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Furo H, Whitted M, Lin T, Zhou YY, Abdelsayed S, Brimhall BB, Elkin PL. Buprenorphine, Norbuprenorphine, and Naloxone Levels in Adulterated Urine Samples: Can They be Detected When Buprenorphine/Naloxone Film is Dipped into Urine or Water? SUBSTANCE USE : RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2024; 18:11782218231223673. [PMID: 38433747 PMCID: PMC10906499 DOI: 10.1177/11782218231223673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Reportedly, various urine manipulations can be performed by opioid use disorder (OUD) patients who are on buprenorphine/naloxone medications to disguise their non-compliance to the treatment. One type of manipulation is known as "spiking" adulteration, directly dipping a buprenorphine/naloxone film into urine. Identifying this type of urine manipulation has been the aim of many previous studies. These studies have revealed urine adulterations through inappropriately high levels of "buprenorphine" and "naloxone" and a very small amount of "norbuprenorphine." So, does the small amount of "norbuprenorphine" in the adulterated urine samples result from dipped buprenorphine/naloxone film, or is it a residual metabolite of buprenorphine in the patient's system? This pilot study utilized 12 urine samples from 12 participants, as well as water samples as a control. The samples were subdivided by the dipping area and time, as well as the temperature and concentration of urine samples, and each sublingual generic buprenorphine/naloxone film was dipped directly into the samples. Then, the levels of "buprenorphine," "norbuprenorphine," "naloxone," "buprenorphine-glucuronide" and "norbuprenorphine-glucuronide" were examined by Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results of this study showed that high levels of "buprenorphine" and "naloxone" and a small amount of "norbuprenorphine" were detected in both urine and water samples when the buprenorphine/naloxone film was dipped directly into these samples. However, no "buprenorphine-glucuronide" or "norbuprenorphine-glucuronide" were detected in any of the samples. In addition, the area and timing of dipping altered "buprenorphine" and "naloxone" levels, but concentration and temperature did not. This study's findings could help providers interpret their patients' urine drug test results more accurately, which then allows them to monitor patient compliance and help them identify manipulation by examining patient urine test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Furo
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Marisa Whitted
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Tony Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Yi Y Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Abdelsayed
- Department of Family Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bradley B Brimhall
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter L Elkin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs in Western New York, Bioinformatics Laboratory, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Faculty of Engineering, the University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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2
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Mariottini C, Gergov M, Ojanperä I. Determination of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, naloxone, and their glucuronides in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1658-1667. [PMID: 34047070 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of buprenorphine (BUP), norbuprenorphine (NBUP), naloxone (NAL), and their glucuronide conjugates BUP-G, NBUP-G, and NAL-G in urine samples was developed. The method, omitting a hydrolysis step, involved non-polar solid-phase extraction, liquid chromatography on a C18 column, electrospray positive ionization, and mass analysis by multiple reaction monitoring. Quantification was based on the corresponding deuterium-labelled internal standards for each of the six analytes. The limit of quantification was 0.5 μg/L for BUP and NAL, 1 μg/L for NAL-G, and 3 μg/L for NBUP, BUP-G, and NBUP-G. Using the developed method, 72 urine samples from buprenorphine-dependent patients were analysed to cover the concentration ranges encountered in a clinical setting. The median (maximum) concentration was 4.2 μg/L (102 μg/L) for BUP, 74.7 μg/L (580 μg/L) for NBUP, 0.9 μg/L (85.5 μg/L) for NAL, 159.5 μg/L (1370 μg/L) for BUP-G, 307.5 μg/L (1970 μg/L) for NBUP-G, and 79.6 μg/L (2310 μg/L) for NAL-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mariottini
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Forensic Toxicology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Gergov
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Ojanperä
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Forensic Toxicology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
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3
