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Heinsvig PJ, Holler KR, Lindholst C, Nielsen TS. Detection of substance use in clinical forensic cases: urine analysis of victims and perpetrators. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024:10.1007/s12024-024-00873-w. [PMID: 39231904 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-024-00873-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the prevalence of substance use among victims and perpetrators involved in clinical forensic cases. Urine samples from 455 individuals aged 18 and above, collected in 2019, were analyzed using two LC-MS-based analytical methods and an HS-GC-FID method for the most frequently reported substances of abuse and medication. Data from case documents, encompassing gender, age, and the individual's role, were recorded in a database. Both the urine samples and the information from case documents were fully anonymized. The most frequently detected substance was alcohol (37% of all cases), followed by cannabis (22% of all cases) and central nervous system stimulants (24% of all cases). Other classes of substances detected included benzodiazepines, anabolic steroids, antipsychotic agents, and antidepressants. No drugs or alcohol were detected in 32% of the victims and 19% of the perpetrators. The study also examines the interrelationship of drug patterns between victims and perpetrators, and results show that both parties were influenced by substances at the time of the incident. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the use of substances between perpetrators of blunt and sharp force cases and perpetrators in cases of sexual assault. Timely sample collection and a structured toxicological analysis of both victims and perpetrators in the same case are vital in clinical forensic cases to enhance comprehension of the connection between criminal activities and substance use. This understanding enables the development of prevention strategies at an informed level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Johansson Heinsvig
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section for Forensic Pathology, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Katinka Rønnow Holler
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section for Forensic Pathology, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Christian Lindholst
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section for Forensic Pathology, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark
| | - Trine Skov Nielsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section for Forensic Pathology, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, Aarhus N, 8200, Denmark.
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Vauhkonen P, Oura P, Kriikku P, Lindroos K, Mäyränpää MI. Prediction model for anabolic androgenic steroid positivity in forensic autopsy cases - a new tool to the autopsy room. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:1791-1800. [PMID: 38589641 PMCID: PMC11306540 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-024-03227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Non-prescription use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is associated with an increased risk of premature death. However, these substances are seldom screened in connection with forensic cause-of-death investigation, unless the forensic pathologist specifically suspects use, often based on a positive AAS use history. Since AAS use is often concealed from others, this practice may lead to mistargeting of these analyses and significant underestimation of the true number of AAS positive cases undergoing forensic autopsy. Thus, more accurate diagnostic tools are needed to identify these cases. The main objective of this study was to determine, whether a multivariable model could predict AAS urine assay positivity in forensic autopsies. We analyzed retrospectively the autopsy reports of all cases that had been screened for AAS during forensic cause-of-death investigation between 2016-2019 at the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare forensic units (n = 46). Binary logistic regression with penalized maximum likelihood estimation was used to generate a nine-variable model combining circumferential and macroscopic autopsy-derived variables. The multivariable model predicted AAS assay positivity significantly better than a "conventional" model with anamnestic information about AAS use only (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.968 vs. 0.802, p = 0.005). Temporal validation was conducted in an independent sample of AAS screened cases between 2020-2022 (n = 31), where the superiority of the multivariable model was replicated (AUC = 0.856 vs. 0.644, p = 0.004). Based on the model, a calculator predicting AAS assay positivity is released as a decision-aiding tool for forensic pathologists working in the autopsy room.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Vauhkonen
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Petteri Oura
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Kriikku
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katarina Lindroos
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Mannerheimintie 166, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Ilari Mäyränpää
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, P.O. Box 21, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 340, FI-00029, Helsinki, Finland
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Dmitrieva EV, Temerdashev AZ, Osipova AK. Determination of Ketosteroids in Human Urine Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A method is proposed for the determination of some ketosteroids in human urine, including enzymatic hydrolysis using β-glucuronidase from E. coli followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, derivatization of analytes with hydroxylamine, and detection by reversed-phase ultra-HPLC–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Optimization of extraction and derivatization conditions of the studied compounds made it possible to find that the highest recoveries were achieved using an acetone–chloroform mixture as a dispersant and an extractant, and the completeness of the derivatization reaction was achieved by thermostating the sample at 70°C for 90 min. The proposed method has high sensitivity (limits of detection in the range of 0.1–0.25 ng/mL) and a wide linearity range.
