1
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Bates MN, Helm AE, Barkholtz HM. Screening for Forensically Relevant Drugs Using Data-Independent High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:571-579. [PMID: 38575522 PMCID: PMC11022238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Forensic and clinical laboratories are expected to provide a rapid screening of samples for a wide range of analytes; however, the ever-changing landscape of illicit substances makes analysis complicated. There is a great need for untargeted methods that can aid these laboratories in broad-scope drug screening. Liquid chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) has become a popular technique for untargeted screening and presumptive identification of drugs of abuse due to its superior sensitivity and detection capabilities in complex matrices. An untargeted extraction and data acquisition method was evaluated for the broad screening of high-priority drugs of abuse in whole blood. A total of 35 forensically relevant target analytes were identified and extracted at biologically relevant low and high (10× low) concentrations from whole blood using supported liquid extraction. Data-independent acquisition was accomplished using ultraperformance liquid chromatography and a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Results were acceptable for screening assays, with limits of detection at or below the recommended low-concentration cutoffs for most analytes. Analyte ionization varied from 30.1 to 267.6% (average: 110.5%) at low concentrations and from 8.6 to 383.5% (average: 93.6%) at high concentrations. Extraction recovery ranged from 8.5 to 330.5% (average: 105.3%) at low concentrations and from 9.4 to 127.5% (average: 82.7%) at high concentrations. This variability was also captured as precision, ranging from 4.7 to 135.2% (average: 36.5%) at low concentrations and from 0.9 to 59.0% (average: 21.7%) at high concentrations. The method described in this work is efficient and effective for qualitative forensic toxicology screening, as demonstrated by analysis of 166 authentic suspected impaired driver and postmortem specimens. That said, it is critical that laboratories establishing untargeted LC-HRMS screening assays be aware of the strengths and limitations across diverse drug categories and chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia N. Bates
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Letters and Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Forensic
Toxicology Section, Environmental Health Division, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53718, United States
| | - Abby E. Helm
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Heather M. Barkholtz
- Forensic
Toxicology Section, Environmental Health Division, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, 2601 Agriculture Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53718, United States
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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2
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Hisatsune K, Murata T, Taniguchi M, Asano T, Ogata K, Iguchi A, Zaitsu K. Development of a rapid-fire drug screening method by probe electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for human urine (RaDPi-U). Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05215-x. [PMID: 38523158 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Drug screening tests are mandatory in the search for drugs in forensic biological samples, and immunological methods and mass spectrometry (e.g., gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) are commonly used for that purpose. However, these methods have some drawbacks, and developing new screening methods is required. In this study, we develop a rapid-fire drug screening method by probe electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (PESI-MS/MS), which is an ambient ionization mass spectrometry method, for human urine, named RaDPi-U. RaDPi-U is carried out in three steps: (1) mixing urine with internal standard (IS) solution and ethanol, followed by vortexing; (2) pipetting the mixture onto a sample plate for PESI; and (3) rapid-fire analysis by PESI-MS/MS. RaDPi-U targets 40 forensically important drugs, which include illegal drugs, hypnotics, and psychoactive substances. The analytical results were obtained within 3 min because of the above-mentioned simple workflow of RaDPi-U. The calibration curves of each analyte were constructed using the IS method, and they were quantitatively valid, resulting in good linearity (0.972-0.999) with a satisfactory lower limit of detection and lower limit of quantitation (0.01-7.1 ng/mL and 0.02-21 ng/mL, respectively). Further, both trueness and precisions were 28% or less, demonstrating the high reliability and repeatability of the method. Finally, we applied RaDPi-U to three postmortem urine specimens and successfully detected different drugs in each urine sample. The practicality of the method is proven, and RaDPi-U will be a strong tool as a rapid-fire drug screening method not only in forensic toxicology but also in clinical toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Hisatsune
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Aichi Prefectural Police Headquarters, 2-1-1, Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya, 460-8502, Japan.
| | - Tasuku Murata
- Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8511, Japan
| | - Masaru Taniguchi
- Nagoya City Public Health Research Institute, Sakurazaka, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8585, Japan
| | - Tomomi Asano
- Department of Human Life and Environment, Kinjo Gakuin University, 2-1723 Omori, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya, 463-8521, Japan
| | - Koretsugu Ogata
- Shimadzu Corporation, 1, Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8511, Japan
| | - Akira Iguchi
- Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan
- Research Laboratory On Environmentally-conscious Developments and Technologies [E-code], National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 305-8567, Japan
| | - Kei Zaitsu
- Multimodal Informatics and Wide-Data Analytics Laboratory (MiWA-Lab.), Department of Computational Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishi Mitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan.
- In Vivo Real-Time Omics Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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3
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Wood ME, Brown GJ, Karschner EL, Seither JZ, Brown JT, Knittel JL, Walterscheid JP. Screening and confirmation of psilocin, mitragynine, phencyclidine, ketamine and ketamine metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2024; 48:111-118. [PMID: 38287693 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
A safe and productive workplace requires a sober workforce, free from substances that impair judgment and concentration. Although drug monitoring programs already exist, the scope and loopholes of standard workplace testing panels are well known, allowing other substances to remain a source of risk. Therefore, a high-throughput urine screening method for psilocin, mitragynine, phencyclidine, ketamine, norketamine and dehydronorketamine was developed and validated in conjunction with a urine and blood confirmation method. There are analytical challenges to overcome with psilocin and mitragynine, particularly when it comes to drug stability and unambiguous identification in authentic specimens. Screening and confirmation methods were validated according to the American National Standards Institute/Academy Standards Board (ANSI/ASB) Standard 036, Standard Practices for Method Validation in Forensic Toxicology. An automated liquid handling system equipped with dispersive pipette extraction tips was utilized for preparing screening samples, whereas an offline solid-phase extraction method was used for confirmation sample preparation. Both methods utilized liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to achieve limits of detection between 1-5 ng/mL for the screening method and 1 ng/mL for the confirmation method. Automation allows for faster throughput and enhanced quality assurance, which improves turnaround time. Compared to previous in-house methods, specimen volumes were substantially decreased for both blood and urine, which is an advantage when volume is limited. This screening technique is well suited for evaluating large numbers of specimens from those employed in safety-sensitive workforce positions. This method can be utilized by workplace drug testing, human performance and postmortem laboratories seeking robust qualitative screening and confirmation methods for analytes that have traditionally been challenging to routinely analyze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine E Wood
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, 115 Purple Heart Dr., Dover AFB, DE 19902, USA
| | - Glenna J Brown
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, 115 Purple Heart Dr., Dover AFB, DE 19902, USA
| | - Erin L Karschner
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, 115 Purple Heart Dr., Dover AFB, DE 19902, USA
| | - Joshua Z Seither
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, 115 Purple Heart Dr., Dover AFB, DE 19902, USA
| | - Jordan T Brown
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, 115 Purple Heart Dr., Dover AFB, DE 19902, USA
| | - Jessica L Knittel
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, 115 Purple Heart Dr., Dover AFB, DE 19902, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Walterscheid
- Division of Forensic Toxicology, Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, 115 Purple Heart Dr., Dover AFB, DE 19902, USA
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4
