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Jain B, Jain R, Kabir A, Zughaibi T, Bajaj A, Sharma S. Exploiting the potential of fabric phase sorptive extraction for forensic food safety: Analysis of food samples in cases of drug facilitated crimes. Food Chem 2024; 432:137191. [PMID: 37643513 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Drug-facilitated crimes (DFCs) entail the use of a single drug or a mixture of drugs to render a victim unable. Traditionally, biological samples have been gathered from victims and conducting analysis to establish evidence of drug administration. Nevertheless, the rapid metabolism of various drugs and delays in analysis can impede the identification of such substances. For this, the present article describes a rapid, sustainable, highly efficient and miniaturized protocol for the identification and quantification of three sedative-hypnotic drugs namely diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and ketamine in alcoholic beverages and complex food samples (cream of biscuit, flavoured milk, juice, cake, tea, sweets and chocolate). The methodology involves utilizing fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) to extract diazepam (DZ), chlordiazepoxide (CDP), and ketamine (KET), Subsequently, the extracted sample are subjected to analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Several parameters, including type of membrane, pH, agitation time and speed, ionic strength, sample volume, elution volume and time, and type of elution solvent, were screened and thoroughly optimized. Sol-gel Carbowax 20M (CW-20M) has demonstrated most effective extraction efficiency for the target analytes among all evaluated membranes. Under optimal conditions, the method displayed linearity within the range of 0.3-10 µg mL-1 (or µg g-1), exhibiting a coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.996 to 0.999. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) for liquid samples ranging between 0.020 and 0.069 µg mL-1 and 0.066-0.22 µg mL-1, respectively. Correspondingly, the LODs for solid samples ranged from 0.056 to 0.090 µg g-1, while the LOQs ranged from 0.18 to 0.29 µg g-1. Notably, the method showcased better precision, with repeatability and reproducibility both below 5% and 10%, respectively. Furthermore, the FPSE-GC-MS method proved effective in determining diazepam (DZ) in forensic food samples connected to drug-facilitated crimes (DFCs). Additionally, the proposed method underwent evaluation for its whiteness using the RGB12 algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Jain
- Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Directorate of Forensic Science Services, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Dakshin Marg, Sector - 36A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Rajeev Jain
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Directorate of Forensic Science Services, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Dakshin Marg, Sector - 36A, Chandigarh 160036, India.
| | - Abuzar Kabir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Torki Zughaibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atul Bajaj
- Central Forensic Science Laboratory, Directorate of Forensic Science Services, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Dakshin Marg, Sector - 36A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Institute of Forensic Science & Criminology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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2
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Gupta N, Thakur RS, Patel DK. Detection, quantification and degradation kinetic for five benzodiazepines using VAUS-ME-SFO/LC-MS/MS method for water, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Talanta 2023; 260:124572. [PMID: 37121139 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines can make victims more docile, they are frequently used in drug-facilitated crimes, such as robberies and sexual assaults. Therefore, it is essential to develop techniques for determining whether these chemicals are present in relation with illegal activity is crucial. Therefore, to determine the presence of five benzodiazepines (alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam, and oxazepam) in water, alcoholic beverages, and non-alcoholic beverages, a simple and direct, miniaturized, and effective vortex assisted ultrasound based microextraction using solidification of floating organic droplets (VAUS-ME-SFO) in combination with LC-MS/MS was developed. 1-Undecanol and acetonitrile, respectively, served as the extractant and disperser solvents. Many other parameters affect the efficiency of the developed analytical procedure VAUS-ME-SFO/LC-MS/MS. These parameters were optimized using Plackett Burman Design and Central Composite Design to obtain reliable results. The optimum conditions for the extraction were: 10.0 mL of sample; 180 μL acetonitrile, as a dispersive solvent; 200 μL of 1-undecanol, as an extraction solvent; pH 7; 105 s of vortex agitation; 120 s of ultrasonication application and 3 min of centrifugation at 7000 rpm. The benzodiazepines were separated by a chromatographic separation technique carried out by a UPLC system consisting of a binary mobile phase. The solvent system comprises of 0.1% Formic acid in Milli-Q (Solvent A) and 0.1% Formic acid in ACN (Solvent B) with a gradient flow of 3.5 min total analysis time. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve was studied in the range of 0.124-7.810 ng mL-1. The regression correlation coefficient (R2) value of all targeted analytes ranges from 0.993 to 0.999. The LOD and LOQ of VAUS-ME-SFO methods using LC-MS/MS analysis range from 0.316 to 0.968 ng mL-1 and 1.055-3.277 ng mL-1 respectively. The repeatability within a day varied from 0.6 to 3.5%, and the reproducibility across days varied from 2.2 to 6.3%. The recoveries ranges for water, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages from 70.77 to 114.53%, 63.20-102.21% and 66.23-113.28% respectively. Further, the degradation kinetics was studied to establish the half-life of each targeted analyte in the matrix undertaken in the study. The water samples were classified based on their BDZs residues. This implies that the more health care and anthropogenic activity, the more the BDZs residue will be in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory and Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra Singh Thakur