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Podolskiy II, Mochalova ES, Temerdashev AZ, Gashimova EM. Application of Statistical Data Analysis Methods to Test the Degradation of Urine Samples for Doping Control Purposes. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821060071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Haynes AZ, Levine M. Detection of anabolic steroids via cyclodextrin-promoted fluorescence modulation. RSC Adv 2020; 10:25108-25115. [PMID: 35517489 PMCID: PMC9055181 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Reported herein is the detection of anabolic steroids through the use of cyclodextrin-promoted interactions between the analyte of interest and a high quantum yield fluorophore, which lead to measurable, analyte-specific changes in the fluorophore emission signal. By using a variety of β-cyclodextrin derivatives (unmodified β-cyclodextrin, methyl-β-cyclodextrin, and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin) in combination with high quantum yield fluorophore rhodamine 6G, we detected five anabolic steroid analytes with 100% differentiation between structurally similar analytes and micromolar level limits of detection. Overall, these results show significant potential in the development of practical, fluorescence-based steroid detection devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z Haynes
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881 USA
| | - Mindy Levine
- Ariel University, Department of Chemical Sciences 65 Ramat HaGolan Street Ariel Israel
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Chemistry 140 Flagg Road Kingston RI 02881 USA
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Sim J, Cho B, Park M, Rhee J, In S, Choe S. Monitoring urinary testosterone and epitestosterone levels, and their ratio, in Korean chemical castration subjects using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 44:192-199. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In Europe, chemical castration has been adopted as a treatment for paraphilia since the 1930s. Among the various chemical castration agents, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists are now used widely because of their effectiveness and safety. In South Korea, a legislation of chemical castration to control the sexual impulses of sexual offenders was enforced in July 2011. Most of these subjects are treated with leuprorelin acetate, an LHRH agonist, for chemical castration. Despite this, there are few studies that address the long-term influence of LHRH agonists on testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) levels in chemical castration subjects. In order to analyze the urinary levels of T in chemical castration subjects, whose T levels are extremely low, we developed and validated an analytical method for the detection of both T and E in human urine using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) system. The urine samples were hydrolyzed, extracted, and analyzed by LC–MS/MS with electrospray ionization in the positive-ion mode. The limits of detection were 0.02 ng/mL and the limits of quantitation were 0.05 ng/mL, which provided great sensitivity. The established method was applied to urine samples from chemical castration subjects and healthy male volunteers. The chemical castration subjects showed significantly lower urinary T levels than the control subjects. In addition, the urinary E levels were also lower in the chemical castration subjects; however, the T/E ratios were constant and did not show a notable decrease because of the simultaneous decrease in both urinary T and E. The urinary T levels and T/E ratio did not exceed the doping control criteria for exogenous T ingestion for any subject. This study shows the trend of urinary T and E levels in long-term treated chemical castration subjects by establishing a highly sensitive LC–MS/MS method, that provides useful information for monitoring chemical castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Sim
- National Forensic Service, 26460, 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungsuk Cho
- National Forensic Service, 26460, 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Park
- National Forensic Service, 26460, 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsook Rhee
- National Forensic Service Busan institute, 50612, 50, Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwhan In
- National Forensic Service, 26460, 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanggil Choe
- National Forensic Service Seoul institute, 08036, 139, Jiyang-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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High resolution full scan liquid chromatography mass spectrometry comprehensive screening in sports antidoping urine analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 151:10-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Kotronoulas A, Gomez-Gomez A, Segura J, Ventura R, Joglar J, Pozo OJ. Evaluation of two glucuronides resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis as markers of testosterone oral administration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:212-218. [PMID: 27328448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone (T) has traditionally been the most commonly reported doping agent by doping control laboratories. The screening of T misuse is performed by the quantification of six endogenous androgenic steroids and the ratio T/E included in the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP). The inclusion of additional metabolites can improve the screening capabilities of ABP. In this study, the potential of 3α-glucuronide-6β-hydroxyandrosterone (6OH-Andros3G) and 3α-glucuronide-6β-hydroxyetiocholanolone (6OH-Etio3G) as markers of T oral administration was evaluated. These glucuronides have been shown to be resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis and their quantification by means of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was reported as the only way to obtain feasible results. Urine samples were collected from five volunteers before and after the oral administration of 40mg of T undecanoate and were analyzed by a LC-MS/MS method recently developed. Concentration of 6OH-Andros3G and 6OH-Etio3G compounds and those of the glucuronides of T (TG), epitestosterone (EG), androsterone and etiocholanolone were established and different concentration ratios were calculated. The detection windows (DWs) for the T administration obtained by each selected ratio were compared to the one of TG/EG. The results showed that four out of the nine tested markers presented DWs much larger for all volunteers than those obtained by the World Anti-Doping Agency established T/E marker or other alternative markers. The 6OH-Andros3G/EG, 6OH-Etio3G/EG, 6OH-Andros3G/TG and 6OH-Etio3G/TG markers were able to identify the T abuse up to 96h after the administration, extending our detection capability for the misuse up to 84h more than the classic marker. The importance of these markers was also highlighted by their prolonged capacity to detect the T misuse in the case of one volunteer whose TG/EG barely exceeded his individual threshold. As a consequence, the four markers presented in this study seem to have an exceptional potential as biomarkers of T oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis Kotronoulas
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Gomez-Gomez
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Remane D, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Recent advances of liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology — An update. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1051-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography as alternative techniques to gas chromatography for the rapid screening of anabolic agents in urine. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1451:145-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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