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Kale R, Chaturvedi D, Dandekar P, Jain R. Analytical techniques for screening of cannabis and derivatives from human hair specimens. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1133-1149. [PMID: 38314866 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis and associated substances are some of the most frequently abused drugs across the globe, mainly due to their anxiolytic and euphorigenic properties. Nowadays, the analysis of hair samples has been given high importance in forensic and analytical sciences and in clinical studies because they are associated with a low risk of infection, do not require complicated storage conditions, and offer a broad window of non-invasive detection. Analysis of hair samples is very easy compared to the analysis of blood, urine, and saliva samples. This review places particular emphasis on methodologies of analyzing hair samples containing cannabis, with a special focus on the preparation of samples for analysis, which involves screening and extraction techniques, followed by confirmatory assays. Through this manuscript, we have presented an overview of the available literature on the screening of cannabis using mass spectroscopy techniques. We have presented a detailed overview of the advantages and disadvantages of this technique, to establish it as a suitable method for the analysis of cannabis from hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kale
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Deepa Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
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5
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Campbell M, Janis G, Horne H, Ketha H. Analysis of Barbiturates in Urine by LC-MS/MS. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2737:79-90. [PMID: 38036812 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3541-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In the method described here, an aliquot of a urine sample is analyzed to detect barbiturates through dilution and ultra-high-performance chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) using deuterated internal standards. This assay detects the presence of nine barbiturate drugs-amobarbital, barbital, butalbital, butabarbital, mephobarbital, secobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and thiopental. This protocol describes two LC separation methods-first LC method (2.2 min/sample) is intended to be used as a first step of the analysis that does not separate amobarbital and pentobarbital, and a second, longer (2.7 min/sample) LC method is intended to be used only for samples which have a peak in the amobarbital/pentobarbital retention time on the shorter LC method. Since the frequency at which amobarbital and pentobarbital are observed in clinical populations is low, the shorter LC method helps gain efficiency in a high-volume laboratory environment. Additional features of this protocol that help in efficiency gain are automated extraction using Hamilton™ liquid handling system and algorithmic data review using Ascent™ software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Campbell
- Labcorp, Toxicology/Occupational Testing Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Gregory Janis
- Labcorp, Toxicology/Occupational Testing Services, St. Paul/MedTox, MN, USA
| | - Hunter Horne
- Labcorp, Toxicology/Occupational Testing Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Hemamalini Ketha
- Labcorp, Toxicology/Occupational Testing Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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6
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Heinsvig PJ, Noble C, Dalsgaard PW, Mardal M. Forensic drug screening by liquid chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.117023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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7
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Júlio S, Ferro RA, Santos S, Alexandre A, Caldeira MJ, Franco J, Barroso M, Gaspar H. Synthesis of emerging cathinones and validation of a SPE GC-MS method for their simultaneous quantification in blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:571-589. [PMID: 36494605 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, synthetic cathinones have emerged as an important class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) worldwide. The proliferation of these psychostimulants and their sought-after effects among recreational drug users pose a serious threat to public health and enormous challenges to forensic laboratories. For forensic institutions, it is essential to be one step ahead of covert laboratories, foreseeing the structural changes possible to introduce in the core skeleton of cathinones while maintaining their stimulating activity. In this manner, it is feasible to equip themselves with standards of possible new cathinones and validated analytical methods for their qualitative and quantitative detection. Therefore, the aim of the work herein described was to synthesize emerging cathinones based on the evolving patterns in the illicit drug market, and to develop an analytical method for their accurate determination in forensic situations. Five so far unreported cathinones [4'-methyl-N-dimethylbuphedrone (4-MDMB), 4'-methyl-N-ethylbuphedrone (4-MNEB), 4'-methyl-N-dimethylpentedrone (4-MDMP), 4'-methyl-N-dimethylhexedrone (4-MDMH), and 4'-methyl-N-diethylbuphedrone (4-MDEB)] and a sixth one, 4'-methyl-N-ethylpentedrone, already reported to EMCDDA and also known as 4-MEAP, were synthesized and fully characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). An analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of these cathinones in blood, using solid phase extraction (SPE) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and validated. The results prove that this methodology is selective, linear, precise, and accurate. For all target cathinones, the extraction efficiency was higher than 73%, linearity was observed in the range of 10 (lower limit of quantification, LLOQ) to 800 ng/mL, with coefficients of determination higher than 0.99, and the limits of detection (LODs) were 5 ng/mL for all target cathinones. The stability of these cathinones in blood matrices is dependent on the storage conditions; 4-MNEB is the most stable compound and 4-MDMH is the least stable compound. The low limits obtained allow the detection of the compounds in situations where they are involved, even if present at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Júlio
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal.,Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel A Ferro
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andrea Alexandre
- Laboratório de Polícia Científica da Polícia Judiciária - Setor de Drogas e Toxicologia, Rua Gomes Freire, 1169-007, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Caldeira
- Laboratório de Polícia Científica da Polícia Judiciária - Setor de Drogas e Toxicologia, Rua Gomes Freire, 1169-007, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Franco
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P. - Delegação do Sul, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, 3, 1169-201, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, I.P. - Delegação do Sul, Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, 3, 1169-201, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Helena Gaspar
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal. .,MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630, Peniche, Portugal.
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8
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Feliu C, Konecki C, Cazaubon Y, Binet L, Vautier D, Fouley A, Gozalo C, Djerada Z. Development and Validation of a Non-Targeted Screening Method for Most Psychoactive, Analgesic, Anaesthetic, Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Coagulant and Anti-Hypertensive Drugs in Human Whole Blood and Plasma Using High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010076. [PMID: 36678573 PMCID: PMC9865759 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In toxicological laboratories, various screening methods can be used to identify compounds involved in intoxication. High-resolution mass spectrometry has been increasingly used in this context for the last years, because of its sensitivity and reliability. Here, we present the development and validation of a screening method that uses liquid chromatography coupled with a high-resolution mass spectrometer. (2) Methods: This method required only 100 µL of whole blood or plasma sample. Pretreatment consisted of a rapid and simple deproteinisation with methanol/acetonitrile and zinc sulphate. This new assay was validated according to international guidelines. (3) Results: To perform the method validation, 53 compounds were selected. The selection criteria were as follows: various chemical structures and therapeutic families (>15), large m/z distribution, positive or negative ionisation mode, and various elution times. The assays showed high selectivity and specificity, with optimal process efficiency. The identification limits, determined using predefined criteria, were established at sub-therapeutic or therapeutic concentrations. Applicability was evaluated using spiked plasma controls and external quality controls. (4) Conclusions: The new method was then successfully applied to routine clinical and forensic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Feliu
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (Z.D.)
| | - Celine Konecki
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Yoann Cazaubon
- Institute Desbrest of Epidemiology and Public Health, INSERM, Montpellier University, Department of Pharmacology, Montpellier University Hospital, Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Binet
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Damien Vautier
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Aurélie Fouley
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Claire Gozalo
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
| | - Zoubir Djerada
- Department of Pharmacology, EA 3801, SFR CAP-Santé, Reims University Hospital, 51 Rue Cognacq-Jay, CEDEX, 51095 Reims, France
- Correspondence: (C.F.); (Z.D.)
