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Zhang X, Ross TM. Anti-neuraminidase immunity in the combat against influenza. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:474-484. [PMID: 38632930 PMCID: PMC11157429 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2343689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anti-neuraminidase (NA) immunity correlates with the protection against influenza virus infection in both human and animal models. The aim of this review is to better understand the mechanism of anti-NA immunity, and also to evaluate the approaches on developing NA-based influenza vaccines or enhancing immune responses against NA for current influenza vaccines. AREAS COVERED In this review, the structure of influenza neuraminidase, the contribution of anti-NA immunity to protection, as well as the efforts and challenges of targeting the immune responses to NA were discussed. We also listed some of the newly discovered anti-NA monoclonal antibodies and discussed their contribution in therapeutic as well as the antigen design of a broadly protective NA vaccine. EXPERT OPINION Targeting the immune response to both HA and NA may be critical for achieving the optimal protection since there are different mechanisms of HA and NA elicited protective immunity. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the conserved protective lateral face or catalytic sites are effective therapeutics. The epitope discovery using monoclonal antibodies may benefit NA-based vaccine elicited broadly reactive antibody responses. Therefore, the potential for a vaccine that elicits cross-reactive antibodies against neuraminidase is a high priority for next-generation influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Zhang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lehner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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2
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Giurgea LT, Park JK, Walters KA, Scherler K, Cervantes-Medina A, Freeman A, Rosas LA, Kash JC, Taubenberger JK, Memoli MJ. The effect of calcium and magnesium on activity, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a recombinant N1/N2 neuraminidase vaccine. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:48. [PMID: 33824333 PMCID: PMC8024250 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of immunity against neuraminidase (NA), NA content and immunogenicity are neglected in current influenza vaccines. To address this, a recombinant N1/N2 NA vaccine (NAV) was developed. Stability assays were used to determine optimal temperature and buffer conditions for vaccine storage. The effect of divalent cation-related enhancement of NA stability and activity on N1 and N2 immunogenicity and efficacy against viral challenge was assessed. Differences in activity between N1 and N2 and cation-related activity enhancement did not translate into differences in immunogenicity or efficacy. NAV-vaccinated mice showed robust antibody titers against N1 and N2, and after challenge with influenza A (H1N1) virus, decreased viral titers and decreased antiviral and inflammatory responses by transcriptomic analysis. These findings provide guidance for optimal storage and assessment of NA-based vaccines and confirm the importance of NA in influenza vaccination strategies in attenuating viral replication and limiting inflammatory responses necessary to clear infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca T Giurgea
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Adriana Cervantes-Medina
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashley Freeman
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luz Angela Rosas
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John C Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew J Memoli
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Xiong FF, Liu XY, Gao FX, Luo J, Duan P, Tan WS, Chen Z. Protective efficacy of anti-neuraminidase monoclonal antibodies against H7N9 influenza virus infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:78-87. [PMID: 31894728 PMCID: PMC6968527 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1708214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The H7N9 influenza virus has been circulating in China for more than six years. The neuraminidase (NA) has gained great concern for the development of antiviral drugs, therapeutic antibodies, and new vaccines. In this study, we screened seven mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and compared their protective effects against H7N9 influenza virus. The epitope mapping from escape mutants showed that all the seven mAbs could bind to the head region of the N9 NA close to the enzyme activity sites, and four key sites of N9 NA were reported for the first time. The mAbs D3 and 7H2 could simultaneously inhibit the cleavage of the sialic acid of fetuin protein with large molecular weight and NA-XTD with small molecule weight in the NA inhibition experiment, prevent the formation of virus plaque at a low concentration, and effectively protect the mice from the challenge of the lethal dose of H7N9 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ying Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei-Xia Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Duan
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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4