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Cohier C, Salle S, Fontova A, Mégarbane B, Roussel O. Determination of buprenorphine, naloxone and phase I and phase II metabolites in rat whole blood by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 180:113042. [PMID: 31865207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone combination are maintenance treatments used worldwide. However, since their marketing, despite ceiling respiratory effects, poisonings and fatalities have been attributed to buprenorphine misuse and overdose. Therefore, to better understand the mechanisms of buprenorphine-related toxicity in vivo, experimental investigations have been conducted, mainly in the rat. We developed a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method with electrospray ionization for the simultaneous quantification of buprenorphine, naloxone and their metabolites (norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine glucuronide, norbuprenorphine glucuronide and naloxone glucuronide) in rat whole blood. Compounds were extracted from whole blood by protein precipitation and chromatographically separated using gradient elution of aqueous ammonium formate and methanol in a Raptor Biphenyl core-shell column (100 mm x 3,0 mm x 2,7 μm). Following electrospray ionization, quantification was carried out in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by the tandem mass spectrometer API 3200 system. The LC-MS/MS method was validated according to the currently accepted criteria for bioanalytical method validation. The method required small sample volumes (50 μL) and was sensitive with limits of quantification of 6.9, 6.2, 3.6, 3.3, 1.3 and 57.7 ng/mL for buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine glucuronide, norbuprenorphine glucuronide, naloxone and naloxone glucuronide respectively. The upper limit of quantification was 4000 ng/ml for all the studied compounds. Trueness (88-115 %), repeatability and intermediate precision (both <15%) were in accordance with the international recommendations. The procedure was successfully used to quantify these compounds in the whole blood sample from one rat 24 h after the intravenous administration of buprenorphine/naloxone (30.0/7.5 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Cohier
- Inserm, U1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Forensic Toxicology Unit, Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie, Pontoise, France
| | - Sophie Salle
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie, Pontoise, France
| | - Anne Fontova
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie, Pontoise, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Inserm, U1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Roussel
- Inserm, U1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Forensic Toxicology Unit, Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie, Pontoise, France
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4
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Rapid, hydrolysis-free, dilute-and-shoot method for the determination of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine and their glucuronides in urine samples using UHPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 166:236-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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5
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Sitasuwan P, Melendez C, Marinova M, Spruill M, Lee LA. Comparison of Purified β-glucuronidases in Patient Urine Samples Indicates a Lack of Correlation Between Enzyme Activity and Drugs of Abuse Metabolite Hydrolysis Efficiencies Leading to Potential False Negatives. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 43:221-227. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margarita Marinova
- Frank Reidy Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | | | - L Andrew Lee
- Integrated Micro-Chromatography Systems, LLC, Irmo, SC, USA
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6
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Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles for dispersive micro solid-phase extraction and determination of buprenorphine in human urine samples by HPLC-FL. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1355-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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7
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Highly sensitive simultaneous quantification of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in human plasma by magnetic solid-phase extraction based on PpPDA/Fe3O4 nanocomposite and high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-017-1257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Joshi A, Parris B, Liu Y, Heidbreder C, Gerk PM, Halquist M. Quantitative determination of buprenorphine, naloxone and their metabolites in rat plasma using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 31. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics; VCU School of Pharmacy; Richmond VA 23298 USA
| | - Brian Parris
- Department of Pharmaceutics; VCU School of Pharmacy; Richmond VA 23298 USA
| | - Yongzhen Liu
- Global Research & Development; Indivior Inc.; Richmond VA 23235 USA
| | | | - Phillip M. Gerk
- Department of Pharmaceutics; VCU School of Pharmacy; Richmond VA 23298 USA
| | - Matthew Halquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics; VCU School of Pharmacy; Richmond VA 23298 USA
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9
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Eckart K, Röhrich J, Breitmeier D, Ferner M, Laufenberg-Feldmann R, Urban R. Development of a new multi-analyte assay for the simultaneous detection of opioids in serum and other body fluids using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1001:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Gholivand MB, Jalalvand AR, Goicoechea HC, Skov T. Fabrication of an ultrasensitive impedimetric buprenorphine hydrochloride biosensor from computational and experimental angles. Talanta 2014; 124:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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11
