The nutritive value of soybean meal from different sources for sows during mid- and late gestation

Amino acid standardized ileal digestibility together with concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and soybean meal for gestating sows

The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AAs) plus crude protein (CP), in addition to digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations, was assessed through two experiments on Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (SCY) combined with soybean meal (SBM) for gestating sows. SCY and SBM were subjected to experiment 1 for the determination of CP and AAs in terms of SID. Under a randomized complete block design, three dietary treatments were provided for a total of 24 Landrace × Yorkshire gestating sows (parity 2), with the distal ileum clipped by a T-cannula at gestational day 33 based on body weight (BW) (194.1 ± 7.1, 195.3 ± 8.5, and 195.3 ± 8.6 kg). SCY and SBM were used as the only source of nitrogen to prepare two semi-purified diets and a nitrogen-free diet was also utilized to examine CP plus AAs for basal ileal endogenous losses. The gestating sows were initially fed these diets for 5 d to allow for adaptation, and ileal digesta was collected 2 d later for analysis. CP and all AAs in SCY, except for Trp and Gly, showed significantly lower SID than those in SBM (P < 0.05). Among the essential AAs, the range of SID was 68.8% for Thr to 92.2% for Arg in dried yeast, and from 79.9% for Thr to 98.6% for Met in SBM. DE plus ME were measured via experiment 2 with a randomized complete block design on SCY and SBM. Eighteen day-35 Landrace × Yorkshire pregnant sows (parity 3) were allocated to three diets based on BW (233.3 ± 16.0, 233.4 ± 9.6, and 233.4 ± 10.3 kg). Three diets were adopted for the experiment, namely, a corn-based diet as well as two diets containing 20.2% SCY and 20.0% SBM samples. The full fecal collection method, comprising a 5-day adaptation period before a 5- to 6-d experimental period for quantitative urine and feces collection, was employed for metabolic trials. The DE and ME for SCY were remarkably decreased compared with those for SBM (3812 kcal/kg DM vs. 4264 kcal/kg DM and 3714 kcal/kg DM vs. 4157 kcal/kg DM), respectively (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of organic matter, CP, and gross energy between SCY and SBM, but ATTD was significantly reduced in SCY for acid detergent fiber, dry matter, and neutral detergent fiber by contrast with SBM (P < 0.05). In conclusion, most AAs and CP in SCY had lower SID, DE, and ME than SBM in this study. These findings can be applied to diet formulation with the aforementioned ingredients for sows.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in soybean meal fed to non-pregnant and pregnant sows

BACKGROUND

Two studies were designed to determine standard ileal crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) digestibility of soybean meal (SBM) from different origins fed to non-pregnant and pregnant sows. Seven solvent-extracted SBMs from soybeans produced in the USA, Brazil, and China were selected. In Exp. 1, eight different diets were created: a nitrogen (N)-free diet and 7 experimental diets containing SBM from different origins as the only N source. Eight non-pregnant, multiparous sows were arranged in an 8 × 8 Latin square design (8 periods and 8 diets). In Exp. 2, the diet formula was the same as in Exp. 1. Eight gestating sows (parity 3) were assigned to 4 different diets in a replicated 4 × 3 Youden square design (three periods and four diets) in mid-gestation and again in late-gestation stages.

RESULTS

When fed to non-pregnant and late-gestating sows, the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and most AAs from different SBM were not significantly different (P > 0.05). When fed to mid-gestating sows, the SID values for Arg, His, Lys, Phe, Cys, Gly, Ser, and Tyr in SBM 1 were lower than in SBM 4 and 5 (P < 0.05), whereas SID for Leu from SBM 5 was higher than in SBM 1 and 4 (P < 0.05). SID values for Ile, Ala, and Asp from SBM 4 were lower than in SBM 1 and 5 (P < 0.05). Sows had significantly greater SID values for Lys, Ala, and Asp during mid-gestation when compared with late-gestation stages (P < 0.05). Mid-gestating sows had greater SID value for Val and lower SID value for Tyr when compared with non-pregnant and late-gestating sows (P < 0.01), whereas non-pregnant sows had significantly greater SID value for Met when compared with gestating sows (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

When fed to mid-gestating sows, the SID values for most AAs varied among SBM samples. The SID values for Lys, Met, Val, Ala, Asp, and Tyr in SBM were affected by sow gestation stages. Our findings provide a cornerstone for accurate SBM use in sow diets.

