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Webb MJ, Block JJ, Jaeger JR, Funston RN, Gonda MG, Underwood KR, Grubbs JK, Olson KC, Blair AD. Beef color and tenderness response to production systems utilizing additive combinations of growth-promotant technologies. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad092. [PMID: 37583488 PMCID: PMC10424714 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the influence of beef production systems using additive combinations of growth-promotant technologies on meat quality. Steer calves (n = 120) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 1) no technology (NT; control), 2) antibiotic treated (ANT; NT plus therapeutic antibiotics, monensin, and tylosin), 3) implant treated (IMP; ANT plus a series of three implants), and 4) beta-agonist treated (BA; IMP plus ractopamine-HCl). Muscle biopsy samples from the longissimus lumborum were extracted from a subset (n = 4 per treatment) of steers to evaluate expression of calpain-1, calpain-2, and calpastatin using real-time RT-PCR. Following carcass chilling, objective color (L*, a*, and b*) was evaluated. The right strip loin was removed from each carcass, portioned into 2.54-cm steaks, and designated to 7, 14, or 21 d postmortem aging periods for analysis of cook loss and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). The anterior face of each strip loin was used for analysis of crude fat and moisture. Treatment influenced (P < 0.001) L*, a*, and b*. The NT and IMP treatments had greater (P < 0.01) L* values, ANT was intermediate, and BA had the lowest (P < 0.01) L* values. The NT and IMP treatments had higher (P < 0.01) a* and b* values compared with ANT, which were higher (P < 0.01) than BA. Steaks from implanted steers (IMP and BA) tended (P ≤ 0.067) to exhibit higher a* and b* than steaks from nonimplanted steers. Cattle in the NT and ANT treatments produced steaks with increased (P < 0.01) crude fat percentage compared with the IMP and BA treatments, which were similar (P > 0.05). Percent moisture of NT steaks was lower (P < 0.01) than all other treatments, ANT was intermediate, and IMP and BA were similar (P > 0.05) and had the highest (P < 0.01) moisture content. Cook loss tended to be greater (P = 0.088) for implanted steers (IMP and BA) compared to nonimplanted steers (NT and ANT). Steaks from NT and ANT treatments were more tender (P < 0.05) than IMP and BA, which were similar (P > 0.05). Thus, WBSF was lower (P < 0.001) in nonimplanted than implanted steaks. Expression of calpastatin was increased (P ≤ 0.025) in ANT and BA treatments, and there was a tendency for expression of calpain-2 to be increased (P = 0.081) in ANT compared to NT. These results suggest that production systems with limited use of growth promoting technology produced strip loins with more crude fat, less moisture and cook loss, and improved tenderness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Webb
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- Eastern West Virginia Community and Technical College, Moorefield, WV 26836, USA
| | - Janna J Block
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - John R Jaeger
- Western Kansas Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas State University, Hays, KS 67601, USA
| | - Rick N Funston
- West Central Research and Extension Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, North Platte, NE 69101, USA
| | - Michael G Gonda
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Keith R Underwood
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Judson K Grubbs
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Kenneth C Olson
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Amanda D Blair
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Evans HC, Briggs EF, Burnett RH, Contreras-Correa ZE, Duvic MA, Dysart LM, Gilmore AA, Messman RD, Reid D, Rasit Ugur M, Kaya A, Memili E. Harnessing the value of reproductive hormones in cattle production with considerations to animal welfare and human health. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6620798. [PMID: 35772763 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human population is ever increasing while the quality and quantity of natural resources used for livestock production decline. This calls for improved product efficiency and the development of improved and sustainable cattle production methods to produce higher quality products to satisfy the demands of both the modern and transient world. The goal of this review was to summarize the interactions, challenges, and opportunities in cattle production relating to their endocrine system, and how reproductive hormones and others impact economically important traits, animal welfare, and human health. A comprehensive literature search was conducted with a focus on analysis of natural hormones and the use of exogenous hormone administration for reproduction, growth, and development of beef and dairy cattle. Hormones regulate homeostasis and enhance important traits in cattle, including fertility, growth and development, health, and the production of both meat and milk products. Reproductive hormones such as testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, and related synthetics like trenbolone acetate and zeranol can be strategically utilized in both beef and dairy cattle production systems to enhance their most valuable traits, but the impact of these substances must account for the welfare of the animal as well as the health of the consumer. This scientific review provides a comprehensive analysis of the bovine endocrine system's impact on food animals and product quality which is vital for students, researchers, livestock producers, and consumers. Although important advances have been made in animal science and related technological fields, major gaps still exist in the knowledge base regarding the influence of hormones on the production and welfare of food animals as well as in the public perception of hormone use in food-producing animals. Filling these gaps through transformative and translational research will enhance both fundamental and applied animal science to feed a growing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly C Evans
