1
|
Teng C, Song X, Fan C, Man S, Hu Y, Hou Y, Xin T. Breast cancer clinical outcomes and tumor immune microenvironment: cross-dialogue of multiple epigenetic modification profiles. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:8998-9022. [PMID: 38796789 PMCID: PMC11164499 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of RNA methylation alterations associated with cancer holds promise for their utilization as potential biomarkers in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction. RNA methylation has been found to impact the immunological microenvironment of tumors, but the specific role of methylation-related genes (MRGs), particularly in breast cancer (BC), the most common cancer among women globally, within the tumor microenvironment remains unknown. In this study, we obtained data from TCGA and GEO databases to investigate the expression patterns of MRGs in both genomic and transcriptional domains in BC. By analyzing the data, we identified two distinct genetic groupings that were correlated with clinicopathological characteristics, prognosis, degree of TME cell infiltration, and other abnormalities in MRGs among patients. Subsequently, an MRG model was developed to predict overall survival (OS) and its accuracy was evaluated in BC patients. Additionally, a highly precise nomogram was created to enhance the practical usability of the MRG model. In low-risk groups, we observed lower TBM values and higher TIDE scores. We further explored how MRGs influence a patient's prognosis, clinically significant characteristics, response to therapy, and the TME. These risk signatures have the potential to improve treatment strategies for BC patients and could be applied in future clinical settings. Moreover, they may also be utilized to determine prognosis and biological features in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Teng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiaowei Song
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chengjuan Fan
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Siqi Man
- Oncology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Oncology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yifei Hou
- School of Nursing, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tao Xin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang F, Ignatova VV, Ming GL, Song H. Advances in brain epitranscriptomics research and translational opportunities. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:449-463. [PMID: 38123727 PMCID: PMC11116067 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02339-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Various chemical modifications of all RNA transcripts, or epitranscriptomics, have emerged as crucial regulators of RNA metabolism, attracting significant interest from both basic and clinical researchers due to their diverse functions in biological processes and immense clinical potential as highlighted by the recent profound success of RNA modifications in improving COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Rapid accumulation of evidence underscores the critical involvement of various RNA modifications in governing normal neural development and brain functions as well as pathogenesis of brain disorders. Here we provide an overview of RNA modifications and recent advancements in epitranscriptomic studies utilizing animal models to elucidate important roles of RNA modifications in regulating mammalian neurogenesis, gliogenesis, synaptic formation, and brain function. Moreover, we emphasize the pivotal involvement of RNA modifications and their regulators in the pathogenesis of various human brain disorders, encompassing neurodevelopmental disorders, brain tumors, psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, we discuss potential translational opportunities afforded by RNA modifications in combatting brain disorders, including their use as biomarkers, in the development of drugs or gene therapies targeting epitranscriptomic pathways, and in applications for mRNA-based vaccines and therapies. We also address current limitations and challenges hindering the widespread clinical application of epitranscriptomic research, along with the improvements necessary for future progress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Valentina V Ignatova
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Hongjun Song
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang L, Tao Y, Zhai J, Xue M, Zheng C, Hu H. The emerging roles of ac4C acetylation "writer" NAT10 in tumorigenesis: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127789. [PMID: 37926318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The quick progress of epigenetic study has kindled new hope for treating many cancers. When it comes to RNA epigenetics, the ac4C acetylation modification is showing promise, whereas N-acetyltransferase 10 plays a wide range of biological functions, has a significant impact on cellular life events, and is frequently highly expressed in many malignant tumors. N-acetyltransferase 10 is an acetyltransferase with important biological involvement in cellular processes and lifespan. Because it is highly expressed in many malignant tumors, it is considered a pro-carcinogenic gene. The review aims to introduce NAT10, summarize the effects of ac4C acetylation on tumor growth from multiple angles, and discuss the possible therapeutic targeting of NAT10 and the future directions of ac4C acetylation investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leisheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yue Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 2 Jingba Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, 450001
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, China; Wuxi Medical College, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Wuxi, 214041, China; Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Wuxi Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Wuxi, 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pan C, Lin J, Dai X, Jiao L, Liu J, Lin A. An m1A/m6A/m5C-associated long non-coding RNA signature: Prognostic and immunotherapeutic insights into cervical cancer. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3618. [PMID: 37923390 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer (CC) remains a significant clinical challenge, even though its fatality rate has been declining in recent years. Particularly in developing countries, the prognosis for CC patients continues to be suboptimal despite numerous therapeutic advances. METHODS Using The Cancer Genome Atlas database, we extracted CC-related data. From this, 52 methylation-related genes (MRGs) were identified, leading to the selection of a 10 long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) signature co-expressed with these MRGs. R programming was employed to filter out the methylation-associated lncRNAs. Through univariate, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (i.e. LASSO) and multivariate Cox regression analysis, an MRG-associated lncRNA model was constructed. The established risk model was further assessed via the Kaplan-Meier method, principal component analysis, functional enrichment annotation and a nomogram. Furthermore, we explored the potential of this model with respect to guiding immune therapeutic interventions and predicting drug sensitivities. RESULTS The derived 10-lncRNA signature, linked with MRGs, emerged as an independent prognostic factor. Segmenting patients based on their immunotherapy responses allowed for enhanced differentiation between patient subsets. Lastly, we highlighted potential compounds for distinguishing CC subtypes. CONCLUSIONS The risk model, associated with MRG-linked lncRNA, holds promise in forecasting clinical outcomes and gauging the efficacy of immunotherapies for CC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxiang Pan