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Ensafi AA, Khoddami E, Rezaei B. A combined liquid three-phase micro-extraction and differential pulse voltammetric method for preconcentration and detection of ultra-trace amounts of buprenorphine using a modified pencil electrode. Talanta 2013; 116:1113-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Regina KJ, Kharasch ED. High-sensitivity analysis of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine glucuronide, and norbuprenorphine glucuronide in plasma and urine by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 939:23-31. [PMID: 24095872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new method using ultra-fast liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of buprenorphine and the metabolites norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine-3β-glucuronide, and norbuprenorphine-3β-glucuronide in plasma and urine. Sample handling, sample preparation and solid-phase extraction procedures were optimized for maximum analyte recovery. All four analytes of interest were quantified by positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry after solid-phase microextraction. The lower limits of quantification in plasma were 1pg/mL for buprenorphine and buprenorphine glucuronide, and 10pg/mL for norbuprenorphine and norbuprenorphine glucuronide. The lower limits of quantitation in urine were 10pg/mL for buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine and their glucuronides. Overall extraction recoveries ranged from 68-100% in both matrices. Interassay precision and accuracy was within 10% for all four analytes in plasma and within 15% in urine. The method was applicable to pharmacokinetic studies of low-dose buprenorphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Regina
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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13
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Abstract
Opioid analgesic misuse has risen significantly over the past two decades, and these drugs now represent the most commonly abused class of prescription medications. They are a major cause of poisoning deaths in the USA exceeding heroin and cocaine. Laboratory testing plays a role in the detection of opioid misuse and the evaluation of patients with opioid intoxication. Laboratories use both immunoassay and chromatographic methods (e.g., liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection), often in combination, to yield high detection sensitivity and drug specificity. Testing methods for opioids originated in the workplace-testing arena and focused on detection of illicit heroin use. Analysis for a wide range of opioids is now required in the context of the prescription opioid epidemic. Testing methods have also been primarily based upon urine screening; however, methods for analyzing alternative samples such as saliva, sweat, and hair are available. Application of testing to monitor prescription opioid drug therapy is an increasingly important use of drug testing, and this area of testing introduces new interpretative challenges. In particular, drug metabolism may transform one clinically available opioid into another. The sensitivity of testing methods also varies considerably across the spectrum of opioid drugs. An understanding of opioid metabolism and method sensitivity towards different opioid drugs is therefore essential to effective use of these tests. Improved testing algorithms and more research into the effective use of drug testing in the clinical setting, particularly in pain medicine and substance abuse, are needed.
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Birch MA, Couchman L, Pietromartire S, Karna T, Paton C, McAllister R, Marsh A, Flanagan RJ. False-Positive Buprenorphine by CEDIA in Patients Prescribed Amisulpride or Sulpiride. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:233-6. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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15
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A sensitive, simple and rapid HPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of buprenorpine and its N-dealkylated metabolite norbuprenorphine in human plasma. J Pharm Anal 2013; 3:221-228. [PMID: 29403821 PMCID: PMC5760959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive, simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) method was developed and fully validated for the simultaneous quantification of buprenorphine (BUP) and its N-dealkylated metabolite norbuprenorphine (NBUP) in 200 μL human plasma. Human plasma samples were prepared using liquid–liquid extraction, and then separated on a Shiseido MG C18 (5 μm, 2.0 mm×50 mm) via 4.1 min gradient elution. Following electrospray ionization, the analytes were quantified on a triple–quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple-reaction-monitoring (MRM) positive ion mode. Linearity was achieved from 25.0 to 10000 pg/mL for buprenorphine, from 20.0 to 8000 pg/mL for norbuprenorphine with r2>0.99. The method was demonstrated with acceptable accuracy, precision and specificity for the detection of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine. Recovery was 81.8–88.8% for buprenorphine and 77.0–84.6% for norbuprenorphine, and the matrix effect was 95.6–97.4% for buprenorphine and 94.0–96.9% for norbuprenorphine; all were not concentration dependent. With validated matrix and autosampler stability data, this method was successfully applied in a bioequivalence study to support abbreviated new drug application.