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9
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Thakur D, Dubey NP, Singh R. A Review on Spike and Recovery Method in Analytical Method Development and Validation. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-19. [PMID: 36463526 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2152275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In multidisciplinary science, Analytical approaches based on spike and recovery (SAR) play a substantial role in analytical testing. The spike and recovery method is an important technique for analyzing and accessing the accuracy of analytical methods. The goal of this review seeks to provide clarity on the role of SAR methods in the forensic science discipline. Recent literature has been searched from numerous databases like Google, Web of Sciences, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SciFinder. Websites like Science Direct are critically explored to gather scientific reports related to SAR utility. This review discusses the applications and current role of the SAR methods in Forensic Toxicology. It is suggested as one of the major parameters in the validation of the analytical method. SAR methodology is extremely important for the identification and quantitation of analytes in the sample matrix. Moreover, the extension of SAR methods to any scientific discipline is equally important for quality assurance. All relevant processes like method development and its optimization, quality control, and assurance rely on SAR-based studies. However, the method requires better apprehension and needs to be utilized using standard guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Thakur
- Department of Forensic Science, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Neeti Prakash Dubey
- Chemistry and Toxicology, Regional Forensic Science Laboratory, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rajvinder Singh
- Department of Forensic Science, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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10
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Wille SMR, Desharnais B, Pichini S, Trana AD, Busardò FP, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Toxicology: What Are the Specifics of Method Development, Validation and Quality Assurance for Comprehensive Screening Approaches? Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1230-1244. [PMID: 35619258 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220526152259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) has increased over the past decade in clinical and forensic toxicology, especially for comprehensive screening approaches. Despite this, few guidelines of this field have specifically addressed HRMS issues concerning compound identification, validation, measurement uncertainty and quality assurance. To fully implement this technique, certainly in an era in which the quality demands for laboratories are ever increasing due to various norms (e.g. the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 17025), these specific issues need to be addressed. This manuscript reviews 26 HRMS-based methods for qualitative systematic toxicological analysis (STA) published between 2011 and 2021. Key analytical data such as samples matrices, analytical platforms, numbers of analytes and employed mass spectral reference databases/libraries as well as the studied validation parameters are summarized and discussed. The article further includes a critical review of targeted and untargeted data acquisition approaches, available HRMS reference databases and libraries as well as current guidelines for HRMS data interpretation with a particular focus on identification criteria. Moreover, it provides an overview on current recommendations for the validation and determination measurement uncertainty of qualitative methods. Finally, the article aims to put forward suggestions for method development, compound identification, validation experiments to be performed, and adequate determination of measurement uncertainty for this type of wide-range qualitative HRMS-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M R Wille
- Unit Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Desharnais
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais St., Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annagiulia Di Trana
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy
| | - Dirk K Wissenbach
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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11
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Gerona RR, French D. Drug testing in the era of new psychoactive substances. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 111:217-263. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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12
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Goncalves R, Pelletier R, Couette A, Gicquel T, Le Daré B. Suitability of high-resolution mass spectrometry in analytical toxicology: Focus on drugs of abuse. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Swanson DM, Pearson JM, Evans-Nguyen T. Comparing ELISA and LC-MS/MS: A Simple, Targeted Postmortem Blood Screen. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:797-802. [PMID: 34521103 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive screening method that is specific, accurate, and customizable is necessary in any forensic toxicology laboratory. Most laboratories utilize some form of immunoassay testing as it is reliable and sensitive with minimal sample preparation and is relatively inexpensive to simultaneously screen for multiple classes of drugs with different chemical properties. However, accessibility to more specific technology and instrumentation such as mass spectrometry has increased and therefore using immunoassay as the screening method of choice may be revisited. A screening method for 42 drugs in postmortem blood was developed and validated following the Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Science (OSAC) guidelines for toxicology method validation. The method was developed using minimal sample preparation of postmortem blood consisting only of a protein precipitation. Only two internal standards were used which greatly reduces the cost of implementing this method. Limit of detection (LOD), interference studies, processed sample stability and ion suppression/enhancement were examined. Additionally, over 100 case samples were analyzed by both the current enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing procedure and the proposed liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) screening method. The comparison determined that the LC/MS-MS method performed as well as or better than the ELISA in nearly all cases. The ability to add additional target drugs increases the laboratory's scope of analysis as well. This method is ideal for forensic laboratories wishing to improve screening while working within budget constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina M Swanson
- Hillsborough County Medical Examiner Department, 11025 N. 46th Street, Tampa, FL 33617.,University of South Florida, Department of Chemistry, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620
| | - Julia M Pearson
- Hillsborough County Medical Examiner Department, 11025 N. 46th Street, Tampa, FL 33617
| | - Theresa Evans-Nguyen
- University of South Florida, Department of Chemistry, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620
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14
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An J, Dong Z, Zhang W, Yan Y, Kang W, Lian K. Development of a simple nanofiber-based solid phase extraction procedure coupled with high performance liquid chromatography analysis for the quantification of eight sedative-hypnotic drugs in human urine samples. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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15
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Chalk R, Greenland WEP, Moreira T, Coker J, Mukhopadhyay SMM, Williams E, Manning C, Bohstedt T, McCrorie R, Fernandez-Cid A, Burgess-Brown NA. Identification, mapping and relative quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycopeptides by Mass-Retention Time Fingerprinting. Commun Biol 2021; 4:934. [PMID: 34345007 PMCID: PMC8333269 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02455-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an analytical method for the identification, mapping and relative quantitation of glycopeptides from SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein. The method may be executed using a LC-TOF mass spectrometer, requires no specialized knowledge of glycan analysis and exploits the differential resolving power of reverse phase HPLC. While this separation technique resolves peptides with high efficiency, glycans are resolved poorly, if at all. Consequently, glycopeptides consisting of the same peptide bearing different glycan structures will all possess very similar retention times and co-elute. Rather than a disadvantage, we show that shared retention time can be used to map multiple glycan species to the same peptide and location. In combination with MSMS and pseudo MS3, we have constructed a detailed mass-retention time database for Spike glycopeptides. This database allows any accurate mass LC-MS laboratory to reliably identify and quantify Spike glycopeptides from a single overnight elastase digest in less than 90 minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod Chalk
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, ORCRB, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Tiago Moreira
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, ORCRB, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jesse Coker
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, ORCRB, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Eleanor Williams
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, ORCRB, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte Manning