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Chen YQ, Wohlbold TJ, Zheng NY, Huang M, Huang Y, Neu KE, Lee J, Wan H, Rojas KT, Kirkpatrick E, Henry C, Palm AKE, Stamper CT, Lan LYL, Topham DJ, Treanor J, Wrammert J, Ahmed R, Eichelberger MC, Georgiou G, Krammer F, Wilson PC. Influenza Infection in Humans Induces Broadly Cross-Reactive and Protective Neuraminidase-Reactive Antibodies. Cell 2018; 173:417-429.e10. [PMID: 29625056 PMCID: PMC5890936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins are the major mediators of protection against influenza virus infection. Here, we report that current influenza vaccines poorly display key NA epitopes and rarely induce NA-reactive B cells. Conversely, influenza virus infection induces NA-reactive B cells at a frequency that approaches (H1N1) or exceeds (H3N2) that of HA-reactive B cells. NA-reactive antibodies display broad binding activity spanning the entire history of influenza A virus circulation in humans, including the original pandemic strains of both H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. The antibodies robustly inhibit the enzymatic activity of NA, including oseltamivir-resistant variants, and provide robust prophylactic protection, including against avian H5N1 viruses, in vivo. When used therapeutically, NA-reactive antibodies protected mice from lethal influenza virus challenge even 48 hr post infection. These findings strongly suggest that influenza vaccines should be optimized to improve targeting of NA for durable and broad protection against divergent influenza strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Qing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, the Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Teddy John Wohlbold
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nai-Ying Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, the Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Min Huang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, the Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yunping Huang
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, the Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Karlynn E Neu
- The Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA
| | - Hongquan Wan
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Karla Thatcher Rojas
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, the Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ericka Kirkpatrick
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Carole Henry
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, the Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anna-Karin E Palm
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, the Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Linda Yu-Ling Lan
- The Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David J Topham
- Center for Vaccine Biology & Immunology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John Treanor
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Maryna C Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78731, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Patrick C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, the Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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5
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Takahashi T, Suzuki T. Low-pH Stability of Influenza A Virus Sialidase Contributing to Virus Replication and Pandemic. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:817-26. [PMID: 26027822 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The spike glycoprotein neuraminidase (NA) of influenza A virus (IAV) has sialidase activity that cleaves the terminal sialic acids (viral receptors) from oligosaccharide chains of glycoconjugates. A new antigenicity of viral surface glycoproteins for humans has pandemic potential. We found "low-pH stability of sialidase activity" in NA. The low-pH stability can maintain sialidase activity under acidic conditions of pH 4-5. For human IAVs, NAs of all pandemic viruses were low-pH-stable, whereas those of almost all human seasonal viruses were not. The low-pH stability was dependent on amino acid residues near the active site, the calcium ion-binding site, and the subunit interfaces of the NA homotetramer, suggesting effects of the active site and the homotetramer on structural stability. IAVs with the low-pH-stable NA showed much higher virus replication rates than those of IAVs with low-pH-unstable NA, which was correlated with maintenance of sialidase activity under an endocytic pathway of the viral cell entry mechanism, indicating contribution of low-pH stability to high replication rates of pandemic viruses. The low-pH-stable NA of the 1968 H3N2 pandemic virus was derived from the low-pH-stable NA of H2N2 human seasonal virus, one of two types classified by both low-pH stability in N2 NA and a phylogenetic tree of N2 NA genes. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus acquired low-pH-stable NA by two amino acid substitutions at the early stage of the 2009 pandemic. It is thought that low-pH stability contributes to infection spread in a pandemic through enhancement of virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
University of Shizuoka
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6
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Gamaleldin Elsadig Karar M, Matei MF, Jaiswal R, Illenberger S, Kuhnert N. Neuraminidase inhibition of Dietary chlorogenic acids and derivatives – potential antivirals from dietary sources. Food Funct 2016; 7:2052-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01412c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants rich in chlorogenic acids (CGAs), caffeic acids and their derivatives have been found to exert antiviral effects against influenza virus neuroaminidase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marius-Febi Matei