Nutritional values of cottonseed meal from different sources fed to gestating and non-pregnant sows

This study set out to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of the nutrients and energy in six cottonseed meal (CSM) feedstuffs fed to pregnant and non-pregnant sows. The six types of CSM were: two expelled CSMs with crude protein (CP) levels of 40.67% and 44.64%, and four solvent-extracted CSMs with CP levels of 45.18%, 51.16%, 56.44%, and 59.63%. Fourteen gestating sows (at the fourth parity with body weights of 220.6 ± 18.4 kg at days 30 of gestation) and 14 non-pregnant sows (after the third parity with body weights of 219 ± 14.6 kg) were assigned to a replicated 7 × 3 Youden square design with seven diets and three periods. The seven diets included an entirely corn-based diet and six diets each containing 20.0% of the six CSMs tested. Each period included a 5-d acclimation to the experimental diets, followed by a 5-d period during which urine and feces were collected. Significant differences were found among the six CSM diets, regardless of reproductive stage, regarding 1) the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (P < 0.05) and 2) the ATTD of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and CP and the gross energy (GE) (P < 0.01). Non-pregnant sows had a greater ATTD of OM and CP (P < 0.01) compared with gestating sows. The digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of the six CSM samples ranged from 12.48 to 17.15 MJ/kg and 11.35 to 15.88 MJ/kg, respectively, for non-pregnant sows, and from 12.86 to 16.41 MJ/kg and 12.43 to 14.72 MJ/kg, respectively, for gestating sows. However, the DE, ME, and ME:DE ratios of each CSM were similar between gestating and non-pregnant sows. DE and ME were negatively correlated with NDF and ADF, respectively, but were positively corrected with CP level (P < 0.01). Collectively, the DE, ME, and nutrient digestibility of CSM varied greatly according to the chemical compositions, and CSMs with higher protein and lower fiber levels had greater DE and ME levels.

Effects of feeding levels on ileal amino acid digestibility of extruded full fat soybeans in nongestating sows

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of feeding levels on amino acid (AA) digestibility of extruded full fat soybeans (EFSB) fed to nongestating sows and to provide a reference for setting feed intake level when evaluating the quality of nutrients in the feed ingested by sows. Twelve nongestating sows (parity 3 to 5) were fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum. After recovery, sows were assigned to a replicated 6 × 3 incomplete Latin square design using two diets (nitrogen-free and EFSB) and three levels of feed intake (1.3, 2.0, and 3.4 times the maintenance requirement for metabolizable energy (ME)). The design included six dietary treatments and three periods, and each period contained two replicates for a total of six replicate sows per treatment. All diets contained 0.3% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. In each period, ileal digesta samples were collected continuously for 12 h on days 6 and 7 after 5 d of acclimation to the experimental diet. Results of the experiment indicated that different feeding levels (1.3, 2.0, and 3.4 times the maintenance requirement for ME) had no effects on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of AA and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA, but feeding level did affect the endogenous AA loss estimated using the nitrogen-free diet method. Endogenous phenylalanine excretion was greater with 1.3 times than with 3.4 times the maintenance requirement for ME (P = 0.03), and endogenous tyrosine excretion was greater with 1.3 and 2.0 times than with 3.4 times the maintenance requirement for ME (P = 0.01). Increasing feed consumption resulted in greater loss of total endogenous AAs and crude protein (CP). In conclusion, feeding levels of 1.3 to 3.4 times the maintenance requirement for ME did not affect the AID and SID of AA of EFSB fed to nongestating sows.

Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in extruded full-fat soybean fed to non-gestating, gestating, and lactating sows

This study was conducted to determine and compare the apparent ileal digestibility and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in extruded full-fat soybean (EFSB) fed to nongestating, midgestating, late-gestating, and lactating sows. Six EFSB samples were collected from different sources. Fourteen nongestating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; parity 3 to 5) were fitted with a T-cannula at the distal ileum. After recovery, sows were assigned to a replicated 7 × 3 incomplete Latin square design. The diets included a nitrogen-free (NF) diet and six experimental diets (EFSB 1 to 6). Eight midgestating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; parity 3; day 48 of gestation), eight late-gestating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; parity 3; day 90 of gestation), and eight lactating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; parity 3; day 6 of lactation) were all assigned to four dietary treatments in a repeated 4 × 3 incomplete Latin square design. The diets included a NF diet and three experimental diets (EFSB 4 to 6). Results showed that there were significant differences in the AID and SID of CP and other AA in nongestating sows (P < 0.05), the AID and SID values of EFSB 1 to 3 were higher than those of EFSB 4 to 6, and the value of EFSB 5 was the lowest. For midgestating sows, there were differences in the AID of methionine (EFSB 5 had a lower value than EFSB 4 and 6) (P < 0.01). For late-gestating sows, only the AID of methionine (EFSB 5 had a lower value than EFSB 4 and 6), tryptophan (EFSB 5 had a higher value than EFSB 4 and 6), and proline (EFSB 5 had a higher value than EFSB 4) was different (P < 0.05), and the SID of methionine (EFSB 4 had a higher value than EFSB 5) and tryptophan (EFSB 5 had a higher value than EFSB 4 and 6) was different (P < 0.05). The SID of histidine and valine was greater in lactation than in nongestation (P = 0.045 and P = 0.02, respectively). The SID of isoleucine was greater in lactation than in nongestation and gestation (P < 0.01). The SID of methionine in nongestation was lower than in gestation and lactation (P < 0.01). The SID of cysteine was the lowest in midgestation (P = 0.045), and the SID of proline was greater in midgestation than in lactation and nongestation (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the AA ileal digestibility of six EFSB samples from different sources was different, and the ileal digestibility of CP and most AA was not affected by the physiological stage of sows.

Chemical composition, energy content and apparent total tract digestibility of extruded full fat soybean from different sources fed to non-gestating, gestating and lactating sows

This experiment was conducted to determine the chemical composition, digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and the apparent total tract (ATTD) of nutrients in six extruded full fat soybean (EFSB) samples from different sources fed to non-gestating, gestating and lactating sows. Forty-two non-gestating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; parity 3 to 5), 42 gestating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; parity 3 to 5; day 90 of gestation) and 42 lactating sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; parity 3 to 5; day 6 of lactation) were assigned to seven dietary treatments including a corn-based diet and six diets containing 30.24% EFSB from different sources in a completely randomized design with six replicate sows per dietary treatment. Total fecal and urine collection method was used during non-gestation and gestation, and the index method was used during lactation (0.3% chromic oxide). Differences in the chemical composition of the six EFSB samples from different sources were mainly reflected in ether extract, ash, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, total dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, and vitamin and micro minerals content, with a coefficient of variation ≥8.37%. The potassium hydroxide solubility of the six EFSB samples varied from 66.60% to 85.55%. There were no differences in ATTD of NDF between different EFSB samples. Additionally, there were no differences in ME values and ME/DE ratios between different physiological stages, but ATTD of NDF were higher for non-gestating and gestating sows than lactating sows (P < 0.01). In conclusion, EFSB can be used as a high-quality energy ingredient with high DE and ME values when fed to sows. DE values of EFSB in non-gestating, gestating, and lactating sows were 20.50, 20.70, and 20.02 MJ/kg, respectively, while ME values of EFSB was 19.76 MJ/kg in both non-gestating and gestating sows.