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiali Lin
- Institute of Reproduction and Development, Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Dai
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Jiao
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinsha Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Meizhou Meixian District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Meizhou, China
| | - Aidi Lin
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chatelaine HAS, Chen Y, Braisted J, Chu SH, Chen Q, Stav M, Begum S, Diray-Arce J, Sanjak J, Huang M, Lasky-Su J, Mathé EA. Nucleotide, Phospholipid, and Kynurenine Metabolites Are Robustly Associated with COVID-19 Severity and Time of Plasma Sample Collection in a Prospective Cohort Study. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:346. [PMID: 38203516 PMCID: PMC10779247 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular underpinnings of disease severity and progression in human studies is necessary to develop metabolism-related preventative strategies for severe COVID-19. Metabolites and metabolic pathways that predispose individuals to severe disease are not well understood. In this study, we generated comprehensive plasma metabolomic profiles in >550 patients from the Longitudinal EMR and Omics COVID-19 Cohort. Samples were collected before (n = 441), during (n = 86), and after (n = 82) COVID-19 diagnosis, representing 555 distinct patients, most of which had single timepoints. Regression models adjusted for demographics, risk factors, and comorbidities, were used to determine metabolites associated with predisposition to and/or persistent effects of COVID-19 severity, and metabolite changes that were transient/lingering over the disease course. Sphingolipids/phospholipids were negatively associated with severity and exhibited lingering elevations after disease, while modified nucleotides were positively associated with severity and had lingering decreases after disease. Cytidine and uridine metabolites, which were positively and negatively associated with COVID-19 severity, respectively, were acutely elevated, reflecting the particular importance of pyrimidine metabolism in active COVID-19. This is the first large metabolomics study using COVID-19 plasma samples before, during, and/or after disease. Our results lay the groundwork for identifying putative biomarkers and preventive strategies for severe COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haley A. S. Chatelaine
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (H.A.S.C.)
| | - Yulu Chen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John Braisted
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (H.A.S.C.)
| | - Su H. Chu
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qingwen Chen
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meryl Stav
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sofina Begum
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children’s Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jaleal Sanjak
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (H.A.S.C.)
| | - Mengna Huang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ewy A. Mathé
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; (H.A.S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li C, Xu P, Huang Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Li H, Peng Y, Wang X, Li G, He J, Miao C. RNA methylations in depression, from pathological mechanism to therapeutic potential. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115750. [PMID: 37595670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Depression is caused by a variety of factors such as genetic factors, biological factors, and psychosocial factors, and the pathogenesis is complex. RNA methylations and related downstream signaling pathways influence a variety of biological mechanisms, including cell differentiation, tumorigenesis, sex determination, and stress response. In this work, we searched the PubMed, Web of Science, National Library of Science and Technology (NSTL), and ScienceDirect Online (SDOL) databases to summarize the biological roles of RNA methylations and their impact on the pathological mechanisms of depression. RNA methylations play a key role in the development of many diseases, and current research shows that RNA methylations are also closely linked to depression. RNA methylations in depression mainly involve "writers" (mediating the methylation modification process of RNAs), "erasers" (mediating the demethylation modification process of RNA methylation). Fat Mass and Obesity Associated (FTO) influences the development of depression by increasing body mass index (BMI), decreases the dopamine level, inhibits the adrenoceptor beta 2 (ADRB2)-c-Myc-sirt1 pathway, results in the m6A/m6Am dysregulation in brain, and may be involved in the pathogenesis of depression. The study of RNA methylations in depression has further deepened our understanding of the pathogenesis and development process of depression, provides new perspectives for the study of the pathological mechanism of depression, and provides new targets for the prevention and treatment of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yurong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yajie Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yanhui Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Guoying Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Juan He