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, ORCRB, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tina Bohstedt
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, ORCRB, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rama McCrorie
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, ORCRB, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Kleis J, Hess C, Germerott T, Roehrich J. Sensitive Screening of New Psychoactive Substances in Serum Using Liquid-Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:592-599. [PMID: 34125215 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of new psychoactive substances (NPS) still pose a challenge for many institutions due to the number of available substances and the constantly changing drug market. Both new and well-known substances keep appearing and disappearing on the market, making it hard to adapt analytical methods in a timely manner. In this study we developed a qualitative screening approach for serum samples by means of liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Samples were measured in data-dependent auto-MS/MS mode and identified by fragment spectra comparison, retention time and accurate mass. Approximately 500 NPS, including 195 synthetic cannabinoids, 180 stimulants, 86 hallucinogens, 26 benzodiazepines and 7 others were investigated. Serum samples were fortified to 1 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL concentrations to estimate approximate limits of identification. Samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction with non-endcapped C18 material and elution in two consecutive steps. Benzodiazepines were eluted in the first step, while substances of other NPS subclasses were distributed among both extracts. To determine limits of identification, both extracts were combined. 96 % (470/492) of investigated NPS were detected in 10 ng/mL samples and 88 % (432/492) were detected in 1 ng/mL samples. Stimulants stood out with higher limits of identification, possibly due to instability of certain methcathinone derivatives. However, considering relevant blood concentrations, the method provided sufficient sensitivity for stimulants as well as other NPS subclasses. Data-dependent acquisition was proven to provide high sensitivity and reliability when combined with an information-dependent preferred list, without losing its untargeted operation principle. Summarizing, the developed method fulfilled its purpose as a sensitive untargeted screening for serum samples and allows uncomplicated expansion of the spectral library to include thousands of targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kleis
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - C Hess
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - T Germerott
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Roehrich
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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17
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Roadside Drug Testing Approaches. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113291. [PMID: 34072538 PMCID: PMC8199318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present an overview of roadside drug testing, driving enforcement, and drunk/drug driving detection around the world. Drunk and drug driving is a severe problem, not only in the UAE, but also around the world. This has important implications for road safety as drunk or drug driving may increase the chances of a driver’s involvement in a road crash when compared to a drug-free driver. Recently, due to increases in drug-impaired drivers’ crash involvement, many mobile roadside drug testing devices have been introduced to the market. These devices use oral fluid, urine or blood matrices. These are on-the-spot tests, which are easy to use and are applied by law enforcement agencies and the public. Law enforcement agencies most commonly use oral fluid to detect the presence of illicit drugs in drivers. This review discusses all the available devices in the market used by the authorities. It also describes the type of drugs widely abused by drivers along with behavioral testing methods. The different types of matrices used for roadside drug testing are also evaluated. Sample collection, storage, and pre-treatment methods are discussed, followed by the confirmatory analysis of positive samples. This article will significantly help law enforcement agencies compare and evaluate all the reliable roadside testing devices and new emerging confirmatory devices available to them in the market. This will help them make an informed decision on which device to adapt to their individual needs.
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18
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Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry and High-Sensitivity Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Screening of Classic Drugs and New Psychoactive Substances and Metabolites in Urine of Consumers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084000. [PMID: 33924438 PMCID: PMC8069063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the new psychoactive substances is continuously growing and the implementation of accurate and sensible analysis in biological matrices of users is relevant and fundamental for clinical and forensic purposes. Two different analytical technologies, high-sensitivity gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) were used for a screening analysis of classic drugs and new psychoactive substances and their metabolites in urine of formed heroin addicts under methadone maintenance therapy. Sample preparation involved a liquid-liquid extraction. The UHPLC-HRMS method included Accucore™ phenyl Hexyl (100 × 2.1 mm, 2.6 μm, Thermo, USA) column with a gradient mobile phase consisting of mobile phase A (ammonium formate 2 mM in water, 0.1% formic acid) and mobile phase B (ammonium formate 2 mM in methanol/acetonitrile 50:50 (v/v), 0.1% formic acid) and a full-scan data-dependent MS2 (ddMS2) mode for substances identification (mass range 100–1000 m/z). The GC-MS method employed an ultra-Inert Intuvo GC column (HP-5MS UI, 30 m, 250 µm i.d, film thickness 0.25 µm; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and electron-impact (EI) mass spectra were recorded in total ion monitoring mode (scan range 40–550 m/z). Urine samples from 296 patients with a history of opioid use disorder were examined. Around 80 different psychoactive substances and/or metabolites were identified, being methadone and metabolites the most prevalent ones. The possibility to screen for a huge number of psychotropic substances can be useful in suspected drug related fatalities or acute intoxication/exposure occurring in emergency departments and drug addiction services.
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19
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Caballero-Casero N, Mihretu LD, Rubio S. Interference Free Method for Determination of Benzodiazepines in Urine Based on Restricted Access Supramolecular Solvents and LC-MS/MS. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:285-294. [PMID: 33674823 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular solvents with restricted access properties (SUPRAS-RAM) are proposed as a new approach for integrating extraction and sample cleanup in the quantification of benzodiazepines in urine by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The SUPRAS-RAM was synthesized in situ in the urine by the addition of 1- hexanol (154 µL) and THF (600 µL). Benzodiazepines extraction was driven by both hydrogen bonds and dispersion interactions. Removal of proteins and polar macromolecules was performed by the action of the SUPRAS through chemical and physical mechanisms. Phospholipids were removed by precipitation during SUPRAS extract evaporation. A multivariate method was used for the optimization of the extraction process by applying Box-Behnken response surface design. The proposed method was validated according to the guiding principles of the European Commission Decision (2002/657/EC). Method detection and quantification limits for the target benzodiazepines were in the intervals 0.21-0.85 ng/mL and 0.67-2.79 ng/mL, respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility (expressed as relative standard deviations) were in the range 2-6 % and 3-8%, respectively. The method enabled the simultaneous extraction of benzodiazepines (recoveries in the range 84-105%) and the removal of matrix effects. The method was applied to the analysis of 13 urine samples using external calibration. Five out of 13 samples tested positive in alprazolam and lorazepam at concentrations in the range 5.4-74 ng/mL. The method allows simple and quick sample treatment with minimal solvent consumption while delivering accurate and precise data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Caballero-Casero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Universidad de Córdoba. Marie Curie-Annex Building, Campus de Rabanales, 14071-Córdoba. Spain
| | - Libargachew D Mihretu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Universidad de Córdoba. Marie Curie-Annex Building, Campus de Rabanales, 14071-Córdoba. Spain
| | - Soledad Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Universidad de Córdoba. Marie Curie-Annex Building, Campus de Rabanales, 14071-Córdoba. Spain
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20