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Elanie F Briggs
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Randy H Burnett
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Zully E Contreras-Correa
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Morgan A Duvic
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Lacey M Dysart
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Alicia A Gilmore
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Riley D Messman
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Dana Reid
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Muhammet Rasit Ugur
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Abdullah Kaya
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.,Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Erdogan Memili
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Huerta-Leidenz N, Jerez-Timaure N, Rodas-González A, Sarturi JO, Brashears MM, Miller MF, Brashears MT. The Effects of Castration, Implant Protocol, and Supplementation of Bos indicus-Influenced Beef Cattle under Tropical Savanna Conditions on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030366. [PMID: 35158689 PMCID: PMC8833375 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of castration, supplementation, and implant protocol (IP) on growth, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of grass-fed cattle were evaluated. Two experiments followed a two-way ANOVA and a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Experiment-I, 99 bulls were evaluated for: (a) supplementation (mineral (MS) or strategic protein-energy supplementation (SS)), and (b) IP (repeated (day-0 and day-90) Zeranol-72 mg implantation (Zeranol–Zeranol) or Trenbolone Acetate-140 mg/Estradiol-20 mg (day-0) followed by Zeranol-72 mg (day-90) (TBA/E2–Zeranol)). Experiment II, 50 animals were evaluated for: (a) IP (like Experiment-I), and (b) male class (steers vs. bulls). In Experiment-I, SS bulls had greater growth rate, carcass yield, and yield of high-valued boneless lean cuts than MS bulls, while decreasing (p < 0.05) time to harvest. Steaks from SS-bulls on TBA/E2–Zeranol IP were more (p = 0.05) tender than SS/Zeranol–Zeranol counterparts. Experiment-II bulls had greater growth than steers, but decreased (p < 0.05) carcass quality aspects. Zeranol–Zeranol increased (p < 0.01) meat tenderness of steers. Interactions (p < 0.05) affected cutability (Experiment-II) and meat sensory traits (Experiment-I/II). The SS improved growth, carcass yield, and shortened days until harvest of bulls, while TBA/E2–Zeranol IP positively affected tenderness in bull meat only. Castration improved carcass quality while the implant effects on cutability and tenderness were male-class dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Huerta-Leidenz
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-214, USA; (N.H.-L.); (J.O.S.); (M.M.B.); (M.F.M.); (M.T.B.)
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4005, Venezuela
| | - Nancy Jerez-Timaure
- Facultad de Agronomía, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo 4005, Venezuela
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-9-53567344
| | - Argenis Rodas-González
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural & Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada;
| | - Jhones Onorino Sarturi
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-214, USA; (N.H.-L.); (J.O.S.); (M.M.B.); (M.F.M.); (M.T.B.)
| | - Mindy M. Brashears
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-214, USA; (N.H.-L.); (J.O.S.); (M.M.B.); (M.F.M.); (M.T.B.)
| | - Markus F. Miller
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-214, USA; (N.H.-L.); (J.O.S.); (M.M.B.); (M.F.M.); (M.T.B.)
| | - Michel Todd Brashears
- International Center for Food Industry Excellence, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-214, USA; (N.H.-L.); (J.O.S.); (M.M.B.); (M.F.M.); (M.T.B.)
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Effects of Sex Class, a Combined Androgen and Estrogen Implant, and Pasture Supplementation on Growth and Carcass Performance and Meat Quality of Zebu-Type Grass-Fed Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123441. [PMID: 34944218 PMCID: PMC8698134 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-seven Zebu calves were used to determine the effects of class (bull or steer), supplementation (SUPPL, a poultry litter-based supplement or mineral supplementation), and implant (20 mg estradiol combined with 120 mg of trenbolone acetate or no implant) on growth and carcass performance and beef eating quality. The average daily gain (ADG) of implanted cattle significantly increased for steers, but not for bulls. The SUPPL treatment increased ADG by 8.63% from day 0 to end, and shortened in 73.3 d the time to reach 480 kg BW (p < 0.01). Compared to bulls, the steer carcasses exhibited more desirable maturity and finish scores, thicker back fat (p < 0.05), and yielded greater (p < 0.01) percentages of high-value boneless subprimals (HVBLS) (+1.64%) and total cuts (1.35%). The SUPPL bulls dressed 2.63 and 1.63% greater than non-supplemented bulls and SUPPL steers, respectively (p < 0.05). Meat sensory quality was subtly affected (p < 0.05) by sex class or supplementation. The implant did not affect (p > 0.05) shear force or sensory ratings. The supplementation improved key growth performance traits while it adversely affected tenderness-related sensory traits. The implant enhanced the rate of gain of steers only, without improving cut-out yields or inducing adverse effects on palatability traits in both steers and bulls.