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry
- Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Rakesh Jaiswal
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry
- Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Susanne Illenberger
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry
- Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Nikolai Kuhnert
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry
- Jacobs University Bremen
- 28759 Bremen
- Germany
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7
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Sultana I, Yang K, Getie-Kebtie M, Couzens L, Markoff L, Alterman M, Eichelberger MC. Stability of neuraminidase in inactivated influenza vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32:2225-30. [PMID: 24613525 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza vaccines are effective in protecting against illness and death caused by this seasonal pathogen. Antibodies that block the function of either hemagglutinin (HA) or neuraminidase (NA) contribute to vaccine efficacy, however vaccine potency is based only on HA content. NA protein content in vaccines varies from season to season due to differences in the relative amounts of HA and NA in influenza A, H1N1 and H3N2, and influenza B viruses that are selected for each manufacturing campaign. This, as well as potential inherent differences in NA immunogenicity, may result in varying responses from year to year. Moreover, the antigenic stability of NA is likely to dictate whether similar antibody responses will be obtained to this antigen throughout the shelf-life of the vaccine. To address this factor, we subjected NAs of influenza A (subtypes N1 and N2) and B viruses to denaturing conditions to evaluate the stability of enzyme activity. Each NA type/subtype had unique sensitivity to denaturing conditions. The N2 enzyme activity was more thermostable than that of N1 or influenza B, while the NA activity of influenza B was most resistant to detergent. N1 enzyme activity was most resistant of the three NAs to freeze-thaw cycling. In these experiments, enzyme activity was indicative of the immunogenicity of NA, but was strain-dependent, with greater neuraminidase inhibiting (NI) antibody titers elicited following immunization with the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus A/California/7/2009, than the previously circulating seasonal H1N1 strain, A/Brisbane/59/2007. Robust NI antibody titers against both N1 and N2 components were induced following vaccination of mice with a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. When stored under recommended conditions, the NA of both N1 and N2 subtypes remained immunogenic well after the vaccine expiry date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Sultana
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Yang
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melkamu Getie-Kebtie
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cell, Tissue and Gene Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Couzens
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lewis Markoff
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michail Alterman
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cell, Tissue and Gene Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maryna C Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Sandbulte MR, Eichelberger MC. Analyzing swine sera for functional antibody titers against influenza A neuraminidase proteins using an enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA). Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1161:337-345. [PMID: 24899442 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0758-8_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is an envelope glycoprotein of influenza viruses, including swine-lineage influenza A viruses. NA possesses sialidase activity, which is functionally important at multiple points in viral replication, counter-balancing the sialic acid receptor binding activity of the hemagglutinin (HA), the other major envelope glycoprotein. The NA proteins of influenza A viruses have been classified into nine serological subtypes, and they undergo antigenic drift variation similar to that of HA. Antibodies to NA are analyzed much less often than antibodies to HA. The conventional assay for NA inhibition (NI) antibody titration, established decades ago, is widely considered unwieldy and inefficient for routine use. In recent years, a few new formats have been developed which still measure inhibition of NA enzymatic function, but more efficiently and with less chemical waste produced. Described here is the enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA), which is performed in 96-well plates and analyzed on a spectrophotometric plate reader. An important factor in adoption of the ELLA technique for animal studies, such as swine, is the choice of NA antigen, which may be purified protein or whole virus containing an antigenically irrelevant HA protein. This NI assay, in conjunction with the hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody assay, offers a practical way to characterize viral isolates more fully and to quantify antibodies induced by infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Sandbulte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 2160 Vet Med, Ames, IA, 50011-1250, USA,
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9