- Department of Gynecology, Anhui Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Chenggui Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Rheumatology, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kong Y, Yu J, Ge S, Fan X. Novel insight into RNA modifications in tumor immunity: Promising targets to prevent tumor immune escape. Innovation (N Y) 2023; 4:100452. [PMID: 37485079 PMCID: PMC10362524 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2023.100452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunosuppressive state is a typical feature of the tumor microenvironment. Despite the dramatic success of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy in preventing tumor cell escape from immune surveillance, primary and acquired resistance have limited its clinical use. Notably, recent clinical trials have shown that epigenetic drugs can significantly improve the outcome of ICI therapy in various cancers, indicating the importance of epigenetic modifications in immune regulation of tumors. Recently, RNA modifications (N6-methyladenosine [m6A], N1-methyladenosine [m1A], 5-methylcytosine [m5C], etc.), novel hotspot areas of epigenetic research, have been shown to play crucial roles in protumor and antitumor immunity. In this review, we provide a comprehensive understanding of how m6A, m1A, and m5C function in tumor immunity by directly regulating different immune cells as well as indirectly regulating tumor cells through different mechanisms, including modulating the expression of immune checkpoints, inducing metabolic reprogramming, and affecting the secretion of immune-related factors. Finally, we discuss the current status of strategies targeting RNA modifications to prevent tumor immune escape, highlighting their potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cuevas-Delgado P, Miguel V, Rupérez FJ, Lamas S, Barbas C. Impact of renal tubular Cpt1a overexpression on the kidney metabolome in the folic acid-induced fibrosis mouse model. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1161036. [PMID: 37377862 PMCID: PMC10291237 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1161036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by the progressive and irreversible deterioration of kidney function and structure with the appearance of renal fibrosis. A significant decrease in mitochondrial metabolism, specifically a reduction in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in tubular cells, is observed in tubulointerstitial fibrosis, whereas FAO enhancement provides protection. Untargeted metabolomics offers the potential to provide a comprehensive analysis of the renal metabolome in the context of kidney injury. Methodology: Renal tissue from a carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a (Cpt1a) overexpressing mouse model, which displays enhanced FAO in the renal tubule, subjected to folic acid nephropathy (FAN) was studied through a multiplatform untargeted metabolomics approach based on LC-MS, CE-MS and GC-MS analysis to achieve the highest coverage of the metabolome and lipidome affected by fibrosis. The expression of genes related to the biochemical routes showing significant changes was also evaluated. Results: By combining different tools for signal processing, statistical analysis and feature annotation, we were able to identify variations in 194 metabolites and lipids involved in many metabolic routes: TCA cycle, polyamines, one-carbon metabolism, amino acid metabolism, purine metabolism, FAO, glycerolipids and glycerophospholipids synthesis and degradation, glycosphingolipids interconversion, and sterol metabolism. We found several metabolites strongly altered by FAN, with no reversion induced by Cpt1a overexpression (v.g. citric acid), whereas other metabolites were influenced by CPT1A-induced FAO (v.g. glycine-betaine). Conclusion: It was implemented a successful multiplatform metabolomics approach for renal tissue analysis. Profound metabolic changes accompany CKD-associated fibrosis, some associated with tubular FAO failure. These results highlight the importance of addressing the crosstalk between metabolism and fibrosis when undertaking studies attempting to elucidate the mechanism of CKD progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cuevas-Delgado
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Miguel
- Program of Physiological and Pathological Processes, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Rupérez
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Lamas
- Program of Physiological and Pathological Processes, Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), School of Pharmacy, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang L, Xu X, Su X. Modifications of noncoding RNAs in cancer and their therapeutic implications. Cell Signal 2023:110726. [PMID: 37230201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the last 50 years, over 150 various chemical modifications on RNA molecules, including mRNAs, rRNAs, tRNAs, and other noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), have been identified and characterized. These RNA modifications regulate RNA biogenesis and biological functions and are widely involved in various physiological processes and diseases, including cancer. In recent decades, broad interest has arisen in the epigenetic modification of ncRNAs due to the increased knowledge of the critical roles of ncRNAs in cancer. In this review, we summarize the various modifications of ncRNAs and highlight their roles in cancer initiation and progression. In particular, we discuss the potential of RNA modifications as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaonan Xu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612-9497, USA
| | - Xiulan Su
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010050, Inner Mongolia, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Song B, Xie B, Liu M, Li H, Shi D, Zhao F. Bibliometric and visual analysis of RAN methylation in cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1110718. [PMID: 37063953 PMCID: PMC10098125 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1110718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundRNA methylation is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) occurrence and development. The purpose of this study is to visually analyze the results and research trends of global RNA methylation in CVD.MethodsArticles and reviews on RNA methylation in CVD published before 6 November 2022 were searched in the Web of Science Core Collection. Visual and statistical analysis was performed using CiteSpace 1.6.R4 advanced and VOSviewer 1.6.18.ResultsThere were 847 papers from 1,188 institutions and 63 countries/regions. Over approximately 30 years, there was a gradual increase in publications and citations on RNA methylation in CVD. America and China had the highest output (284 and 259 papers, respectively). Nine of the top 20 institutions that published articles were from China, among which Fudan University represented the most. The International Journal of Molecular Sciences was the journal with the most studies. Nature was the most co-cited journal. The most influential writers were Zhang and Wang from China and Mathiyalagan from the United States. After 2015, the primary keywords were cardiac development, heart, promoter methylation, RNA methylation, and N6-methyladenosine. Nuclear RNA, m6A methylation, inhibition, and myocardial infarction were the most common burst keywords from 2020 to the present.ConclusionsA bibliometric analysis reveals research hotspots and trends of RNA methylation in CVD. The regulatory mechanisms of RNA methylation related to CVD and the clinical application of their results, especially m6A methylation, are likely to be the focus of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boce Song
