization of various dietary nutrients. Poor efficiency of dietary nutrient utilization further leads to excessive excretion of swine manure nutrients and results in environmental impacts of emission of major greenhouse gases (GHG), odor, nitrate leaching and surface-water eutrophication. Emission of the major GHG from intensive pork production contributes to global warming and deteriorates heat stress to pigs in tropical and sub-tropical swine production. Exogenous fibre enzymes of various microbial cellulases, hemicellulases and pectinases have been well studied and used in swine production as the non-nutritive gut modifier feed enzyme additives in the past over two decades. These research efforts have aimed to improve growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal fermentation as well as gut physiology, microbiome and health via complementing the porcine gut symbiotic microbial fibrolytic activities towards dietary fibre degradation. The widely reported exogenous fibre enzymes include the singular use of respective cellulases, hemicellulases and pectinases as well as their multienzyme cocktails. The currently applied exogenous fibre enzymes are largely limited by their inconsistent in vivo efficacy likely due to their less defined enzyme stability and limited biochemical property. More recently characterized monomodular, multifunctional and processive endoglucanases have the potential to be more efficaciously used as the next-generation designer fibre biocatalysts. These newly emerging multifunctional and processive endoglucanases have the potential to unleash dietary fibre sugar constituents as metabolic fuels and prebiotics, to optimize gut microbiome, to maintain gut permeability and to enhance performance in pigs under a challenged environment as well as to parallelly unlock biomass to manufacture biofuels and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Z Fan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada.
- One Health Institute, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | - Laurence Cheng
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jiali Chen
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Wenyi Fan
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Transpharmation LTD, N1M 2W3, Fergus, ON, Canada
| | - Fatmira Jashari
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, N1G 2W1, Guelph, ON, Canada
- The Canadian Food Inspection Agency Ontario Operation, N1G 4S9, Guelph, ON, Canada
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González F, Cervantes M, Morales A, Valle JA, Camacho R, ngélica Morales-Becerra A, Bernal H, aría Mendoza SM, Htoo JK. Effect of supplementing a Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic on performance, intestinal integrity, and serum antioxidant capacity and metabolites concentrations of heat-stressed growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae012. [PMID: 38219255 PMCID: PMC10825842 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposing pigs to heat stress (HS) seems to modify the intestinal microbiota which may compromise the integrity of the small intestine epithelia. Probiotics, live microorganisms, can help pigs to maintain a healthy intestinal environment. Eighty pigs (21.6 ± 3.4 kg body weight) exposed to HS or thermal neutral (TN) conditions were used to evaluate the effect of a Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic on performance, body temperature, and intestinal integrity. Treatments were: TN pigs fed a control diet without (TN-C) or with 1 × 106 CFU probiotic/g of feed (TN-P), and HS pigs fed a control without (HS-C) or with probiotic (HS-P). The control diet was formulated with wheat, soybean meal, and free amino acids (AA). Feed and water were freely available during the 21-d study. At completion, samples from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected to analyze epithelial histology and tight junction protein expression; antioxidant activity, and free AA and metabolites in serum. Relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus in ileal content was analyzed. Ambient temperature in the TN room ranged from 19 to 25 °C, and in HS room from 30 to 38.5 °C. Intestinal temperature in HS-P pigs was lower than in HS-C pigs. Weight gain and feed intake reduced, but feed:gain and respiration rate increased in HS compared to TN pigs, regardless of diet (P < 0.01). Probiotic increased weight gain and improved feed:gain (P < 0.05) in both TN and HS pigs, but feed intake did not differ. Heat stress decreased villi height in jejunum and villi height:crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). Probiotic increased villi height in duodenum and ileum, and villi height:crypt depth in all small intestine segments (P < 0.05). Relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium tended to reduce, and E. coli tended to increase (P < 0.10) in ileal content of HS-C pigs. Ileal relative abundance of Bacillus was higher (P < 0.01) in HS-P pigs than in HS-C and TN-C pigs. Cystathionine, homocysteine, hydroxylysine, α-amino-adipic acid, citrulline, α-amino-n-butyric acid, P-Ser, and taurine were higher in HS than in TN pigs (P < 0.05). These data confirm the negative effect of HS on performance, body temperature, and intestinal integrity of pigs. These data suggest that supplementing 1 × 106 CFU probiotic/g of feed based on Bacillus subtilis DSM 32540 may help to counteract the negative effects of HS on the performance and intestinal integrity of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda González
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC, México
| | - Miguel Cervantes
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC, México
| | - Adriana Morales
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC, México
| | - José Alan Valle
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC, México
| | - Reyna Lucero Camacho
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexicali, BC, México
| | | | - Hugo Bernal
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México
| | | | - John K Htoo
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