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Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is the second most abundant influenza surface glycoprotein and contributes to virus replication in several ways, most notably by removing sialic acids from the host and viral glycoproteins, releasing newly formed virus particles from infected cells. Antibodies that block this enzyme activity restrict virus replication in vitro. This chapter describes foundational epidemiologic and human influenza challenge studies that provide evidence of an association between NA inhibiting antibodies and resistance to disease. Mouse challenge studies show that while NA immunity is infection-permissive, NA-specific antibodies attenuate infection and prevent severe disease. NA immunity is most effective against homologous viruses but there is substantial protection against viruses with a heterologous NA (different lineage within a NA subtype). Monoclonal antibodies specific for conserved antigenic domains of subtype N1 protect against seasonal and pandemic H1N1 as well as H5N1 virus challenge. Clinical studies demonstrate that licensed seasonal vaccines contain immunogenic amounts of NA, but the contribution of this immunity to vaccine efficacy is currently not known. New types of influenza vaccines could be designed to elicit NA immunity. Because NA induces heterologous immunity, it could be an important constituent of universal influenza vaccines that aim to protect against unexpected emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna C Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Research and Regulation, US Food and Drug Administration, HFM445, Silver Spring, MD, 20892, USA,
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10
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Takahashi T, Song J, Suzuki T, Kawaoka Y. Mutations in NA that induced low pH-stability and enhanced the replication of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza A virus at an early stage of the pandemic. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64439. [PMID: 23696893 PMCID: PMC3655982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An influenza A virus that originated in pigs caused a pandemic in 2009. The sialidase activity of the neuraminidase (NA) of previous pandemic influenza A viruses are stable at low pH (≤5). Here, we identified the amino acids responsible for this property. We found differences in low-pH stability at pH 5.0 among pandemic (H1N1) 2009 viruses, which enhanced the replication of these viruses. Low-pH-stable NA enhancement of virus replication may have contributed to the rapid worldwide spread and adaptation to humans of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 viruses during the early stages of the 2009 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jiasheng Song
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TS); (YK)
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- ERATO Infection-Induced Host Responses Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail: (TS); (YK)
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Easterbrook JD, Schwartzman LM, Gao J, Kash JC, Morens DM, Couzens L, Wan H, Eichelberger MC, Taubenberger JK. Protection against a lethal H5N1 influenza challenge by intranasal immunization with virus-like particles containing 2009 pandemic H1N1 neuraminidase in mice. Virology 2012; 432:39-44. [PMID: 22727831 PMCID: PMC3725556 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza shares the same neuraminidase (NA) subtype with the 2009 pandemic (H1N1pdm09), and cross-reactive NA immunity might protect against or mitigate lethal H5N1 infection. In this study, mice were either infected with a sublethal dose of H1N1pdm09 or were vaccinated and boosted with virus-like particles (VLP) consisting of the NA and matrix proteins, standardized by NA activity and administered intranasally, and were then challenged with a lethal dose of HPAI H5N1 virus. Mice previously infected with H1N1pdm09 survived H5N1 challenge with no detectable virus or respiratory tract pathology on day 4. Mice immunized with H5N1 or H1N1pdm09 NA VLPs were also fully protected from death, with a 100-fold and 10-fold reduction in infectious virus, respectively, and reduced pathology in the lungs. Human influenza vaccines that elicit not only HA, but also NA immunity may provide enhanced protection against the emergence of seasonal and pandemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith D. Easterbrook
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Louis M. Schwartzman
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jin Gao
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - John C. Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David M. Morens
- Office of the Director, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Couzens
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongquan Wan
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maryna C. Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Amino acid determinants conferring stable sialidase activity at low pH for H5N1 influenza A virus neuraminidase. FEBS Open Bio 2012; 2:261-6. [PMID: 23650608 PMCID: PMC3642167 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (IAVs) and human 1918, 1957, and 1968 pandemic IAVs all have neuraminidases (NAs) that are stable at low pH sialidase activity, yet most human epidemic IAVs do not. We examined the pH stability of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian IAV (HPAI) NAs and identified amino acids responsible for conferring stability at low pH. We found that, unlike other avian viruses, most H5N1 IAVs isolated since 2003 had NAs that were unstable at low pH, similar to human epidemic IAVs. These H5N1 viruses are thus already human virus-like and, therefore, have the frequent infections of humans.