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beili Xie
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingwang Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haohao Li
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dazhuo Shi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
| | - Fuhai Zhao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: Fuhai Zhao
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pan Z, Bao Y, Hu M, Zhu Y, Tan C, Fan L, Yu H, Wang A, Cui J, Sun G. Role of NAT10-mediated ac4C-modified HSP90AA1 RNA acetylation in ER stress-mediated metastasis and lenvatinib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:56. [PMID: 36765042 PMCID: PMC9918514 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01355-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence showed that epigenetic regulation plays important role in the pathogenesis of HCC. N4-acetocytidine (ac4C) was an acetylation chemical modification of mRNA, and NAT10 is reported to regulate ac4C modification and enhance endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in tumor metastasis. Here, we report a novel mechanism by which NAT10-mediated mRNA ac4C-modified HSP90AA1 regulates metastasis and tumor resistance in ERS of HCC. Immunohistochemical, bioinformatics analyses, and in vitro and in vivo experiments, e.g., acRIP-Seq, RNA-Seq, and double luciferase reporter experiment, were employed to investigate the effect of NAT10 on metastasis and drug resistance in HCC. The increased expression of NAT10 was associated with HCC risk and poor prognosis. Cell and animal experiments showed that NAT10 enhanced the metastasis ability and apoptosis resistance of HCC cells in ERS and ERS state. NAT10 could upregulate the modification level of HSP90AA1 mRNA ac4C, maintain the stability of HSP90AA1, and upregulate the expression of HSP90AA1, which further promotes the metastasis of ERS hepatoma cells and the resistance to apoptosis of Lenvatinib. This study proposes a novel mechanism by which NAT10-mediated mRNA ac4C modification regulates tumor metastasis. In addition, we demonstrated the regulatory effect of NAT10-HSP90AA1 on metastasis and drug resistance of ERS in HCC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Pan
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022 China
| | - Yawei Bao
- grid.59053.3a0000000121679639Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Mengyao Hu
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022 China ,grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022 China
| | - Yue Zhu
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022 China
| | - Chaisheng Tan
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022 China
| | - Lulu Fan
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022 China
| | - Hanqing Yu
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022 China
| | - Anqi Wang
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022 China
| | - Jie Cui
- grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022 China
| | - Guoping Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Verghese M, Wilkinson E, He YY. Recent Advances in RNA m 6A Modification in Solid Tumors and Tumor Immunity. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 190:95-142. [PMID: 38113000 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45654-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
An analogous field to epigenetics is referred to as epitranscriptomics, which focuses on the study of post-transcriptional chemical modifications in RNA. RNA molecules, including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and other non-coding RNA molecules, can be edited with numerous modifications. The most prevalent modification in eukaryotic mRNA is N6-methyladenosine (m6A), which is a reversible modification found in over 7000 human genes. Recent technological advances have accelerated the characterization of these modifications, and they have been shown to play important roles in many biological processes, including pathogenic processes such as cancer. In this chapter, we discuss the role of m6A mRNA modification in cancer with a focus on solid tumor biology and immunity. m6A RNA methylation and its regulatory proteins can play context-dependent roles in solid tumor development and progression by modulating RNA metabolism to drive oncogenic or tumor-suppressive cellular pathways. m6A RNA methylation also plays dynamic roles within both immune cells and tumor cells to mediate the anti-tumor immune response. Finally, an emerging area of research within epitranscriptomics studies the role of m6A RNA methylation in promoting sensitivity or resistance to cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Overall, our understanding of m6A RNA methylation in solid tumors has advanced significantly, and continued research is needed both to fill gaps in knowledge and to identify potential areas of focus for therapeutic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Verghese
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Emma Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Yu-Ying He
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Verghese M, Wilkinson E, He Y. Role of RNA modifications in carcinogenesis and carcinogen damage response. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:24-37. [PMID: 35560957 PMCID: PMC9653521 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of epitranscriptomics encompasses the study of post-transcriptional RNA modifications and their regulatory enzymes. Among the numerous RNA modifications, N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) has been identified as the most common internal modification of messenger RNA (mRNA). Although m6 A modifications were first discovered in the 1970s, advances in technology have revived interest in this field, driving an abundance of research into the role of RNA modifications in various biological processes, including cancer. As analogs to epigenetic modifications, RNA modifications also play an important role in carcinogenesis by regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally. A growing body of evidence suggests that carcinogens can modulate RNA modifications to alter the expression of oncogenes or tumor suppressors during cellular transformation. Additionally, the expression and activity of the enzymes that regulate RNA modifications can be dysregulated and contribute to carcinogenesis, making these enzymes promising targets of drug discovery. Here we summarize the roles of RNA modifications during carcinogenesis induced by exposure to various environmental carcinogens, with a main focus on the roles of the most widely studied m6 A mRNA methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Verghese