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Trujillo Uruena M, York R, Philp M, Kuzhiumparambil U, Wei Z, Yun K, Fu S. Identification of Unique 4-Methylmethcathinone (4-MMC) Degradation Markers in Putrefied Matrices†. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:803-810. [PMID: 33313885 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug degradation as a consequence of putrefactive bacterial activity is a well-known factor that affects the identification and quantitation of certain substances of forensic interest. Current knowledge on putrefaction-mediated degradation of drugs is, however, significantly lacking. This study aimed to investigate the degradation of 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC or mephedrone) and to detect its degradation products in putrefied biological matrices containing 4-MMC. The bacteria species Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris were grown in brain-heart infusion broth, spiked with 4-MMC and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Postmortem human blood and fresh porcine liver macerate were also left to putrefy in sample tubes at room temperature for 1 week. Structural elucidation was based on modern spectroscopic analyses including the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All four putrefactive bacteria were capable of degrading 4-MMC extensively under the experimental conditions explored. Of particular interest was the discovery of a novel degradation product common to all four bacterial species, which was assigned as 2-hydroxy-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-one (HMP) based on the spectroscopic data. This degradation product was detectable in both postmortem human blood and porcine liver samples. The stability of the identified degradation products, especially HMP, should be further investigated to assess their validity of serving as marker analytes for monitoring 4-MMC in postmortem toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Trujillo Uruena
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Rebekah York
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Morgan Philp
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | | | - Zhiwen Wei
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, 98 University Street, Yuci District, Jinzhong City 030606, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Keming Yun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, 98 University Street, Yuci District, Jinzhong City 030606, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia.,School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, 98 University Street, Yuci District, Jinzhong City 030606, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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21
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Baumann MH, Tocco G, Papsun DM, Mohr AL, Fogarty MF, Krotulski AJ. U-47700 and Its Analogs: Non-Fentanyl Synthetic Opioids Impacting the Recreational Drug Market. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E895. [PMID: 33238449 PMCID: PMC7700279 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10110895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The recreational use of opioid drugs is a global threat to public health and safety. In particular, an epidemic of opioid overdose fatalities is being driven by illicitly manufactured fentanyl, while novel synthetic opioids (NSOs) are appearing on recreational drug markets as standalone products, adulterants in heroin, or ingredients in counterfeit drug preparations. Trans-3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methylbenzamide (U-47700) is a prime example of a non-fentanyl NSO that is associated with numerous intoxications and fatalities. Here, we review the medicinal chemistry, preclinical pharmacology, clandestine availability, methods for detection, and forensic toxicology of U-47700 and its analogs. An up-to-date summary of the human cases involving U-47700 intoxication and death are described. The evidence demonstrates that U-47700 is a potent μ-opioid receptor agonist, which poses a serious risk for overdosing and death. However, most analogs of U-47700 appear to be less potent and have been detected infrequently in forensic specimens. U-47700 represents a classic example of how chemical entities from the medicinal chemistry or patent literature can be diverted for use in recreational drug markets. Lessons learned from the experiences with U-47700 can inform scientists, clinicians, and policymakers who are involved with responding to the spread and impact of NSOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Suite 4400, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Graziella Tocco
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Donna M. Papsun
- Toxicology Department, NMS Labs, 200 Welsh Road, Horsham, PA 19044, USA;
| | - Amanda L. Mohr
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, 19090 PA, USA; (A.L.M.); (M.F.F.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Melissa F. Fogarty
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, 19090 PA, USA; (A.L.M.); (M.F.F.); (A.J.K.)
| | - Alex J. Krotulski
- Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, Fredric Rieders Family Foundation, 2300 Stratford Ave, Willow Grove, 19090 PA, USA; (A.L.M.); (M.F.F.); (A.J.K.)
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22
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Electromembrane extraction of chlorprothixene, haloperidol and risperidone from whole blood and urine. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1629:461480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Hamnett HJ, Dror IE. The effect of contextual information on decision-making in forensic toxicology. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:339-348. [PMID: 33385132 PMCID: PMC7770460 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The impact of cognitive bias on decisions in forensic science has been demonstrated in numerous disciplines such as DNA and fingerprints, but has not been empirically investigated in the more objective domains, such as forensic toxicology. In the first experiment, participants (n = 58) were affected by irrelevant case information when analysing data from an immunoassay test for opiate-type drugs. In the second experiment, participants (n = 53) were biased in their choice of tests, for example, the age of the deceased impacted testing strategy: for older people, medicinal drugs were commonly chosen, whereas for younger people drugs of abuse were selected. Based on the results that examiners analyzing case data may have biases if they are given access to case context, we propose that examiners analysing presumptive test data are blind to irrelevant contextual information. Furthermore, that forensic toxicology laboratories use a consistent protocol for selecting tests, and that any deviations are documented and justified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Itiel E. Dror
- UCL Centre for the Forensic Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
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24
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Chormey DS, Ayyıldız MF, Bakırdere S. Feasibility studies on the uptake and bioaccessibility of pesticides, hormones and endocrine disruptive compounds in plants, and simulation of gastric and intestinal conditions. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Kang D, Ding Q, Xu Y, Yin X, Guo H, Yu T, Wang H, Xu W, Wang G, Liang Y. Comparative analysis of constitutes and metabolites for traditional Chinese medicine using IDA and SWATH data acquisition modes on LC-Q-TOF MS. J Pharm Anal 2019; 10:588-596. [PMID: 33425453 PMCID: PMC7775849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of components and metabolites of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) employing liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF MS) techniques with information-dependent acquisition (IDA) approaches is increasingly frequent. A current drawback of IDA-MS is that the complexity of a sample might prevent important compounds from being triggered in IDA settings. Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra (SWATH) is a data-independent acquisition (DIA) method where the instrument deterministically fragments all precursor ions within the predefined m/z range in a systematic and unbiased fashion. Herein, the superiority of SWATH on the detection of TCMs’ components was firstly investigated by comparing the detection efficiency of SWATH-MS and IDA-MS data acquisition modes, and sanguisorbin extract was used as a mode TCM. After optimizing the setting parameters of SWATH, rolling collision energy (CE) and variable Q1 isolation windows were found to be more efficient for sanguisorbin identification than the fixed CE and fixed Q1 isolation window. More importantly, the qualitative efficiency of SWATH-MS on sanguisorbins was found significantly higher than that of IDA-MS data acquisition. In IDA mode, 18 kinds of sanguisorbins were detected in sanguisorbin extract. A total of 47 sanguisorbins were detected when SWATH-MS was used under rolling CE and flexible Q1 isolation window modes. Besides, 26 metabolites of sanguisorbins were identified in rat plasma, and their metabolic pathways could be deduced as decarbonylation, oxidization, reduction, methylation, and glucuronidation according to their fragmental ions acquired in SWATH-MS mode. Thus, SWATH-MS data acquisition could provide more comprehensive information for the component and metabolite identification for TCMs than IDA-MS. SWATH was first used to identify components and metabolites of TCMs. Superiority of SWATH on the detection of TCM was firstly investigated. The number of components detected by SWATH was greatly higher than IDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Kang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Qingqing Ding
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Jiangsu People's Hospital), No. 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, PR China
| | - Yangfan Xu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Xiaoxi Yin
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Tengjie Yu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - He Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Wenshuo Xu
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Lab of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
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26
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Development and application of a forensic toxicological library for identification of 56 natural toxic substances by liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The present study aims to develop a forensic toxicological library to identify 56 natural toxic substances by liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF-MS/MS).