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13
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Marcelin G, Sandbulte MR, Webby RJ. Contribution of antibody production against neuraminidase to the protection afforded by influenza vaccines. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22:267-79. [PMID: 22438243 PMCID: PMC3389592 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are instrumental in controlling the burden of influenza virus infection in humans and animals. Antibodies raised against both major viral surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), can contribute to protective immunity. Vaccine-induced HA antibodies have been characterized extensively, and they generally confer protection by blocking the attachment and fusion of a homologous virus onto host cells. Although not as well characterized, some functions of NA antibodies in influenza vaccine-mediated immunity have been recognized for many years. In this review, we summarize the case for NA antibodies in influenza vaccine-mediated immunity. In the absence of well-matched HA antibodies, NA antibodies can provide varying degrees of protection against disease. NA proteins of seasonal influenza vaccines have been shown in some instances to elicit serum antibodies with cross-reactivity to avian-origin and swine-origin influenza strains, in addition to HA drift variants. NA-mediated immunity has been linked to (i) conserved NA epitopes amongst otherwise antigenically distinct strains, partly attributable to the segmented influenza viral genome; (ii) inhibition of NA enzymatic activity; and (iii) the NA content in vaccine formulations. There is a potential to enhance the effectiveness of existing and future influenza vaccines by focusing greater attention on the antigenic characteristics and potency of the NA protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glendie Marcelin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division Virology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Matthew R. Sandbulte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, 2120 Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division Virology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Johansson BE, Cox MMJ. Influenza viral neuraminidase: the forgotten antigen. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 10:1683-95. [PMID: 22085172 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Influenza is the most common cause of vaccine-preventable morbidity and mortality despite the availability of the conventional trivalent inactivated vaccine and the live-attenuated influenza vaccine. These vaccines induce an immunity dominated by the response to hemagglutinin (HA) and are most effective when there is sufficient antigenic relatedness between the vaccine strain and the HA of the circulating wild-type virus. Vaccine strategies against influenza may benefit from inclusion of other viral antigens in addition to HA. Epidemiologic evidence and studies in animals and humans indicate that anti-neuraminidase (NA) immunity will provide protection against severe illness or death in the event of a significant antigenic change in the HA component of the vaccine. However, there is little NA immunity induced by trivalent inactivated vaccine and live-attenuated influenza vaccine. The quantity of NA in influenza vaccines is not standardized and varies significantly among manufacturers, production lots and tested strains. The activity and stability of the NA enzyme is influenced by concentration of divalent cations. If immunity against NA is desirable, a better understanding of how the enzymatic properties affect the immunogenicity is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert E Johansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul H Foster School of Medicine and El Paso Children?s Hospital, 4825 Alameda Avenue El Paso, TX 79905, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Influenza is responsible for the infection of approximately 20% of the population every season and for an annual death toll of approximately half a million people. The most effective means for controlling infection and thereby reducing morbidity and mortality is vaccination by injection with an inactivated vaccine, or by intranasal administration of a live-attenuated vaccine. Protection is not always optimal and there is a need for the development of new vaccines with improved efficacy and for the expansion of enrollment into vaccination programs. An overview of old and new vaccines is presented. Methods of monitoring immune responses such as hemagglutination-inhibition, ELISA and neutralization tests are evaluated for their accuracy in the assessment of current and new-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichria Zakay-Rones
- Chanock Center of Virology, The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada (IMRIC), Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Sultana I, Gao J, Markoff L, Eichelberger MC. Influenza neuraminidase-inhibiting antibodies are induced in the presence of zanamivir. Vaccine 2011; 29:2601-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The genetic attributes of the influenza virus lead to unique problems in vaccination. First, a highly mutable RNA genome, resulting in sequential antigenic variation, could potentially manifest as a vaccine failure or epidemic influenza. Second, a segmented genome that engenders the virus with the capacity for genetic reassortment and the introduction of new antigens into a host population could possibly result in a pandemic. The core problem in combating influenza is the need for continual vaccine revision and induction of broader heterovariant immunity. Current vaccines – the conventional inactivated vaccine and the live attenuated vaccine – rely on technology of strain selection and production methods that is decades old. The immunity induced by these vaccines is dominated by the response to hemagglutinin (HA) and, therefore, the vaccines are most effective when there is sufficient antigenic relatedness between the vaccine strain HA and the circulating wild-type virus HA. Consequently, these vaccines are susceptible to failure when an antigenically distinct virus emerges after the selection of the vaccine candidate strain. New vaccine strategies need to include immunization with other viral antigens in addition to HA, thereby broadening the immune response against influenza. Inclusion of the more slowly evolving neuraminidase and/or M2e in a vaccine against influenza could reduce the vulnerability to antigenic changes, and conserved antigens from internal proteins – nucleoprotein and M1 – delivered to induce T-cell helper and cytotoxic T cells, could ensure the presence of activated T cells that facilitate clearance of pandemic strains. Alternative production technologies, such as recombinant baculovirus and yeast, and different delivery methods, such as virus-like particles, should be explored to decrease vaccine production times and reduce reliance on embryonated eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert E Johansson