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Morales A, Sánchez V, Pérez B, Camacho RL, Arce N, Avelar E, González-Vega JC, Htoo JK, Cervantes M. Effect of dl-methionine supplementation above requirement on performance; intestinal morphology, antioxidant activity, and gene expression; and serum concentration of amino acids in heat stressed pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skac379. [PMID: 36383458 PMCID: PMC9833035 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal morphology and function can be compromised in pigs exposed to heat stress (HS), partly due to increased production of reactive-oxygen species. Because methionine (Met) functions as intracellular antioxidant, the requirement of Met may be increased in HS-pigs. The effect of dietary supplementation with dl-Met above requirement on performance, small intestine morphology, antioxidant enzymes activity, amino acid transporters expression, and serum concentration (SC) of free AA in HS-pigs was evaluated. A basal wheat-soybean meal diet was formulated to meet 100% Met requirement with the other indispensable AA exceeding at least 20% their requirement. Sixty individually housed pigs (23.0 ± 2.4 kg BW, 12 pigs per treatment) were randomly assigned to five treatments: TN100, thermal-neutral (22.7 °C) housed pigs fed the basal diet; HS100, HS120, HS140, HS160; HS-pigs (29.6 °C to 39.4 °C) fed the basal diet supplemented with dl-Met to contain 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60% dl-Met above the requirement, respectively. Pigs had free access to feed and water during the 21-d trial. Blood samples were collected on day 18 to analyze the absorptive AA-SC. The effect of ambient temperature (HS100 vs. TN100), as well as the linear and quadratic effects of increasing Met levels in the diets for HS-pigs were analyzed. The HS100 pigs gained less weight than TN100 and HS120 pigs (P < 0.01); gain:feed was also higher in HS120 pigs than in HS100 pigs (P ≤ 0.05). Feed intake of TN100 pigs was higher than that of HS-pigs fed the dl-Met supplemented diets (P < 0.05). Villi height reduced in pigs HS, but Met supplementation quadratically increased it (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, reduced glutathione concentration, and relative expression of B0AT2 in ileum decreased (P < 0.05), but glutathione peroxidase activity increased in HS-pigs. dl-Met supplementation linearly affected catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, as well as the relative expression of b0,+AT in jejunum (P < 0.05) of HS-pigs. The SC of Ile, Leu, Lys, Phe, and Val were higher in HS100 pigs than in TN100 pigs (P < 0.05). Graded levels of supplemental dl-Met in diets for HS-pigs linearly decreased SC of Ile, Leu, and Val (P < 0.05), tended to decrease His, Lys, and Thr (P < 0.10), and increased Met (P < 0.01). In conclusion, HS had negative effect on weight gain and intestinal morpho-physiology; however, it was ameliorated by adding 20% Met above the requirement in diets for growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Morales
- ICA-Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, B.C., México
| | - Verónica Sánchez
- ICA-Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, B.C., México
| | - Bayron Pérez
- ICA-Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, B.C., México
| | - Reyna L Camacho
- ICA-Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, B.C., México
| | - Néstor Arce
- ICA-Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, B.C., México
| | - Ernesto Avelar
- ICA-Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, B.C., México
| | | | | | - Miguel Cervantes
- ICA-Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 21100 Mexicali, B.C., México
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Valle A, Cervantes M, Morales A, Castillo G, Montoya E, González‐Vega JC, Htoo JK, Avelar E. Apparent and standardised ileal amino acid digestibilities in heat‐stressed pigs fed wheat‐soybean meal diets supplemented with l‐arginine and dl‐methionine. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 107:859-866. [PMID: 36453690 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) exposure may damage the small intestine epithelia of pigs affecting the digestibility and absorption of amino acids (AA). Arg and Met can enhance antioxidant and intestinal cell proliferation activity, thus supplementing them in diets might alleviate epithelial damage and correct the reduced AA digestibility. The effect of adding extra l-Arg and dl-Met to diets on the apparent (AID) and standardised ileal digestibility (SID) of AA was analysed in a 10-day experiment conducted with 10 ileal-cannulated HS pigs (25.3 ± 2.4 kg body weight). The pigs were divided into two treatments: Control, wheat-soybean meal diet supplemented with l-Lys, l-Thr, dl-Met and l-Trp; and control diet plus 0.20% l-Arg and 0.20% dl-Met (Arg + Met). Following an 8-day diet adaptation period, ileal digesta was continuously collected for 12 h, starting at 0700, on Days 9 and 10. All pigs were daily exposed to 29.6-36.1°C; ileal temperature was continuously monitored at 15-min intervals. Feed was provided twice a day. The ileal temperature ranged from 40.3 to 41.5°C. Daily ileal outflow of His, Ile, Leu, Phe, Thr, Ser and Tyr decreased (p < 0.05), and that of Arg, Val and Pro tended to decrease (p < 0.10) in the Arg + Met pigs. The AID of Arg, His, Met, Thr and Tyr, and the SID of His, Met, and Thr increased in pigs fed the Arg + Met diet (p < 0.05). Thr and Val had the lowest AID values whereas Arg, Met, and Lys had the highest values. Arg (r = 0.64) and Met (r = 0.84) intake were highly correlated with their AID values; Met intake was highly correlated with its SID value (r = 0.72). Valine and Arg had the lowest whereas Arg had the highest SID values. In conclusion, supplementing l-Arg and dl-Met above the requirement decreases the ileal outflow of several AA, and increases the AID and SID of some essential AA in HS pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Valle
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas Universidad Autónoma de Baja CaliforniaMexicali Baja California México
| | - Miguel Cervantes
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas Universidad Autónoma de Baja CaliforniaMexicali Baja California México
| | - Adriana Morales
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas Universidad Autónoma de Baja CaliforniaMexicali Baja California México
| | - Gilberto Castillo
- Complejo Regional Centro, Ingeniería Agronómica y Zootecnia Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Puebla México
| | - Estela Montoya
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas Universidad Autónoma de Baja CaliforniaMexicali Baja California México
| | | | | | - Ernesto Avelar
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrícolas Universidad Autónoma de Baja CaliforniaMexicali Baja California México
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