Methods
For setting up the library of product ion spectra, individual substances (31 plant toxins, 7 mushroom toxins, 5 marine toxins, 5 frog venoms, 4 mycotoxins, and 4 substances derived from plants) were analyzed by LC–QTOF-MS/MS with positive and negative ionization. The product ion spectra were acquired at the collision energies (CEs) of 20, 35, and 50 eV in single enhanced product ion mode and then in collision energy spread mode in which the CE ramp range was set to 35 ± 15 eV.
Results
To test the performance of the library, human blood plasma samples were spiked with a mixture of lycorine and domoic acid, extracted by acetonitrile deproteinization and analyzed by LC–QTOF-MS/MS. Identification by our library search could be achieved for these toxins at the purity scores of 79.1 and 67.2, respectively. The method was also applied to postmortem blood from a death case with an aconite intake, and showed that four toxins in an aconite could be identified in the blood sample at the purity scores of 54.6–60.3.
Conclusions
This library will be more effective for the screening of natural toxic substances in routine forensic toxicological analysis. To our knowledge, there are no reports dealing with development of library for natural toxic substances by LC–QTOF-MS/MS.
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De La Vega H, Fox K, Pardi J, Santiago-Tirado W, Cooper G. Validation of a High-throughput Screening and Quantification Method for the Determination of Gabapentinoids in Blood Using a Combination of LC-TOF-MS and LC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:696-702. [PMID: 31436295 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gabapentinoids such as gabapentin (GP) and pregabalin (PGL) have been used to treat a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of GP and PGL misuse among individuals with a history of polysubstance use. Both GP and PGL are understood to potentiate the effects of opioids, with fatalities involving GP and PGL being reported with increasing frequency. An efficient procedure was developed to screen and quantitate GP and PGL in blood samples using a combination of liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). The developed LC-MS-MS method was linear from 0.5-50 mg/L, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 mg/L for GP and PGL. An LOD of 0.5 mg/L was determined for both analytes on the LC-TOF-MS screen. A total of 1,091 blood specimens were subjected to a protein crash with methanol, in the presence of deuterated internal standards, PGL-d6 and GP-d10, to minimize the effects of varying matrix conditions. Specimens tested included both post-mortem blood and preserved blood specimens collected for the purposes of investigating drug-impaired driving and suspected drug-facilitated crimes. Of the total of specimens tested, 101 (9.3%) screened positive using the developed LC-TOF-MS method for GP while only 13 (1.2%) blood specimens screened positive for PGL. All (100%) of the cases that screened positive for GP and PGL were confirmed positive by LC-MS-MS. Blood concentrations of GP and PGL ranged from <0.5 to 215 mg/L and from <0.5 to 32 mg/L, respectively. Of the blood specimens that had previously screened negative by LC-TOF-MS, 10% (N = 100) were randomly selected and tested by LC-MS-MS with 100% confirmed negative for GP and PGL. The developed methods provide a fast and reliable high-throughput screening and confirmation testing strategy for the detection of GP and PGL in blood specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda De La Vega
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York City, NY 10016 USA
| | - Kim Fox
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York City, NY 10016 USA
| | - Justine Pardi
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York City, NY 10016 USA
| | - Wendy Santiago-Tirado
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York City, NY 10016 USA
| | - Gail Cooper
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York City, NY 10016 USA
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Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: A Paradigm Shift in Toxicology Screening Applications. Clin Biochem Rev 2019; 40:135-146. [PMID: 31530964 DOI: 10.33176/aacb-19-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The screening of biological samples for the presence of illicit or legal substances is an important frontline tool in both clinical and forensic toxicology. In the clinical setting, drug screening is a useful tool for the clinician in improving patient care and guiding treatment. Analytical approaches for the screening of drugs in biological samples are extensive and well documented, though many rapid screening techniques often lack appropriate sensitivity and specificity, requiring careful clinical interpretation. The continuous emergence of new psychoactive substances presents a considerable analytical challenge in maintaining up-to-date methods for the detection of relevant drugs. Adapting and validating methods for the detection of new substances can be a complicated and costly undertaking. There is also a considerable lag time between the emergence of new drugs and the release of commercial assays for detection. Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS) has gained considerable attention over the last decade as an analytical technique that is capable of meeting the challenges of a rapidly changing drug landscape. Exhibiting both high sensitivity and specificity in drug detection, Q-TOF-MS also allows methods to be rapidly updated for newly emerging psychoactive agents. The coupling of Q-TOF-MS with techniques such as liquid or gas chromatography can provide both rapid and comprehensive screening solutions that are gaining popularity in the clinical laboratory setting.
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29
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Malaca S, Rosado T, Restolho J, Rodilla JM, Rocha PM, Silva L, Margalho C, Barroso M, Gallardo E. Determination of amphetamine-type stimulants in urine samples using microextraction by packed sorbent and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1120:41-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dei Cas M, Casagni E, Arnoldi S, Gambaro V, Roda G. Screening of new psychoactive substances (NPS) by gas-chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry (GC/MS-TOF) and application to 63 cases of judicial seizure. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2019; 1:71-78. [PMID: 32411957 PMCID: PMC7219149 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A screening method for the separation and identification of more than fifty NPS is proposed. The method is based on fast gas-chromatography/time of flight mass spectrometry (FAST-GC/MS-TOF). Thanks to the shorter and narrower capillary column and to the rapid acquisition of the TOF detector a huge number of compounds are separated in a very short time of analysis (10 min). Only a few peaks were overlapped. The possibility to apply deconvolution by the software of the GC/MS-TOF instrument allowed the unequivocal identification also for the superimposed peaks. Linearity and LOD was studied and the method was applied to 63 cases of powders seized by the judicial authority at the airport of Milano Malpensa in Northern Italy in the period 2014–2017.
