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Romualdez-Tan MV. Modelling in vitro gametogenesis using induced pluripotent stem cells: a review. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:33. [PMID: 37843621 PMCID: PMC10579208 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-023-00176-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
In vitro gametogenesis (IVG) has been a topic of great interest in recent years not only because it allows for further exploration of mechanisms of germ cell development, but also because of its prospect for innovative medical applications especially for the treatment of infertility. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying gamete development in vivo has inspired scientists to attempt to recapitulate the entire process of gametogenesis in vitro. While earlier studies have established IVG methods largely using pluripotent stem cells of embryonic origin, the scarcity of sources for these cells and the ethical issues involved in their use are serious limitations to the progress of IVG research especially in humans. However, with the emergence of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) due to the revolutionary discovery of dedifferentiation and reprogramming factors, IVG research has progressed remarkably in the last decade. This paper extensively reviews developments in IVG using iPSCs. First, the paper presents key concepts from groundwork studies on IVG including earlier researches demonstrating that IVG methods using embryonic stem cells (ESCs) also apply when using iPSCs. Techniques for the derivation of iPSCs are briefly discussed, highlighting the importance of generating transgene-free iPSCs with a high capacity for germline transmission to improve efficacy when used for IVG. The main part of the paper discusses recent advances in IVG research using iPSCs in various stages of gametogenesis. In addition, current clinical applications of IVG are presented, and potential future applications are discussed. Although IVG is still faced with many challenges in terms of technical issues, as well as efficacy and safety, novel IVG methodologies are emerging, and IVG using iPSCs may usher in the next era of reproductive medicine sooner than expected. This raises both ethical and social concerns and calls for the scientific community to cautiously develop IVG technology to ensure it is not only efficacious but also safe and adheres to social and ethical norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Romualdez-Tan
- Present Address: Repro Optima Center for Reproductive Health, Inc., Ground Floor JRDC Bldg. Osmena Blvd. Capitol Site, Cebu City, 6000, Philippines.
- Cebu Doctors University Hospital, Cebu City, Philippines.
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2
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Fisher G. Practical pursuit in stem cell biology: Innovation, translation, and incomplete theorization. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2023; 97:1-12. [PMID: 36435147 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to contribute to the study of practical pursuit-worthiness in science by engaging with a case in therapeutic stem cell biology. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) research emerged from research in developmental biology and the molecular biology of cell fate conversion. It took on practical significance when proposed as an alternative to therapeutic stem cell research that used human embryonic stem cells. The supposed ability of iPSC research to tackle ethical and regulatory constraints on research at the beginning of the twentieth century was a central part of the heuristic assessment of iPSC. However, the development and transfer of knowledge from experimental and theoretical biology to preclinical pursuit conflicted with the framing of biomedical innovation in public policy. The framing of innovation operated as part of the heuristic assessment of the pursuit-worthiness of iPSCs in the United States and was characterized by attempts to underdetermine conflicting ethical and socio-economic values - to seek innovations that are "incompletely theorized" in the sense that they purportedly allow stakeholders to refrain from engagement with the divisive values that created impediments to research in stem cell biology. When conflict arose with the epistemic standards in preclinical pursuit required to ensure the safety and efficacy of biomedical innovations, it resulted in the critical appraisal of the values used to rationalize policies for the distribution of federal resources for biomedical research. The case demonstrates how non-epistemic values impinge on standards of assessment in translational science, how background assumptions about innovation can drive practical pursuit, and how conflicting values and goals in research creates an important context for the appraisal of emerging science, technology and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Fisher
- Graduate School of Science and Technology Policy, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea.
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3
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Rodriguez-Polo I, Behr R. Non-human primate pluripotent stem cells for the preclinical testing of regenerative therapies. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1867-1874. [PMID: 35142660 PMCID: PMC8848615 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates play a key role in the preclinical validation of pluripotent stem cell-based cell replacement therapies. Pluripotent stem cells used as advanced therapy medical products boost the possibility to regenerate tissues and organs affected by degenerative diseases. Therefore, the methods to derive human induced pluripotent stem cell and embryonic stem cell lines following clinical standards have quickly developed in the last 15 years. For the preclinical validation of cell replacement therapies in non-human primates, it is necessary to generate non-human primate pluripotent stem cell with a homologous quality to their human counterparts. However, pluripotent stem cell technologies have developed at a slower pace in non-human primates in comparison with human cell systems. In recent years, however, relevant progress has also been made with non-human primate pluripotent stem cells. This review provides a systematic overview of the progress and remaining challenges for the generation of non-human primate induced pluripotent stem cells/embryonic stem cells for the preclinical testing and validation of cell replacement therapies. We focus on the critical domains of (1) reprogramming and embryonic stem cell line derivation, (2) cell line maintenance and characterization and, (3) application of non-human primate pluripotent stem cells in the context of selected preclinical studies to treat cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders performed in non-human primates.