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McMillin GA, Davis R, Carlisle H, Clark C, Marin SJ, Moody DE. Patterns of Free (Unconjugated) Buprenorphine, Norbuprenorphine, and Their Glucuronides in Urine Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:81-7. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkr020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Berg T, Strand DH. ¹³C labelled internal standards--a solution to minimize ion suppression effects in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses of drugs in biological samples? J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9366-74. [PMID: 22119139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is frequently used to identify and quantify drugs in human biological samples due to the high selectivity and sensitivity of this technique. However, ion suppression effects caused by co-eluting compounds: drugs, metabolites, matrix components, impurities and degradation products, are a major concern. Stable isotope labelled internal standards (SIL ISs), usually deuterium ((2)H) labelled, are often used to compensate for these effects. In many LC separations the retention times of (2)H labelled ISs and their analogues will differ. Ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) is increasingly being used for bio-analysis. With the better chromatographic resolution provided with sub 2 μm particles, larger separation between analytes and their (2)H labelled analogues can be expected, which might reduce the benefits of the SIL IS. There is a greater difference in physico-chemical properties between hydrogen isotopes than between isotopes of other elements. (13)C, (15)N and (18)O labelled ISs are more similar to their analytes than (2)H labelled ISs and thereby expected to behave more similarly in chromatographic separations. In this study we have investigated the use of (13)C and (2)H labelled ISs for the determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine by UPLC-MS/MS. The (13)C labelled ISs were co eluting with their analytes under different chromatographic conditions while the (2)H labelled ISs and their analytes were slightly separated. An improved ability to compensate for ion suppression effects were observed when the (13)C labelled ISs were used. Furthermore, an UPLC-MS/MS method for determination of amphetamine and methamphetamine in urine using (13)C labelled ISs has been developed and validated. Unfortunately, there are few (13)C labelled ISs commercial available today. If more (13)C labelled ISs become commercial available they may well be the coming solution to minimize ion suppression/enhancement effects in LC-MS/MS analyses of drugs in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Berg
- Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Wang YS, Lin DL, Yang SC, Wu MY, Liu RH, Su LW, Cheng PS, Liu C, Fuh MR. Issues pertaining to the analysis of buprenorphine and its metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:1688-94. [PMID: 20122691 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
"Substitution therapy" and the use of buprenorphine (B) as an agent for treating heroin addiction continue to gain acceptance and have recently been implemented in Taiwan. Mature and widely utilized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technology can complement the low cost and highly sensitive immunoassay (IA) approach to facilitate the implementation of analytical tasks supporting compliance monitoring and pharmacokinetic/pharmacogenetic studies. Issues critical to GC-MS analysis of B and norbuprenorphine (NB) (free and as glucuronides), including extraction, hydrolysis, derivatization, and quantitation approaches were studied, followed by comparing the resulting data against those derived from IA and two types of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. Commercial solid-phase extraction devices, highly effective for recovering all metabolites, may not be suitable for the analysis of free B and NB; acetyl-derivatization products exhibit the most favorable chromatographic, ion intensity, and cross-contribution characteristics for GC-MS analysis. Evaluation of IA, GC-MS, and LC-MS/MS data obtained in three laboratories has proven the 2-aliquot GC-MS protocol effective for the determination of free B and NB and their glucuronides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shan Wang
- Department of Medical Technology, Fooyin University, 151 Ching-Hsueh Road, Ta-Liao Hsiang, Kaohsiung Hsien 831, Taiwan
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19
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Concheiro M, Jones H, Johnson RE, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Confirmatory analysis of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and glucuronide metabolites in plasma by LCMSMS. Application to umbilical cord plasma from buprenorphine-maintained pregnant women. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:13-20. [PMID: 19945361 PMCID: PMC3844292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An LCMSMS method was developed and fully validated for the simultaneous quantification of buprenorphine (BUP), norbuprenorphine (NBUP), buprenorphine-glucuronide (BUP-Gluc), and norbuprenorphine-glucuronide (NBUP-Gluc) in 0.5mL plasma, fulfilling confirmation criteria with two transitions for each compound with acceptable relative ion intensities. Transitions monitored were 468.3>396.2 and 468.3>414.3 for BUP, 414.3>340.1 and 414.3>326.0 for NBUP, 644.3>468.1 and 644.3>396.3 for BUP-Gluc, and 590.3>414.3 and 590.3>396.2 for NBUP-Gluc. Linearity was 0.1-50ng/mL for BUP and BUP-Gluc, and 0.5-50ng/mL for NBUP and NBUP-Gluc. Intra-day, inter-day, and total assay imprecision (%RSD) were <16.8%, and analytical recoveries were 88.6-108.7%. Extraction efficiencies ranged from 71.1 to 87.1%, and process efficiencies 48.7 to 127.7%. All compounds showed ion enhancement, except BUP-Gluc that demonstrated ion suppression: variation between 10 different blank plasma specimens was <9.1%. In six umbilical cord plasma specimens from opioid-dependent pregnant women receiving 14-24mg/day BUP, NBUP-Gluc was the predominant metabolite (29.8+/-7.6ng/mL), with BUP-Gluc (4.6+/-4.8ng/mL), NBUP (1.5+/-0.8ng/mL) and BUP (0.4+/-0.2ng/mL). Although BUP biomarkers can be quantified in umbilical cord plasma in low ng/mL concentrations, the significance of these data as predictors of neonatal outcomes is currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Concheiro