- Center of Excellence of Infectious Diseases & Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul H Foster School of Medicine, MSB1 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79922, USA
| | - Maryna C Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, Food & Drug Administration, Building 29A room 1D24, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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18
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Dominiak PM, Volkov A, Dominiak AP, Jarzembska KN, Coppens P. Combining crystallographic information and an aspherical-atom data bank in the evaluation of the electrostatic interaction energy in an enzyme-substrate complex: influenza neuraminidase inhibition. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2009; 65:485-99. [PMID: 19390154 PMCID: PMC2672818 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444909009433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although electrostatic interactions contribute only a part of the interaction energies between macromolecules, unlike dispersion forces they are highly directional and therefore dominate the nature of molecular packing in crystals and in biological complexes and contribute significantly to differences in inhibition strength among related enzyme inhibitors. In the reported study, a wide range of complexes of influenza neuraminidases with inhibitor molecules (sialic acid derivatives and others) have been analyzed using charge densities from a transferable aspherical-atom data bank. The strongest interactions of the residues are with the acidic group at the C2 position of the inhibitor ( approximately -300 kJ mol(-1) for -COO(-) in non-aromatic inhibitors, approximately -120-210 kJ mol(-1) for -COO(-) in aromatic inhibitors and approximately -450 kJ mol(-1) for -PO(3)(2-)) and with the amino and guanidine groups at C4 ( approximately -250 kJ mol(-1)). Other groups contribute less than approximately 100 kJ mol(-1). Residues Glu119, Asp151, Glu227, Glu276 and Arg371 show the largest variation in electrostatic energies of interaction with different groups of inhibitors, which points to their important role in the inhibitor recognition. The Arg292-->Lys mutation reduces the electrostatic interactions of the enzyme with the acidic group at C2 for all inhibitors that have been studied (SIA, DAN, 4AM, ZMR, G20, G28, G39 and BCZ), but enhances the interactions with the glycerol group at C6 for inhibitors that contain it. This is in agreement with the lower level of resistance of the mutated virus to glycerol-containing inhibitors compared with the more hydrophobic derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M. Dominiak
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anatoliy Volkov
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Adam P. Dominiak
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | | | - Philip Coppens
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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19
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Abstract
The neuraminidase protein of influenza viruses is a surface glycoprotein that shows enzymatic activity to remove sialic acid, the viral receptor, from both viral and host proteins. The removal of sialic acid from viral proteins plays a key role in the release of the virus from the cell by preventing the aggregation of the virus by the hemagglutinin protein binding to other viral proteins. Antibodies to the neuraminidase protein can be protective alone in animal challenge studies, but the neuraminidase antibodies appear to provide protection in a different manner than antibodies to the hemagglutinin protein. Neutralizing antibodies to the hemagglutinin protein can directly block virus entry, but protective antibodies to the neuraminidase protein are thought to primarily aggregate virus on the cell surface, effectively reducing the amount of virus released from infected cells. The neuraminidase protein can be divided into nine distinct antigenic subtypes, where there is little cross-protection of antibodies between subtypes. All nine subtypes of neuraminidase protein are commonly found in avian influenza viruses, but only selected subtypes are routinely found in mammalian influenza viruses; for example, only the N1 and N2 subtypes are commonly found in both humans and swine. Even within a subtype, the neuraminidase protein can have a high level of antigenic drift, and vaccination has to specifically be targeted to the circulating strain to give optimal protection. The levels of neuraminidase antibody also appear to be critical for protection, and there is concern that human influenza vaccines do not include enough neuraminidase protein to induce a strong protective antibody response. The neuraminidase protein has also become an important target for antiviral drugs that target sialic acid binding which blocks neuraminidase enzyme activity. Two different antiviral drugs are available and are widely used for the treatment of seasonal influenza in humans, but antiviral resistance appears to be a growing concern for this class of antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sylte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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