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Zieger HL, Choquet D. Nanoscale synapse organization and dysfunction in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 158:105453. [PMID: 34314857 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders such as those linked to intellectual disabilities or autism spectrum disorder are thought to originate in part from genetic defects in synaptic proteins. Single gene mutations linked to synapse dysfunction can broadly be separated in three categories: disorders of transcriptional regulation, disorders of synaptic signaling and disorders of synaptic scaffolding and structures. The recent developments in super-resolution imaging technologies and their application to synapses have unraveled a complex nanoscale organization of synaptic components. On the one hand, part of receptors, adhesion proteins, ion channels, scaffold elements and the pre-synaptic release machinery are partitioned in subsynaptic nanodomains, and the respective organization of these nanodomains has tremendous impact on synaptic function. For example, pre-synaptic neurotransmitter release sites are partly aligned with nanometer precision to postsynaptic receptor clusters. On the other hand, a large fraction of synaptic components is extremely dynamic and constantly exchanges between synaptic domains and extrasynaptic or intracellular compartments. It is largely the combination of the exquisitely precise nanoscale synaptic organization of synaptic components and their high dynamic that allows the rapid and profound regulation of synaptic function during synaptic plasticity processes that underlie adaptability of brain function, learning and memory. It is very tempting to speculate that genetic defects that lead to neurodevelopmental disorders and target synaptic scaffolds and structures mediate their deleterious impact on brain function through perturbing synapse nanoscale dynamic organization. We discuss here how applying super-resolution imaging methods in models of neurodevelopmental disorders could help in addressing this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna L Zieger
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniel Choquet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
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Maraldi T, Angeloni C, Prata C, Hrelia S. NADPH Oxidases: Redox Regulators of Stem Cell Fate and Function. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:973. [PMID: 34204425 PMCID: PMC8234808 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated within stem cells is the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase family of enzymes (NOXs), which are critical determinants of the redox state beside antioxidant defense mechanisms. This balance is involved in another one that regulates stem cell fate: indeed, self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation are decisive steps for stem cells during embryo development, adult tissue renovation, and cell therapy application. Ex vivo culture-expanded stem cells are being investigated for tissue repair and immune modulation, but events such as aging, senescence, and oxidative stress reduce their ex vivo proliferation, which is crucial for their clinical applications. Here, we review the role of NOX-derived ROS in stem cell biology and functions, focusing on positive and negative effects triggered by the activity of different NOX isoforms. We report recent findings on downstream molecular targets of NOX-ROS signaling that can modulate stem cell homeostasis and lineage commitment and discuss the implications in ex vivo expansion and in vivo engraftment, function, and longevity. This review highlights the role of NOX as a pivotal regulator of several stem cell populations, and we conclude that these aspects have important implications in the clinical utility of stem cells, but further studies on the effects of pharmacological modulation of NOX in human stem cells are imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullia Maraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy;
| | - Cristina Angeloni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Cecilia Prata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
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Yuan H, Hu H, Chen R, Mu W, Wang L, Li Y, Chen Y, Ding X, Xi Y, Mao S, Jiang M, Chen J, He Y, Wang L, Dong Y, Tou J, Chen W. Premigratory neural crest stem cells generate enteric neurons populating the mouse colon and regulating peristalsis in tissue-engineered intestine. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:922-938. [PMID: 33481357 PMCID: PMC8133337 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a common congenital defect. It occurs when bowel colonization by neural crest-derived enteric nervous system (ENS) precursors is incomplete during the first trimester of pregnancy. Several sources of candidate cells have been previously studied for their capacity to regenerate the ENS, including enteric neural crest stem cells (En-NCSCs) derived from native intestine or those simulated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). However, it is not yet known whether the native NCSCs other than En-NCSCs would have the potential of regenerating functional enteric neurons and producing neuron dependent motility under the intestinal environment. The present study was designed to determine whether premigratory NCSCs (pNCSCs), as a type of the nonenteric NCSCs, could form enteric neurons and mediate the motility. pNCSCs were firstly transplanted into the colon of adult mice, and were found to survive, migrate, differentiate into enteric neurons, and successfully integrate into the adult mouse colon. When the mixture of pNCSCs and human intestinal organoids was implanted into the subrenal capsule of nude mice and grown into the mature tissue-engineered intestine (TEI), the pNCSCs-derived neurons mediated neuron-dependent peristalsis of TEI. These results show that the pNCSCs that were previously assumed to not be induced by intestinal environment or cues can innervate the intestine and establish neuron-dependent motility. Future cell candidates for ENS regeneration may include nonenteric NCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipu Yuan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineHangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Neonatal SurgeryChildren's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Mu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Wang