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200, Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hendreé Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 4940 Eastern Ave. D-3-East, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 4940 Eastern Ave. D-3-East, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rolley E. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 4940 Eastern Ave. D-3-East, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Diaa M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200, Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Biomedical Research Center (BRC), 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 200, Room 05A721, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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20
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Kacinko SL, Jones HE, Johnson RE, Choo RE, Concheiro-Guisan M, Huestis MA. Urinary excretion of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine-glucuronide, and norbuprenorphine-glucuronide in pregnant women receiving buprenorphine maintenance treatment. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1177-87. [PMID: 19325013 PMCID: PMC3166514 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.113712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Buprenorphine (BUP) is under investigation as a medication therapy for opioid-dependent pregnant women. We investigated BUP and metabolite disposition in urine from women maintained on BUP during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum. METHODS We measured BUP, norbuprenorphine (NBUP), buprenorphine glucuronide (BUP-Gluc), and NBUP-Gluc concentrations in 515 urine specimens collected thrice weekly from 9 women during pregnancy and postpartum. Specimens were analyzed using a fully validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method with limits of quantification of 5 microg/L for BUP and BUP-Gluc and 25 microg/L for NBUP and its conjugated metabolite. We examined ratios of metabolites across trimesters and postpartum to identify possible changes in metabolism during pregnancy. RESULTS NBUP-Gluc was the primary metabolite identified in urine and exceeded BUP-Gluc concentrations in 99% of specimens. Whereas BUP-Gluc was identified in more specimens than NBUP, NBUP exceeded BUP-Gluc concentrations in 77.9% of specimens that contained both analytes. Among all participants, the mean BUP-Gluc:NBUP-Gluc ratio was significantly higher in the second trimester compared to the third trimester, and there were significant intrasubject differences between trimesters in 71% of participants. In 3 women, the percent daily dose excreted was higher during pregnancy than postpregnancy, consistent with other data indicating increased renal elimination of drugs during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS These data are the first to evaluate urinary disposition of BUP and metabolites in a cohort of pregnant women. Variable BUP excretion during pregnancy may indicate metabolic changes requiring dose adjustment during later stages of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L. Kacinko
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Hendree E. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rolley E. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals Inc., Richmond, VA
| | - Robin E. Choo
- Department of Biology, University of Pittsburgh at Titusville, Titusville, PA
| | - Marta Concheiro-Guisan
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD
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21
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Concheiro M, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Simultaneous quantification of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine-glucuronide and norbuprenorphine-glucuronide in human umbilical cord by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 188:144-51. [PMID: 19406593 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A LCMS method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of buprenorphine (BUP), norbuprenorphine (NBUP), buprenorphine-glucuronide (BUP-Gluc) and norbuprenorphine-glucuronide (NBUP-Gluc) in human umbilical cord. Quantification was achieved by selected ion monitoring of precursor ions m/z 468.4 for BUP; 414.3 for NBUP; 644.4 for BUP-Gluc and 590 for NBUP-Gluc. BUP and NBUP were identified by MS(2), with m/z 396, 414 and 426 for BUP, and m/z 340, 364 and 382 for NBUP. Glucuronide conjugates were identified by MS(3) with m/z 396 and 414 for BUP-Gluc and m/z 340 and 382 for NBUP-Gluc. The assay was linear 1-50 ng/g. Intra-day, inter-day and total assay imprecision (%RSD) were <14.5%, and analytical recovery ranged from 94.1% to 112.3% for all analytes. Extraction efficiencies were >66.3%, and process efficiency >73.4%. Matrix effect ranged, in absolute value, from 3.7% to 7.4% (CV<21.8%, n=8). The method was selective with no endogenous or exogenous interferences from 41 compounds evaluated. Sensitivity was high with limits of detection of 0.8 ng/g. In order to prove method applicability, an authentic umbilical cord obtained from an opioid-dependent pregnant woman receiving BUP pharmacotherapy was analyzed. Interestingly, BUP was not detected but concentrations of the other metabolites were NBUP-Gluc 13.4 ng/g, BUP-Gluc 3.5 ng/g and NBUP 1.2 ng/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Concheiro