- Department of Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Pritzker School of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Emma Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Committee on Cancer BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Yu‐Ying He
- Department of Medicine, Section of DermatologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Committee on Cancer BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arzumanian VA, Dolgalev GV, Kurbatov IY, Kiseleva OI, Poverennaya EV. Epitranscriptome: Review of Top 25 Most-Studied RNA Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213851. [PMID: 36430347 PMCID: PMC9695239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The alphabet of building blocks for RNA molecules is much larger than the standard four nucleotides. The diversity is achieved by the post-transcriptional biochemical modification of these nucleotides into distinct chemical entities that are structurally and functionally different from their unmodified counterparts. Some of these modifications are constituent and critical for RNA functions, while others serve as dynamic markings to regulate the fate of specific RNA molecules. Together, these modifications form the epitranscriptome, an essential layer of cellular biochemistry. As of the time of writing this review, more than 300 distinct RNA modifications from all three life domains have been identified. However, only a few of the most well-established modifications are included in most reviews on this topic. To provide a complete overview of the current state of research on the epitranscriptome, we analyzed the extent of the available information for all known RNA modifications. We selected 25 modifications to describe in detail. Summarizing our findings, we describe the current status of research on most RNA modifications and identify further developments in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia A. Arzumanian
- Correspondence: (V.A.A.); (G.V.D.); Tel.: +7-960-889-7117 (V.A.A.); +7-967-236-36-79 (G.V.D.)
| | - Georgii V. Dolgalev
- Correspondence: (V.A.A.); (G.V.D.); Tel.: +7-960-889-7117 (V.A.A.); +7-967-236-36-79 (G.V.D.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tsagkogeorga G, Santos-Rosa H, Alendar A, Leggate D, Rausch O, Kouzarides T, Weisser H, Han N. Predicting genes associated with RNA methylation pathways using machine learning. Commun Biol 2022; 5:868. [PMID: 36008532 PMCID: PMC9411552 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03821-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA methylation plays an important role in functional regulation of RNAs, and has thus attracted an increasing interest in biology and drug discovery. Here, we collected and collated transcriptomic, proteomic, structural and physical interaction data from the Harmonizome database, and applied supervised machine learning to predict novel genes associated with RNA methylation pathways in human. We selected five types of classifiers, which we trained and evaluated using cross-validation on multiple training sets. The best models reached 88% accuracy based on cross-validation, and an average 91% accuracy on the test set. Using protein-protein interaction data, we propose six molecular sub-networks linking model predictions to previously known RNA methylation genes, with roles in mRNA methylation, tRNA processing, rRNA processing, but also protein and chromatin modifications. Our study exemplifies how access to large omics datasets joined by machine learning methods can be used to predict gene function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Tsagkogeorga
- STORM Therapeutics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Helena Santos-Rosa
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrej Alendar
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dan Leggate
- STORM Therapeutics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Oliver Rausch
- STORM Therapeutics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tony Kouzarides
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, UK
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hendrik Weisser
- STORM Therapeutics Ltd, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Namshik Han
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Felix AS, Quillin AL, Mousavi S, Heemstra JM. Harnessing Nature's Molecular Recognition Capabilities to Map and Study RNA Modifications. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2271-2279. [PMID: 35900335 PMCID: PMC9388579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RNA editing or "epitranscriptomic modification" refers to the processing of RNA that occurs after transcription to alter the sequence or structure of the nucleic acid. These chemical alterations can be found on either the ribose sugar or the nucleobase, and although many are "silent" and do not change the Watson-Crick-Franklin code of the RNA, others result in recoding events. More than 170 RNA modifications have been identified so far, each having a specific biological purpose. Additionally, dysregulated RNA editing has been linked to several types of diseases and disorders. As new modifications are discovered and our understanding of their functional impact grows, so does the need for selective methods of identifying and mapping editing sites in the transcriptome.The most common methods for studying RNA modifications rely on antibodies as affinity reagents; however, antibodies can be difficult to generate and often have undesirable off-target binding. More recently, selective chemical labeling has advanced the field by offering techniques that can be used for the detection, enrichment, and quantification of RNA modifications. In our method using acrylamide for inosine labeling, we demonstrated the versatility with which this approach enables pull-down or downstream functionalization with other tags or affinity handles. Although this method did enable the quantitative analysis of A-to-I editing levels, we found that selectivity posed a significant limitation, likely because of the similar reactivity profiles of inosine and pseudouridine or other nucleobases.Seeking to overcome the inherent limitations of antibodies and chemical labeling methods, a more recent approach to studying the epitranscriptome is through the repurposing of proteins and enzymes that recognize modified RNA. Our laboratory has used Endonuclease V, a repair enzyme that cleaves inosine-containing RNAs, and reprogrammed it to instead bind inosine. We first harnessed EndoV to develop a preparative technique for RNA sequencing that we termed EndoVIPER-seq. This method uses EndoV to enrich inosine-edited RNAs, providing better coverage in RNA sequencing and leading to the discovery of previously undetected A-to-I editing sites. We also leveraged EndoV to create a plate-based immunoassay (EndoVLISA) to quantify inosine in cellular RNA. This approach can detect differential A-to-I editing levels across tissue types or disease states while being independent of RNA sequencing, making it cost-effective and high-throughput. By harnessing the molecular recognition capabilities of this enzyme, we show that EndoV can be repurposed as an "anti-inosine antibody" to develop new methods of detecting and enriching inosine from cellular RNA.Nature has evolved a plethora of proteins and enzymes that selectively recognize and act on RNA modifications, and exploiting the affinity of these biomolecules offers a promising new direction for the field of epitranscriptomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ansley S. Felix