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory and Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Patel
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory and Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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3
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Zhang YX, Zhang Y, Bian Y, Liu YJ, Ren A, Zhou Y, Shi D, Feng XS. Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods. J Pharm Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
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4
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Anilanmert B, Yonar FC. Speedy Gonzales analysis method in one drop of beverage, for crimes committed with drugs from three different groups. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:843-849. [PMID: 36862317 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Sertraline, zolpidem and fentanyl, are drugs with potential to be used in cases of rape, property theft and organ theft. In this study, a 15 min dilute-and-shoot analysis method was developed for the simultaneous confirmation and quantification of these drugs, using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), in the residues of fruit juice types (mixed fruit juice, cherry juice and apricot juice), frequently consumed soft drinks. A C18 phenomenex column (3 µm × 100 mm × 3 mm) was used in LC-MS/MS analysis. Validation parameters were determined by means of linearity, linear range, LOD, LOQ, repeatability and intermediate precision studies. The linearity of the method was shown up to 2.0 μgmL-1 concentration and r2 was ≥ 0.99, for each analyte. LOD and LOQ values were found in the ranges of 4.9-10.2 and 13.0-57.5 ngmL-1 for all the analytes. Accuracies were between 74 and 126%. HorRat values calculated (between 0.57 and 0.97), revealed that the inter-day precisions (RSD% ≤ 15.5%) are acceptable. The simultaneous extraction and determination of these analytes in beverage residues in very low amounts as 100 µL is challenging because of the difficulty arising from the different chemical properties, the complexity of mixed fruit juice matrix. The method is important for hospitals (especially in emergency-toxicology cases), criminal and special laboratories from the point of determining the combined or single use of these drugs in drug facilitated crimes (DFC) and finding out the reasons of deaths related to these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beril Anilanmert
- Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fatma Cavus Yonar
- Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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5
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Teoh WK, Mohamed Sadiq NS, Saisahas K, Phonchai A, Kunalan V, Md Muslim NZ, Limbut W, Abdullah AFL, Chang KH. Detection and discrimination of sedative-hypnotics in spiked beverage dry residues using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:75-85. [PMID: 36273275 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drugs-facilitated crimes (DFCs) involve the incapacitation of victims under the influence of drugs. Conventionally, a drug administration act is often determined through the examination of biological samples; however, dry residues from any surface, such as drinking glass if related to a DFC could be a potential source of evidence. This study was aimed to establish an attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics for the determination of spiked sedative-hypnotics from dry residues of a drug-spiked beverage. In this study, four sedative-hypnotics, namely diazepam, ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine were examined using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Subsequently, the ATR-FTIR profiles were compared and decomposed by principal component analysis (PCA) followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for their detection and discrimination. Visual comparison of ATR-FTIR profiles revealed distinct spectra among the tested drugs. An initial unsupervised exploratory PCA model indicated the separation of four main sedative-hypnotics clusters, and the proposed PCA score-LDA model had allowed for a 100% accurate classification. Discrimination of sedative-hypnotics from a dry beverage previously spiked with these drugs was also possible upon an additional extraction procedure. In conclusion, ATR-FTIR coupled with PCA score-LDA model was useful in detecting and discriminating sedative-hypnotics, including those that had been previously spiked into a beverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Way Koon Teoh
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Kasrin Saisahas
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Apichai Phonchai
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Vanitha Kunalan
- Department of Chemistry Malaysia (Headquarter), Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Noor Zuhartini Md Muslim
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (TAB-CoE), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Kah Haw Chang
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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6