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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22
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Simultaneous quantification of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine glucuronide, and norbuprenorphine glucuronide in human placenta by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:513-22. [PMID: 19247639 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2706-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A LCMS method was developed and validated for the determination of buprenorphine (BUP), norbuprenorphine (NBUP), buprenorphine glucuronide (BUP-Gluc), and norbuprenorphine glucuronide (NBUP-Gluc) in placenta. Quantification was achieved by selected ion monitoring of m/z 468.4 (BUP), 414.3 (NBUP), 644.4 (BUP-Gluc), and 590 (NBUP-Gluc). BUP and NBUP were identified monitoring MS(2) fragments m/z 396, 414 and 426 for BUP, and 340, 364 and 382 for NBUP, and glucuronide conjugates monitoring MS(3) fragments m/z 396 and 414 for BUP-Gluc, and 340 and 382 for NBUP-Gluc. Linearity was 1-50 ng/g. Intra-day, inter-day and total assay imprecision (% RSD) were <13.4%, and analytical recoveries were 96.2-113.1%. Extraction efficiencies ranged from 40.7-68%, process efficiencies 38.8-70.5%, and matrix effect 1.3-15.4%. Limits of detection were 0.8 ng/g for all compounds. An authentic placenta from an opioid-dependent pregnant woman receiving BUP pharmacotherapy was analyzed. BUP was not detected but metabolite concentrations were NBUP-Gluc 46.6, NBUP 15.7 and BUP-Gluc 3.2 ng/g.
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Determination of opiates and cocaine in urine by high pH mobile phase reversed phase UPLC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:421-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wu MY, Wang YS, Lin CC, Lin DL, Su LW, Huang MH, Liu RH. An empirical study on the selection of analytes and corresponding cutoffs for immunoassay and GC–MS in a two-step test strategy—buprenorphine example. Analyst 2009; 134:1848-56. [DOI: 10.1039/b902137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kacinko SL, Concheiro-Guisan M, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous quantification of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and metabolites in human urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 392:903-11. [PMID: 18758763 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2326-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of buprenorphine (BUP), norbuprenorphine (NBUP), buprenorphine glucuronide (BUP-Gluc), and norbuprenorphine glucuronide (NBUP-Gluc) in human urine was developed and fully validated. Extensive endogenous and exogenous interferences were evaluated and limits of quantification were identified empirically. Analytical ranges were 5-1,000 ng/mL for BUP and BUP-Gluc and 25-1,000 ng/mL for NBUP and NBUP-Gluc. Intra-assay and interassay imprecision were less than 17% and recovery was 93-116%. Analytes were stable at room temperature, at 4 degrees C, and for three freeze-thaw cycles. This accurate and precise assay has sufficient sensitivity and specificity for urine analysis of specimens collected from individuals treated with BUP for opioid dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L Kacinko
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Suite 200, Room 05A-721, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Kacinko SL, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Validation and application of a method for the determination of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and their glucuronide conjugates in human meconium. Anal Chem 2007; 80:246-52. [PMID: 18044957 DOI: 10.1021/ac701627q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and glucuronidated conjugates was developed and validated. Analytes were extracted from meconium using buffer, concentrated by solid-phase extraction and quantified within 13.5 min. In order to determine free and total concentrations, specimens were analyzed with and without enzyme hydrolysis. Calibration was achieved by linear regression with a 1/x weighting factor and deuterated internal standards. All analytes were linear from 20 to 2000 ng/g with a correlation of determination of >0.98. Accuracy was >or=85.7% with intra-assay and interassay imprecision<or=13.9 and 12.4%, respectively. There was no interference from 70 licit and illicit drugs and metabolites. Buffer extraction followed by SPE yielded recoveries of >or=85.0%. There was suppression of ionization by the polar matrix; however, this did not interfere with sensitivity or analyte quantification due to inclusion of deuterated internal standards. Analytes were stable on the autosampler, at room temperature, at 4 degrees C, and when exposed to three freeze/thaw cycles. This sensitive and specific method can be used to monitor in utero buprenorphine exposure and to evaluate correlations, if any, between buprenorphine exposure and neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri L Kacinko
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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