- Interdisciplinary Institutes of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yuelei Chen
- Cell Bank/Stem Cell BankInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- Cell Bank/Stem Cell BankInstitute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Xi
- Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics, Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics of the Women's HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - ShanShan Mao
- Department of Internal NeurologyChildren's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Department of GastroenterologyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pediatric SurgeryXinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems School of Mechanical EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Lang Wang
- Interdisciplinary Institutes of Neuroscience and Technology, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, School of Physical Education & Health CareEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jinfa Tou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Neonatal SurgeryChildren's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, and Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child HealthHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
- Department of NeurobiologyInstitute of Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouPeople's Republic of China
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Smith LA, Hidalgo Aguilar A, Owens DDG, Quelch RH, Knight E, Przyborski SA. Using Advanced Cell Culture Techniques to Differentiate Pluripotent Stem Cells and Recreate Tissue Structures Representative of Teratoma Xenografts. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:667246. [PMID: 34026759 PMCID: PMC8134696 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.667246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Various methods are currently used to investigate human tissue differentiation, including human embryo culture and studies utilising pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) such as in vitro embryoid body formation and in vivo teratoma assays. Each method has its own distinct advantages, yet many are limited due to being unable to achieve the complexity and maturity of tissue structures observed in the developed human. The teratoma xenograft assay allows maturation of more complex tissue derivatives, but this method has ethical issues surrounding animal usage and significant protocol variation. In this study, we have combined three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell technologies including the common technique of embryoid body (EB) formation with a novel porous scaffold membrane, in order to prolong cell viability and extend the differentiation of PSC derived EBs. This approach enables the formation of more complex morphologically identifiable 3D tissue structures representative of all three primary germ layers. Preliminary in vitro work with the human embryonal carcinoma line TERA2.SP12 demonstrated improved EB viability and enhanced tissue structure formation, comparable to teratocarcinoma xenografts derived in vivo from the same cell line. This is thought to be due to reduced diffusion distances as the shape of the spherical EB transforms and flattens, allowing for improved nutritional/oxygen support to the developing structures over extended periods. Further work with EBs derived from murine embryonic stem cells demonstrated that the formation of a wide range of complex, recognisable tissue structures could be achieved within 2–3 weeks of culture. Rudimentary tissue structures from all three germ layers were present, including epidermal, cartilage and epithelial tissues, again, strongly resembling tissue structure of teratoma xenografts of the same cell line. Proof of concept work with EBs derived from the human embryonic stem cell line H9 also showed the ability to form complex tissue structures within this system. This novel yet simple model offers a controllable, reproducible method to achieve complex tissue formation in vitro. It has the potential to be used to study human developmental processes, as well as offering an animal free alternative method to the teratoma assay to assess the developmental potential of novel stem cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Smith
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - A Hidalgo Aguilar
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - D D G Owens
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - R H Quelch
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - E Knight
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - S A Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.,Reprocell Europe, NETPark, Sedgefield, United Kingdom
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Caballero-Villarraso J, Sawas J, Escribano BM, Martín-Hersog FA, Valverde-Martínez A, Túnez I. Gene and cell therapy and nanomedicine for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: bibliometric analysis and systematic review of clinical outcomes. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:431-441. [PMID: 33554666 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1886926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Continuous improvement in cellular and molecular biology has led to the development of diverse advanced therapies. These include cell therapy and gene therapy, among others. Nanomedicine can also be used for therapeutic purposes. AREAS COVERED The author carried out a bibliometric analysis to find out about the biomedical literature in these therapies applied to multiple sclerosis (MS) and its chronological evolution, from a quantitative and qualitative point of view. After this, articles which were identified as clinical trials were retrieved full-text and examined for further evaluation of their evidence-based level according to the CASP scale. In the bibliometric analysis the authors retrieved 2,791 studies, from which 2,405 were about cell therapy, 194 about gene therapy and 192 about nanomedicine; scientific production in these areas has been progressive and growing in terms of quantity and quality. In the systematic review 39 trials were retrieved, all of them about cell therapy, which had relevant sample sizes. The average of scientific-quality was good or very good (about 9/11 points). EXPERT OPINION There is a class I evidence supporting the effectiveness of cell therapy as safe therapeutic option in multiple sclerosis with health benefits in the medium and long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Caballero-Villarraso