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Teoh WK, Mohamed Sadiq NS, Saisahas K, Phoncai A, Kunalan V, Md Muslim NZ, Limbut W, Chang KH, Abdullah AFL. Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-gas chromatography (VADLLME-GC) determination of residual ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine from drug-spiked beverages appearing in liquid, droplet, and dry forms. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1836-1845. [PMID: 35616477 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Presently, investigations of drug-facilitated crimes (DFCs) rely on the detection of substances extracted from biological samples following intake by the victim. However, such detection requires rapid sampling and analysis prior to metabolism and elimination of the drugs from the body. In cases of suspected DFCs, drug-spiked beverage samples, whether in liquid, droplet, or even dried form, can be tested for the presence of spike drugs and used as evidence for the occurrence of DFCs. This study aimed to quantitatively determine three sedative-hypnotics (ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine) from drug-spiked beverages using a vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-gas chromatography (VADLLME-GC) approach. In this study, a GC method was first developed and validated, followed by the optimization of the VADLLME protocol, which was then applied to quantify the target substances in simulated forensic case scenarios. The developed GC method was selective, sensitive (limit of detection: 0.08 μg/ml [ketamine]; 0.16 μg/ml [nimetazepam]; 0.08 μg/ml [xylazine]), linear (R2 > 0.99), precise (%RSD <7.2%), and accurate (% recovery: 92.8%-103.5%). Higher recoveries were achieved for the three drugs from beverage samples in liquid form (51%-97%) as compared to droplet (48%-96%) and dried (44%-93%) residues. The recovery was not hindered by very low volumes of spiked beverage and dried residues. In conclusion, the developed VADLLME-GC method successfully recovered ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine from spiked beverages that are likely to be encountered during forensic investigation of DFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Way Koon Teoh
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Kasrin Saisahas
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Apichai Phoncai
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Vanitha Kunalan
- Narcotics Division, Forensic Science Analysis Centre, Department of Chemistry, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Noor Zuhartini Md Muslim
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (TAB-CoE), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Kah Haw Chang
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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7
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Teoh WK, Mohamed Sadiq NS, Saisahas K, Phoncai A, Kunalan V, Md Muslim NZ, Limbut W, Abdullah AFL, Chang KH. Simultaneous detection of residual diazepam, ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine by high-performance liquid chromatography: application in drug-spiked beverages for forensic investigation. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2022.2067231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Way Koon Teoh
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Kasrin Saisahas
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Apichai Phoncai
- Division of Health And Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Vanitha Kunalan
- Department of Chemistry, Narcotics Division, Forensic Science Analysis Centre, Jalan Sultan, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Noor Zuhartini Md Muslim
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Warakorn Limbut
- Division of Health And Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensors (Tab-coe), Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Ahmad Fahmi Lim Abdullah
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Kah Haw Chang
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Shen K, Zou X, Wang J. Simultaneous determination of the four key fluoroquinolones and two antipsychotics in fish and shrimp by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2022; 39:678-686. [PMID: 35302928 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2032381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed and validated a liquid chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method used to simultaneously determine levels of four fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin, norfloxacin, lomefloxacin, and pefloxacin) and two antipsychotics (diazepam and methaqualone) in fish and shrimp. The samples were extracted with a mixture of anhydrous sodium sulfate and acetonitrile, and purified by C18 cartridge solid-phase extraction with an optimized eluent. The MS2 method was applied to recognize the molecular structure of these compounds according to a main fragmentation scheme. The key ions of identification and quantification were deduced from chemical structures. Multiple reaction monitoring was used to quantitatively analyse the compounds of interest. Satisfactory linearities were obtained (R2 ≥0.99) with the limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranging between 0.03 and 1.96 μg kg-1. The recoveries were 74-122%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) below 4.9% for these compounds at the spiking level of three, five, and ten times the LODs, respectively. The LC-MS/MS method allows precise and sensitive determination of residues of six important banned veterinary drugs in fish and shrimp tissue. This methodological approach solved the problem imposed by the need for two or more analysis methods to analyse the compounds of interest described in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Shen
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zou
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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9
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Bhardwaj CK, Prakash S, Bhardwaj AK. Study of nitrazepam interaction with alcohol: an ultrasonic and physiochemical investigation. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The intermolecular interaction between the constituent components of liquid mixtures can be revealed by ultrasonic analysis. In the present study, interaction of nitrazepam with methyl alcohol has been studied and presented using ultrasonic tools. The investigation involves calculation of ultrasonic velocity (υ), density (ρ), viscosity (η), and the associated derived parameters. The specific acoustic impedance (Z), isentropic compressibility (β), relaxation time (τ), intermolecular free length (Lf), and solvation number (Sn) are calculated to reveal the interaction information. The solvent–solvent and solute–solvent interaction between nitrazepam and alcohol molecules is considered. To see the impact of nitrazepam with alcohol in an ordinary day to day scenario, the investigation was carried out under normal temperature (303–313 K) and pressure conditions. The results indicate increased molecule association of nitrazepam in the presence of alcohol. This study suggests the presence of a synergistic depressants effect when nitrazepam is used with alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kant Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemsitry, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India