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alexandria L. Quillin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Shikufa Mousavi
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Heemstra
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen HM, Li H, Lin MX, Fan WJ, Zhang Y, Lin YT, Wu SX. Research Progress for RNA Modifications in Physiological and Pathological Angiogenesis. Front Genet 2022; 13:952667. [PMID: 35937999 PMCID: PMC9354963 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.952667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As a critical layer of epigenetics, RNA modifications demonstrate various molecular functions and participate in numerous biological processes. RNA modifications have been shown to be essential for embryogenesis and stem cell fate. As high-throughput sequencing and antibody technologies advanced by leaps and bounds, the association of RNA modifications with multiple human diseases sparked research enthusiasm; in addition, aberrant RNA modification leads to tumor angiogenesis by regulating angiogenesis-related factors. This review collected recent cutting-edge studies focused on RNA modifications (N6-methyladenosine (m6A), N5-methylcytosine (m5C), N7-methylguanosine (m7G), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), and pseudopuridine (Ψ)), and their related regulators in tumor angiogenesis to emphasize the role and impact of RNA modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hang Li
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meng-Xian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jie Fan
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ting Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shu-Xiang Wu, ; Yan-Ting Lin,
| | - Shu-Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shu-Xiang Wu, ; Yan-Ting Lin,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The Role of RNA Modification in HIV-1 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147571. [PMID: 35886919 PMCID: PMC9317671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA plays an important role in biology, and more than 170 RNA modifications have been identified so far. Post-transcriptional modification of RNA in cells plays a crucial role in the regulation of its stability, transport, processing, and gene expression. So far, the research on RNA modification and the exact role of its enzymes is becoming more and more comprehensive. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is an RNA virus and the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is one of the most devastating viral pandemics in history. More and more studies have shown that HIV has RNA modifications and regulation of its gene expression during infection and replication. This review focuses on several RNA modifications and their regulatory roles as well as the roles that different RNA modifications play during HIV-1 infection, in order to find new approaches for the development of anti-HIV-1 therapeutics.
Collapse
|
19
|
RNA modification "writer"-mediated RNA modification patterns and tumor microenvironment characteristics of cervical cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1413-1424. [PMID: 35220552 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02787-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE As an epigenetic regulation mechanism after transcription, RNA modification is installed by endogenous "writer" enzymes and is widely involved in a variety of physiological processes, including cancer progression. This study explored the RNA modification patterns of cervical cancer to clarify overall effect of RNA modification on tumor microenvironment (TME) characteristics and immune/targeted therapy. METHODS 26 RNA modification "writers" were clustered, and the RNA modification patterns and TME characteristics of cervical cancer patients in TCGA were systematically evaluated. Based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different RNA modification patterns, an RNA modification "writer" score (WM score) system was developed to assess the RNA modification of a single sample. RESULTS Two different RNA modification patterns of cervical cancer were identified, and these patterns were significantly related to the prognosis and TME infiltration characteristics of patients. WM score was an independent risk factor for the prognosis of cervical cancer. High WM score was characterized by poor prognosis, low immune infiltration and low tumor mutation burden (TMB), while low-WM score was related to relatively long overall survival (OS), more immune components in TME and increased TMB. In addition, the low-WM score group was expected to be more sensitive to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy and showed lower predicted IC50 of chemotherapy drugs paclitaxel and cisplatin treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study identified and characterized RNA modification patterns, and clarified potential relationship between RNA modification patterns and immune infiltration characteristics and immunotherapy of cervical cancer, offering a new evaluation scheme for treatment of cervical cancer patients.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhou W, Wang X, Chang J, Cheng C, Miao C. The molecular structure and biological functions of RNA methylation, with special emphasis on the roles of RNA methylation in autoimmune diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 59:203-218. [PMID: 34775884 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.2002256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and systemic vasculitis are caused by the body's immune response to autoantigens. The pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases is complex. RNA methylation is known to play a key role in disease progression as it regulates almost all aspects of RNA processing, including RNA nuclear export, translation, splicing, and noncoding RNA processing. This review summarizes the mechanisms, molecular structures of RNA methylations and their roles in biological functions. Similar to the roles of RNA methylation in cancers, RNA methylation in RA and SLE involves "writers" that deposit methyl groups to form N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and 5-methylcytosine (m5C), "erasers" that remove these modifications, and "readers" that further affect mRNA splicing, export, translation, and degradation. Recent advances in detection methods have identified N1-methyladenosine (m1A), N6,2-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am), and 7-methylguanosine (m7G) RNA modifications, and their roles in RA and SLE need to be further studied. The relationship between RNA methylation and other autoimmune diseases has not been reported, and the roles and mechanisms of RNA modifications in these diseases need to be explored in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenglong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenggui Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Prevention and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Department of Pharmacy, School of Life and Health Sciences, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Fengyang, Anhui Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