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31
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Williams M, Martin J, Galettis P. A Validated Method for the Detection of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Oral Fluid. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:10-17. [PMID: 30060217 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Workplace drug testing in Australia is governed by two standards AS/NZS 4308:2008 for testing in urine and AS 4760:2006 for oral fluid. These standards are prescriptive and describe the drugs tested, procedures for analysis and collection devices. However, the drugs listed are not exhaustive and workers may consume novel psychoactive substances without detection. Here we present a validated method for the detection and quantitation of 19 synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid. These drugs are AM2233, JWH-200, AB-005, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, AB-CHMINACA, AM2201, RCS-4, JWH-250, STS-135, JWH-73, XLR-11, JWH-251, JWH-18, JWH-122, JWH-19, UR-144, JWH-20 and AKB-48. The sample volume is 100 μL and is subject to a rapid, simple, protein precipitation step prior to centrifugation and injection into the LC-MS/MS system. Chromatographic separation was achieved in 4 min on a Kinetex Biphenyl column (50 mm × 3 mm × 2.6 μm) using 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The method was validated with a limit of detection (1 ng/mL) limit of quantitation (2.5 ng/mL), selectivity, linearity (2.5-500 ng/mL), accuracy (90.5-112.5% of the target concentration) and precision (3-14.7%). This method provides for the rapid detection of synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid which is readily applicable to a routine laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Williams
- University of Newcastle, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer Martin
- University of Newcastle, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Galettis
- University of Newcastle, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University drive, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Petrochilou E, Athanaselis S, Nikolaou P, Papadodima S, Panderi I, Spiliopoulou C, Papoutsis I. Synovial fluid as an alternative specimen for quantification of drugs of abuse by GC–MS. Forensic Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-019-00465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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33
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Drummer OH, Di Rago M, Gerostamoulos D. Analysis of Benzodiazepines for Drug-Facilitated Assaults and Abuse Settings (Urine). Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1872:23-39. [PMID: 30350276 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8823-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An overview of the detection of benzodiazepines and their respective metabolites and target analytes in urine by LC-MS/MS is described. This overview shows substantial differences in the approach to detection using this technique including optional use of β-glucuronidase to hydrolyze conjugates present in urine. There are also significant variations in the extraction method employed from the use of direct injection, liquid-liquid extraction to solid-phase extraction options, with little apparent difference in limits of detection. Chromatography was largely based on the use of C18-bonded columns; however both C8- and phenyl-bonded columns were used to affect separation. Modern-day tandem mass spectrometers are capable of exceptional sensitivity enabling detection of sub-nanogram per milliliter amounts in urine, which provide for longer detection times in the urine of suspected drug-facilitated assaults. A method employed in the laboratory of the authors is provided by way of an example for readers wishing to establish a method in their own laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf H Drummer
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Southbank, VIC, Australia.
| | - Matthew Di Rago
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Southbank, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, VIC, Australia
| | - Dimitri Gerostamoulos
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Southbank, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Southbank, VIC, Australia
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34
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Validation of a simple, fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 40 antidepressant drugs or their metabolites in plasma. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 485:243-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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35
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Synthetic cannabinoids in biological specimens: a review of current analytical methods and sample preparation techniques. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1609-1623. [PMID: 30226077 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are a new class of chemical drugs capable of modifying human behavior. These products do not contain cannabis, but produce similar effects after consumption. The fact that they are easily accessed, and are many times considered to be harmless, justifies their widespread use among young people. This fact, together with the difficulty in their detection by routine drug tests, makes it extremely important to develop new procedures able to detect and monitor their consumption. The aim of this work is to perform a critical review regarding the human biological samples that can be used for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids, paying special attention to analytical methods and sample preparation techniques. The reviewed articles deal with the determination of synthetic cannabinoids in the context of forensic and toxicological analysis.
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36
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Kempińska D, Kot-Wasik A. The use of RP-HPLC-Q-TOF-MS as a powerful tool for wastewater composition profiling and selection of water pollution marker specific to wastewater contamination. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018; 149:1595-1604. [PMID: 30174347 PMCID: PMC6105218 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Limited drinking water resources and water pollution are one of the main worldwide problems. To reduce the consumption of fresh water resources, the use of treated wastewater has been proposed. The farmlands have been irrigated with wastewater for centuries, but the composition of used sewage has changed over the years. Recent research has revealed the presence of hundreds of new organic contaminants in many environmental waters, including wastewaters and their receivers. For this reason, wastewater profiling and monitoring are of high importance and urgent need. In this study, the HPLC–Q-TOF–MS has been used for the profiling of wastewater composition and evaluation of the water pollution markers belonging to emerging contaminants. Three different solid-phase extraction approaches were applied to obtain the best results. Compounds such as acesulfame-K, caffeine, carbamazepine, cyclamate, ibuprofen, methyl paraben, paracetamol, or saccharin were detected in raw wastewater samples, whereas only acesulfame-K, carbamazepine, and sucralose were found in effluent samples. It seems that these particular compounds might be chosen as water pollution marker specific to Polish communal sewages. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Kempińska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Kot-Wasik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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37
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Ohira SI, Kaneda K, Matsuzaki T, Mori S, Mori M, Toda K. Universal HPLC Detector for Hydrophilic Organic Compounds by Means of Total Organic Carbon Detection. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6461-6467. [PMID: 29733193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Most quantifications are achieved by comparison of the signals obtained with the sample to those from a standard. Thus, the purity and stability of the standard are key in chemical analysis. Furthermore, if an analyte standard cannot be obtained, quantification cannot be achieved, even if the chemical structures are identified by a qualification method (e.g., high-resolution mass spectrometry). Herein, we describe a universal and analyte standard-free detector for aqueous-eluent-based high-performance liquid chromatography. This universal carbon detector (UCD) was developed based on total organic carbon detection. Separated analytes were oxidized in-line and converted to carbon dioxide (CO2). Generated CO2 was transferred into the gas phase and collected into ultrapure water, which was followed by conductivity detection. The system can be applied as a HPLC detector that does not use an organic solvent as an eluent. The system can be calibrated with a primary standard of sodium bicarbonate for organic compounds. The universality and quantification were evaluated with organic compounds, including organic acids, sugars, and amino acids. Furthermore, the system was successfully applied to evaluation of the purity of formaldehyde in formalin solution, and determination of sugars in juices. The results show the universal carbon detector has good universality and can quantify many kinds of organic compounds with a single standard such as sodium bicarbonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Ohira
- Department of Chemistry , Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami , Kumamoto , 860-8555 , Japan
| | - Kyosuke Kaneda
- Department of Chemistry , Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami , Kumamoto , 860-8555 , Japan
| | - Toru Matsuzaki
- Department of Chemistry , Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami , Kumamoto , 860-8555 , Japan
| | - Shuta Mori
- Department of Chemistry , Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami , Kumamoto , 860-8555 , Japan
| | - Masanobu Mori
- Faculty of Science and Technology , Kochi University , 2-5-1 Akebono-cho , Kochi , 780-8520 , Japan
| | - Kei Toda
- Department of Chemistry , Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami , Kumamoto , 860-8555 , Japan
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38
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Seither JZ, Hindle R, Arroyo-Mora LE, DeCaprio AP. Systematic analysis of novel psychoactive substances. I. Development of a compound database and HRMS spectral library. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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39
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Grapp M, Kaufmann C, Streit F, Binder L. Systematic forensic toxicological analysis by liquid-chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry in serum and comparison to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 287:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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40