| | - Suraj Prakash
- Department of Physics, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India
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Vincenti F, Montesano C, Babino P, Carboni S, Napoletano S, De Sangro G, Di Rosa F, Gregori A, Curini R, Sergi M. Finding evidence at a crime scene: Sensitive determination of benzodiazepine residues in drink and food paraphernalia by HPLC-HRMS/MS. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Degreef M, Vits L, Berry EM, Maudens KEK, van Nuijs ALN. Quantification of 54 Benzodiazepines and Z-Drugs, Including 20 Designer Ones, in Plasma. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:141-153. [PMID: 32507898 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines are widely used in the treatment of sleep and anxiety disorders, as well as epileptic seizures and alcohol withdrawal because of their broad therapeutic index and low cost. Due to their central nervous system depressant effects they are also often implicated in traffic accidents and drug-related intoxications. With an increasing number of designer benzodiazepines used in a recreational setting, there is a need for analytical methods to be able to quantify both the prescribed and designer benzodiazepines. A liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantification of 34 prescribed and 20 designer benzodiazepines in plasma. Different sample preparation strategies, including protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and mini-QuEChERS, were tested. The best recoveries for all compounds of interest were obtained with a liquid-liquid extraction using methyl-tertiary-butyl-ether and 500 μL plasma. The method was fully validated according to the European Medicines Agency guidelines for all compounds, except pivoxazepam, which is included for qualitative purposes only. In-sample stability issues were observed for cloxazolam, both at ambient temperature and during long-term storage at -20°C. Due to the large number of compounds included, the simple and time-efficient sample preparation and the relatively inexpensive instrumentation used, the presented method can be readily implemented in both therapeutic drug monitoring and forensic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Degreef
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lore Vits
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eleanor M Berry
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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Lu XY, Ouyang YQ, Zeng WY, Lin CQ, Xiao LH, Luo GH, Zhan RT, Yan P. Effect of Pretreatment on Detection of 37 Pesticide Residues in Chrysanthemum indicum. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:8854025. [PMID: 34925934 PMCID: PMC8677409 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8854025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a method, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, for detecting 37 pesticides in Chrysanthemum indicum (C. indicum) and investigating the decrease in the matrix-induced enhancement effect. The influence of QuEChERS extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) on the recovery and matrix effect (ME) was compared. extraction and matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) on the recovery and matrix effect (ME) was compared to decrease the ME. The cleanup sorbents, volume and type of solvent, and treatment time were optimized. The accuracy (as recovery), precision (as relative standard deviation, RSD), linearity, limit of quantitation, and limit of detection were determined. The recoveries at the three levels using mixed standard solution ranged between 76% and 120% with RSD ≤15%, and 76% and 120% with RSD ≤11% for MSPD and QuEChERS extraction, respectively. The results suggested that the ME for 21 pesticides was in the range of 80%-120% after MSPD and 15% after QuEChERS extraction. QuEChERS extraction was simpler and faster than MSPD. This methodology was applied in the analysis of 27 C. indicum samples; phorate was most frequently detected (63.0% of the sample).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yan-Qin Ouyang
- China Resources Sanjiu Medical & Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd., Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Wei-Ya Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cui-Qing Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lu-Hua Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gui-Hua Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ruo-Ting Zhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ping Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resources from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Borden SA, Palaty J, Termopoli V, Famiglini G, Cappiello A, Gill CG, Palma P. MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: CHALLENGES AND EMERGING STRATEGIES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:703-744. [PMID: 32048319 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been the "gold standard" for drugs of abuse (DoA) analysis for many decades because of the selectivity and sensitivity it affords. Recent progress in all aspects of mass spectrometry has seen significant developments in the field of DoA analysis. Mass spectrometry is particularly well suited to address the rapidly proliferating number of very high potency, novel psychoactive substances that are causing an alarming number of fatalities worldwide. This review surveys advancements in the areas of sample preparation, gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, as well as the rapidly emerging field of ambient ionization mass spectrometry. We have predominantly targeted literature progress over the past ten years and present our outlook for the future. © 2020 Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Borden