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Packer DT, Geesink GH, Thompson JM, Polkinghorne RJ, Ball AB, McGilchrist P. The impact of different Hormonal Growth Promotants (HGP) on desmin degradation and collagen content of various muscles from pasture and feedlot finished steer carcasses. Meat Sci 2021; 182:108615. [PMID: 34352620 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The impacts of several hormonal growth promotants (HGP) on Warner-Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF), desmin degradation ratio (DDR) and collagen content (COLL) were assessed. Treatments within feedlot and pasture finished steer carcasses (n = 60, n = 40, respectively) were control (CON-100-F and CON-400-P), oestradiol HGPs (OES-100-F and OES-400-P) and trenbolone acetate/oestradiol HGPs (TBA+OES-100-F only). The longissimus lumborum (LL), gluteus medius (GM), infraspinatus (IS), semitendinosus (ST,) and the LL and biceps femoris (BF) were collected from feedlot and pasture finished steers, respectively. All muscles were aged between 3 and 35 days. The LL from TBA+OES-100-F carcasses had increased WBSF and decreased DDR, which varied in magnitude with ageing (P < 0.05). The GM from OES-100-F steers also had lower DDR (P < 0.05). The feedlot HGP treatments had no impact on the WBSF of the IS, ST or GM and no impact on COLL in the LL. The OES-400-P had no impact on WBSF, DDRor COLL for both muscles (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Packer
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
| | - G H Geesink
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - J M Thompson
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - R J Polkinghorne
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia; Birkenwood Pty Ltd, 431 Timor Rd, Murrurundi, NSW, Australia
| | - A B Ball
- Rural Analytics, 19 Eleanor Close, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - P McGilchrist
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Aroeira CN, Feddern V, Gressler V, Contreras-Castillo CJ, Hopkins DL. A review on growth promoters still allowed in cattle and pig production. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bertram MG, Tomkins P, Saaristo M, Martin JM, Michelangeli M, Tomkins RB, Wong BBM. Disruption of male mating strategies in a chemically compromised environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 703:134991. [PMID: 31757546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A leading source of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment is run-off of veterinary pharmaceuticals used in agriculture, including hormonal growth promotants (HGPs). Despite being banned in various countries, HGP use is still common in beef production around the world. The androgenic steroid 17β-trenbolone (17β-TB) is a HGP that commonly enters surface waters via livestock effluent run-off. Here, we used a flow-through system to expose wild-caught adult male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to an environmentally realistic level of 17β-TB (average measured concentration = 2 ng/L) for 21 days. We then compared the response of exposed and unexposed males to sequentially presented large and small stimulus (unexposed) females. Due to a positive size-fecundity relationship, larger females are generally expected to be preferred by males. While we found no evidence that the size of a previously encountered female affected the amount of courtship or coercive 'sneak' mating behaviour performed by males during the second presentation, males from both exposure treatments conducted more frequent courting events towards larger females during both presentations, suggesting an absolute preference for greater female size. Further, across both presentations, 17β-TB exposure caused a shift in male mating strategy towards increased coercive sneaking behaviour, although male sequential investment into mating effort was not impacted at the tested dosage. In combination, our findings demonstrate that exposure to a field-realistic level of a widespread agricultural pollutant alters male mating strategies in fish, and contribute to a growing understanding of sub-lethal impacts of chemical contaminants on complex behaviours in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Bertram
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Patrick Tomkins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Minna Saaristo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biosciences, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jake M Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcus Michelangeli
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Raymond B Tomkins
- Centre for AgriBioscience, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP), Victoria, Australia
| | - Bob B M Wong
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Lynch GS, Koopman R. Overcoming nature’s paradox in skeletal muscle to optimise animal production. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an19361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nature’s paradox in skeletal muscle describes the seemingly mutually exclusive relationship between muscle fibre size and oxidative capacity. In mammals, there is a constraint on the size at which mitochondria-rich, high O2-dependent oxidative fibres can attain before they become anoxic or adapt to a glycolytic phenotype, being less reliant on O2. This implies that a muscle fibre can hypertrophy at the expense of its endurance capacity. Adaptations to activity (exercise) generally obey this relationship, with optimal muscle endurance generally being linked to an enhanced proportion of small, slow oxidative fibres and muscle strength (force and/or power) being linked to an enhanced proportion of large, fast glycolytic fibres. This relationship generally constrains not only the physiological limits of performance (e.g. speed and endurance), but also the capacity to manipulate muscle attributes such as fibre size and composition, with important relevance to the livestock and aquaculture industries for producing specific muscle traits such as (flesh) quality, texture and taste. Highly glycolytic (white) muscles have different traits than do highly oxidative (red) muscles and so the ability to manipulate muscle attributes to produce flesh with specific traits has important implications for optimising meat production and quality. Understanding the biological regulation of muscle size, and phenotype and the capacity to manipulate signalling pathways to produce specific attributes, has important implications for promoting ethically sustainable and profitable commercial livestock and aquaculture practices and for developing alternative food sources, including ‘laboratory meat’ or ‘clean meat’. This review describes the exciting potential of manipulating muscle attributes relevant to animal production, through traditional nutritional and pharmacological approaches and through viral-mediated strategies that could theoretically push the limits of muscle fibre growth, adaptation and plasticity.
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