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Bakota EL, Samms WC, Gray TR, Oleske DA, Hines MO. Case Reports of Fatalities Involving Tianeptine in the United States. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:503-509. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Bakota
- Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1861 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Warren C Samms
- Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1861 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Teresa R Gray
- Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1861 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deanna A Oleske
- Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1861 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Merrill O Hines
- Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, 1861 Old Spanish Trail, Houston, TX, USA
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41
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Ambroziak K, Adamowicz P. Simple screening procedure for 72 synthetic cannabinoids in whole blood by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2018; 36:280-290. [PMID: 29963203 PMCID: PMC6002442 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In recent years, many synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) have appeared on the drug market. Despite the increasing number of SCs, there are few comprehensive screening methods for their detection in biological specimens. In this context, the purpose of this study was to develop a fast and simple liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry screening procedure for detection and identification of SCs in whole blood. Methods The elaborated qualitative screening method allows the simultaneous detection and identification of 72 compounds from different chemical groups: naphthoylindoles, naphthoylindazoles, benzoylindoles, phenylacetylindoles, tetramethylcyclopropylindoles, indole-3-carboxylic acid esters, indole-3-carboxylic acid amides, indazole-3-carboxylic acid amides, and others. Whole-blood samples (0.2 mL) were precipitated with acetonitrile (0.6 mL). The separation was achieved with the gradient of the mobile phase composition (0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water) and the gradient of the flow rate (0.5–0.8 mL/min) in 16 min. Detection of all compounds was based on dynamic multiple reaction monitoring. Results Mass spectrometer parameters for all compounds were presented. All of the compounds were well-separated by their retention times and/or transitions. The limits of detection (LODs) for 50 compounds were in the range 0.01–0.48 ng/mL. Conclusions Estimated LODs make this assay suitable for the analysis of biological material. The procedure can be easily expanded for more substances, which is an indispensable advantage in the dynamically developing drug market. It can have wide application in various analytical forensic and clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Piotr Adamowicz
- Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033 Kraków, Poland
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42
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Some Applications of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in the Biomedical Field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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43
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Bianchi F, Riboni N, Termopoli V, Mendez L, Medina I, Ilag L, Cappiello A, Careri M. MS-Based Analytical Techniques: Advances in Spray-Based Methods and EI-LC-MS Applications. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:1308167. [PMID: 29850370 PMCID: PMC5937452 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1308167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is the most powerful technique for the detection and identification of organic compounds. It can provide molecular weight information and a wealth of structural details that give a unique fingerprint for each analyte. Due to these characteristics, mass spectrometry-based analytical methods are showing an increasing interest in the scientific community, especially in food safety, environmental, and forensic investigation areas where the simultaneous detection of targeted and nontargeted compounds represents a key factor. In addition, safety risks can be identified at the early stage through online and real-time analytical methodologies. In this context, several efforts have been made to achieve analytical instrumentation able to perform real-time analysis in the native environment of samples and to generate highly informative spectra. This review article provides a survey of some instrumental innovations and their applications with particular attention to spray-based MS methods and food analysis issues. The survey will attempt to cover the state of the art from 2012 up to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Riboni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, LC-MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Lucia Mendez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Leopold Ilag
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, LC-MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Yeter O. Identification of the Synthetic Cannabinoid 1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) in Plant Material and Quantification in Post-Mortem Blood Samples. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:720-728. [PMID: 28977413 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In May 2016, a new type of synthetic indazole-3-carboxamide cannabinoid (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA) was detected in seized plant material submitted to the Istanbul Council of Forensic Medicine by the National Police Office. The major ingredient in this material was purified using preparative liquid chromatography, and its structure was identified using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HR/MS), gas chromatography-electron ionization/mass spectrometry (GC-EI/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Using HR-MS, the molecular formula of the compound was determined to be C22H24N4O (MW = 360.1950). The 1H and 13C-NMR and FT-IR spectrometric data revealed that the structure of compound was 1-(4-cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (CUMYL-4CN-BINACA). After identification, it was quickly added to our generic drug list, and an ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method was developed to determine its presence in blood samples. This study reports on the identification of CUMYL-4CN-BINACA in plant material using LC-HR/MS, GC-EI/MS, NMR and FT-IR as well as a validated method for quantification of CUMYL-4CN-BINACA in post-mortem blood samples by UPLC-MS-MS analysis. The quantification method has been validated in terms of linearity (0.1-50 ng/mL), selectivity, intra- and inter-assay accuracy and precision (CV < 15%), recovery (94-99%), limit of detection (0.07 ng/mL) and limit of quantification (0.1 ng/mL). Matrix effects, stability and process efficiency were also assessed. The method has been applied to 2,350 post-mortem blood samples from the autopsy cases in the Morgue Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine (Istanbul, Turkey) between 1 July 2016 and 31 December 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oya Yeter
- Department of Chemistry, Council of Forensic Medicine, 34196 Bahcelievler, Istanbul, Turkey
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45
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Challenges for Detecting Valproic Acid in a Nontargeted Urine Drug Screening Method. Ther Drug Monit 2017; 39:457-460. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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46
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Helfer AG, Michely JA, Weber AA, Meyer MR, Maurer HH. Liquid chromatography-high resolution-tandem mass spectrometry using Orbitrap technology for comprehensive screening to detect drugs and their metabolites in blood plasma. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 965:83-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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47
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Montesano C, Vannutelli G, Piccirilli V, Sergi M, Compagnone D, Curini R. Application of a rapid μ-SPE clean-up for multiclass quantitative analysis of sixteen new psychoactive substances in whole blood by LC-MS/MS. Talanta 2017; 167:260-267. [PMID: 28340719 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Europe is an important market for illegal drugs, and nowadays a lot of new different psychoactive substances (NPS) are widespread. This work reports the development of a method to determine simultaneously different classes of NPS, as synthetic cannabinoids (SC) and their metabolites, cathinones and phenetylamines, directly on whole blood (WB) without anti-coagulants and using miniaturized solid phase extraction (μ-SPE). In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the method 16 different NPS belonging to the mentioned classes were selected for the analysis. Recoveries ranged from 21% to 70% while matrix effect was lower than 15% for all the analytes. LOQ values were 5ngmL-1 for cathinones and phenetylamines, between 0.25 and 1ngmL-1 for SCs and up to 2.5ngmL-1 for SC metabolites. The performance of μ-SPE was compared with different clean-up strategies (i.e. protein precipitation (PPT), liquid liquid extraction, PPT/SPE hybrid) in term of recovery, matrix effect and suitability for multi-class analysis. The developed method was validated according to SWGTOX guidelines. The validation data demonstrated that this approach is potentially very useful as confirmation method for multiclass analysis in WB and post mortem specimens. In fact only 100μL of human WB are used, sample preparation involves few rapid steps and the method is easily implementable for the determination of other NPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Montesano
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Manuel Sergi
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy.
| | - Dario Compagnone
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Bakota EL, Kelly AT, Walterscheid JP, Phatak DR. A Case Report of Fatal Desmethyl Carbodenafil Toxicity. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 41:250-255. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Bidny S, Gago K, Chung P, Albertyn D, Pasin D. Simultaneous Screening and Quantification of Basic, Neutral and Acidic Drugs in Blood Using UPLC-QTOF-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 41:181-195. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Oberacher H, Arnhard K. Current status of non-targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in forensic toxicology. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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