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Jan Palaty
- LifeLabs Medical Laboratories, Burnaby, BC, V3W 1H8, Canada
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories (AERL), Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, BC, V9R 5S5, Canada
- LC-MS Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, Italy
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Qin S, Xin G, Wang Y, Qiao J, Zhang W, Xu D, Xu Z, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Lu J. Characterization and tentative identification of new flunitrazepam metabolites in authentic human urine specimens using liquid chromatography-Q exactive-HF hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (LC-QE-HF-MS). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:704-715. [PMID: 31233253 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flunitrazepam (FNZ) is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat severe insomnia. In our recent study, FNZ metabolic profiles were investigated carefully. Six authentic human urine samples were purified using solid phase extraction (SPE) without enzymatic hydrolysis, and urine extracts were then analyzed by liquid chromatography-Q exactive-HF hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (LC-QE-HF-MS), using the full scan positive ion mode and targeted MS/MS (ddms2) technique to make accurate mass measurements. There were 25 metabolites, including 13 phase I and 12 phase II metabolites, which were detected and tentatively identified by LC-QE-HF-MS. In addition, nine previously unreported phase II glucuronide conjugates and four phase I metabolites are reported here for the first time. Eight metabolic pathways, including N-reduction and O-reduction, N-glucuronidation, O-glucuronidation, mono-hydroxylation and di-hydroxylation, demethylation, acetylation, and combinations, were implicated in this work, and 2-O-reduction together with dihydroxylation were two novel metabolic pathways for FNZ that were identified tentatively. Although 7-amino FNZ is widely considered to be the primary metabolite, a previously unreported metabolites (M12) can also serve as a potential biomarker for FNZ misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Guobin Xin
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yuanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science, China University of Political Science and Law, 100025, Beijing, China
- China Collaborative Innovation Center of Judicial Civilization, 100025, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Wenfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Duoqi Xu
- China University of Political Science and Law, 100040, Beijing, China
| | - Zizhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yongtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, The Criminal Investigation Department of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jianghai Lu
- Drug and Food Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, 100029, Beijing, China
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15
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Piergiovanni M, Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Termopoli V, Palma P. Determination of benzodiazepines in beverages using green extraction methods and capillary HPLC-UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 154:492-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Manchester KR, Lomas EC, Waters L, Dempsey FC, Maskell PD. The emergence of new psychoactive substance (NPS) benzodiazepines: A review. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:37-53. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kieran R. Manchester
- School of Applied Sciences, Queensgate Campus; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield UK
| | - Emma C. Lomas
- School of Applied Sciences, Queensgate Campus; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield UK
| | - Laura Waters
- School of Applied Sciences, Queensgate Campus; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield UK
| | - Fiona C. Dempsey
- MedAnnex Ltd, 1 Summerhall Place; Techcube 3.5; Edinburgh EH9 1PL UK
| | - Peter D. Maskell
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology; Abertay University; Dundee UK
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ZIF-67 Templated Synthesis of Nanoporous Carbon as an Efficient Adsorbent for Preconcentration of Flunitrazepam from Beverage Samples. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Determination of Multiple Pesticides in Human Blood Using Modified QuEChERS Method with Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles and GC–MS. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Wu Q, Cheng S, Wang C, Li X, Li Z, Hao C. Magnetic porous carbon derived from a zinc-cobalt metal-organic framework: A adsorbent for magnetic solid phase extraction of flunitrazepam. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1948-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS)-UHPLC-UV: A simple and efficient method for the determination of five benzodiazepines in an alcoholic beverage. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Preparation of a Broadly Specific Monoclonal Antibody-Based Indirect Competitive ELISA for the Detection of Benzodiazepines in Edible Animal Tissues and Feed. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Famiglini G, Termopoli V, Palma P, Cappiello A. Liquid chromatography-electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry with the Direct-EI interface in the fast determination of diazepam and flunitrazepam in alcoholic beverages. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1048-54. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Famiglini
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department SPeA, LC-MS Laboratory; University of Urbino Carlo Bo; Urbino Italy
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