RNA Modifications and RNA Metabolism in Neurological Disease Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111870. [PMID: 34769301 PMCID: PMC8584444 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic cellular heterogeneity and molecular complexity of the mammalian nervous system relies substantially on the dynamic nature and spatiotemporal patterning of gene expression. These features of gene expression are achieved in part through mechanisms involving various epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, post-translational histone modifications, and non-coding RNA activity, amongst others. In concert, another regulatory layer by which RNA bases and sugar residues are chemically modified enhances neuronal transcriptome complexity. Similar RNA modifications in other systems collectively constitute the cellular epitranscriptome that integrates and impacts various physiological processes. The epitranscriptome is dynamic and is reshaped constantly to regulate vital processes such as development, differentiation and stress responses. Perturbations of the epitranscriptome can lead to various pathogenic conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular abnormalities and neurological diseases. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have enabled us to identify and locate modified bases/sugars on different RNA species. These RNA modifications modulate the stability, transport and, most importantly, translation of RNA. In this review, we discuss the formation and functions of some frequently observed RNA modifications—including methylations of adenine and cytosine bases, and isomerization of uridine to pseudouridine—at various layers of RNA metabolism, together with their contributions to abnormal physiological conditions that can lead to various neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders.
Collapse
|
22
|
Zheng YY, Mao S, Sheng J. Synthesis of N 4 -Methylcytidine (m 4 C) and N 4 ,N 4 -Dimethylcytidine (m 4 2 C) Modified RNA. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e248. [PMID: 34529364 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the protocols for phosphoramidite chemistry and solid phase synthesis of RNA oligonucleotides containing N4 -methylcytidine (m4 C) and N4 ,N4 -dimethylcytidine (m4 2 C) residues for base-pairing, structural, and enzymatic activity studies. The two key m4 C and m4 2 C phosphoramidite building blocks can be synthesized starting from the partially protected cytidine nucleosides, followed by solid-phase synthesis and HPLC purification of the modified target RNA oligonucleotides. These modified RNA strands are then prepared for base pairing stability, specificity, and structural studies using UV-melting temperature (Tm ) measurements and X-ray crystallography. Functional studies are performed by reverse transcription assays in primer extension reactions employing different enzymes. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Chemical synthesis of m4 C phosphoramidite Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis of m4 2 C phosphoramidite Basic Protocol 3: Synthesis and purification of m4 C and m4 2 C containing RNA oligonucleotides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Ying Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Song Mao
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhou W, Wang C, Chang J, Huang Y, Xue Q, Miao C, Wu P. RNA Methylations in Cardiovascular Diseases, Molecular Structure, Biological Functions and Regulatory Roles in Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:722728. [PMID: 34489709 PMCID: PMC8417252 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.722728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Despite considerable progress in the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of CVDs, new diagnostic biomarkers and new therapeutic measures are urgently needed to reduce the mortality of CVDs and improve the therapeutic effect. RNA methylations regulate almost all aspects of RNA processing, such as RNA nuclear export, translation, splicing and non-coding RNA processing. In view of the importance of RNA methylations in the pathogenesis of diseases, this work reviews the molecular structures, biological functions of five kinds of RNA methylations (m6A, m5C, m1a, m6am and m7G) and their effects on CVDs, including pulmonary hypertension, hypertension, vascular calcification, cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure. In CVDs, m6A “writers” catalyze the installation of m6A on RNAs, while “erasers” remove these modifications. Finally, the “readers” of m6A further influence the mRNA splicing, nuclear export, translation and degradation. M5C, m1A, m6Am and m7G are new types of RNA methylations, their roles in CVDs need to be further explored. RNA methylations have become a new research hotspot and the roles in CVDs is gradually emerging, the review of the molecular characteristics, biological functions and effects of RNA methylation on CVDs will contribute to the elucidation of the pathological mechanisms of CVDs and the discovery of new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets of CVDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Changhui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Chang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yurong Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qiuyun Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chenggui Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Basis and Development of Modern Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yu PL, Cao SJ, Wu R, Zhao Q, Yan QG. Regulatory effect of m 6 A modification on different viruses. J Med Virol 2021; 93:6100-6115. [PMID: 34329499 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
N6 -methyladenosine (m6 A) modification is the most common and reversible posttranscriptional modification of RNA in eukaryotes, which is mainly regulated by methyltransferase, demethylase, and specific binding protein. The replication of the virus and host immune response to the virus are affected by m6 A modification. In different kinds of viruses, m6 A modification has two completely opposite regulatory functions. This paper reviews the regulatory effects of m6 A modification on different viruses and provides a reference for studying the regulatory effects of RNA epitranscriptomic modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lun Yu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - San-Jie Cao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qi-Gui Yan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Swine Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bartee D, Thalalla Gamage S, Link CN, Meier JL. Arrow pushing in RNA modification sequencing. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9482-9502. [PMID: 34259263 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00214g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Methods to accurately determine the location and abundance of RNA modifications are critical to understanding their functional role. In this review, we describe recent efforts in which chemical reactivity and next-generation sequencing have been integrated to detect modified nucleotides in RNA. For eleven exemplary modifications, we detail chemical, enzymatic, and metabolic labeling protocols that can be used to differentiate them from canonical nucleobases. By emphasizing the molecular rationale underlying these detection methods, our survey highlights new opportunities for chemistry to define the role of RNA modifications in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Bartee
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 538 Chandler St, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Supuni Thalalla Gamage
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 538 Chandler St, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Courtney N Link
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 538 Chandler St, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Jordan L Meier
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 538 Chandler St, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kumari R, Ranjan P, Suleiman ZG, Goswami SK, Li J, Prasad R, Verma SK. mRNA modifications in cardiovascular biology and disease: with a focus on m6A modification. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:1680-1692. [PMID: 33956076 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among several known RNA modifications, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most studied RNA epitranscriptomic modification and controls multiple cellular functions during development, differentiation, and disease. Current research advancements have made it possible to examine the regulatory mechanisms associated with RNA methylation and reveal its functional consequences in the pathobiology of many diseases, including heart failure. m6A methylation has been described both on coding (mRNA) and non-coding RNA species including rRNA, tRNA, small nuclear RNA and circular RNAs. The protein components which catalyze the m6A methylation are termed methyltransferase or "m6A writers." The family of proteins that recognize this methylation are termed "m6A readers" and finally the enzymes involved in the removal of a methyl group from RNA are known as demethylases or "m6A erasers." At the cellular level, different components of methylation machinery are tightly regulated by many factors to maintain the m6A methylation dynamics. The m6A methylation process impacts different stages of mRNA metabolism and the biogenesis of long non-coding RNA and miRNA. Although, mRNA methylation was initially described in the 1970s, its regulatory roles in various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases are broadly unexplored. Recent investigations suggest the important role of m6A mRNA methylation in both hypertrophic and ischemic heart diseases. In the present review, we evaluate the significance of m6A methylation in the cardiovascular system, in cardiac homeostasis and disease, all of which may help to improve therapeutic intervention for the treatment of heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumari
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Prabhat Ranjan
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Zainab Gbongbo Suleiman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sumanta Kumar Goswami
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Suresh Kumar Verma
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Post-Transcriptional Modifications of Conserved Nucleotides in the T-Loop of tRNA: A Tale of Functional Convergent Evolution. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020140. [PMID: 33499018 PMCID: PMC7912444 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The high conservation of nucleotides of the T-loop, including their chemical identity, are hallmarks of tRNAs from organisms belonging to the three Domains of Life. These structural characteristics allow the T-loop to adopt a peculiar intraloop conformation able to interact specifically with other conserved residues of the D-loop, which ultimately folds the mature tRNA in a unique functional canonical L-shaped architecture. Paradoxically, despite the high conservation of modified nucleotides in the T-loop, enzymes catalyzing their formation depend mostly on the considered organism, attesting for an independent but convergent evolution of the post-transcriptional modification processes. The driving force behind this is the preservation of a native conformation of the tRNA elbow that underlies the various interactions of tRNA molecules with different cellular components.
Collapse
|
28
|
Li J, Zhang C, Yuan X, Cao Y. Molecular Characteristics of N1-Methyladenosine Regulators and Their Correlation with Overall Cancer Survival. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:513-522. [PMID: 33416433 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.6214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
N1-methyladenosine (m1A) is a prevalent RNA modification widely affecting RNA structural stability, folding, and interactions with proteins. Recently, there have been increasing reports on the roles of m1A regulators in tumors. However, their mechanisms and clinical relevance remain unclear. This study systematically evaluates the epigenetic characteristics and clinical relevance of m1A regulators using bioinformatic methods. Our results show widespread gene expression changes for m1A regulators, which are related to the activation and inhibition of carcinogenic pathways and overall patient survival. Collectively, this investigation provides new insights into assessing tumor prognosis and targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China.,Department of Infectious Diseases and The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chunting Zhang
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China.,Department of Infectious Diseases and The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Gene Hospital of Henan Province, Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China.,Department of Infectious Diseases and The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|