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- UGC Clinical Analysis, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jamil Sawas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Begoña M Escribano
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco A Martín-Hersog
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Andrea Valverde-Martínez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Isaac Túnez
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Spanish Network of Excellence in Brain Stimulation (REDESTIM), Spain
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Yamada S, Nomura S. Review of Single-Cell RNA Sequencing in the Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8345. [PMID: 33172208 PMCID: PMC7664385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology is a powerful, rapidly developing tool for characterizing individual cells and elucidating biological mechanisms at the cellular level. Cardiovascular disease is one of the major causes of death worldwide and its precise pathology remains unclear. scRNA-seq has provided many novel insights into both healthy and pathological hearts. In this review, we summarize the various scRNA-seq platforms and describe the molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular development and disease revealed by scRNA-seq analysis. We then describe the latest technological advances in scRNA-seq. Finally, we discuss how to translate basic research into clinical medicine using scRNA-seq technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Yamada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Seitaro Nomura
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
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Liu HC, Xie Y, Deng CH, Liu GH. Stem cell-based therapies for fertility preservation in males: Current status and future prospects. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1097-1112. [PMID: 33178394 PMCID: PMC7596443 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i10.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the decline in male fertility in recent years, strategies for male fertility preservation have received increasing attention. In this study, by reviewing current treatments and recent publications, we describe research progress in and the future directions of stem cell-based therapies for male fertility preservation, focusing on the use of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), SSC niches, SSC-based testicular organoids, other stem cell types such as mesenchymal stem cells, and stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. In conclusion, a more comprehensive understanding of the germ cell microenvironment, stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles, and testicular organoids will play an important role in achieving male fertility preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chao Liu
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chun-Hua Deng
- Department of Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Gui-Hua Liu
- Reproductive Medicine Research Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong Province, China
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11
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Habibi S, Khamisipour GH, Obeidi N, Zare Jaliseh S. Direct Differentiation of Human Primary Fibroblast into Hematopoietic-Like Stem Cells; A New Way without Viral Transduction. CELL JOURNAL 2020; 22:141-147. [PMID: 32779444 PMCID: PMC7481898 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2020.6846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of producing safe hematopoietic stem cells without
the use of viral infectious agents that can be used in stem cell transplantation.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, after single layer cell formation, human primary fibroblast cells were
treated with static electromagnetic fields of 10 and 15 milli Tesla (mT) for 20 minutes each day for seven consecutive
days. On the seventh day and immediately after the last radiation, the cells were added to the wells containing specific
hematopoietic stem cell expansion media. After 21 days and colony formation, the cells belonging to each group were
evaluated in terms of the expression of CD34, CD38, and GATA-1 genes using quantitative real-time polymerase chain
reaction (PCR), as well as surface marker expression of CD34 by flow cytometry.
Results Exposure to 10 mT and 15 mT electromagnetic field increased the expression of CD34 and CD38 genes
(P<0.05). This increase in gene expression levels were 2.85 and 1.84 folds, respectively, in the 10mT group and
6.36 and 3.81 folds, respectively, in the 15 mT group. The expression of the GATA-1 gene in the 10 mT and 15 mT
groups was not significantly different from that of the control group (P<0.05). Electromagnetic waves caused a marked
increase in the expression of the CD34 marker at the surface of reprogrammed cells. The rate of expression was about
42.3% in the 15 mT group and 23.1% in the 10 mT group.
Conclusion The presence of human primary fibroblasts exposed to electromagnetic fields can increase the expression
of specific hematopoietic genes. This method can be suitable for reprogramming cells differentiated into hematopoietic-
like stem cells and does not pose the risks of retroviral use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Habibi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - G Holamreza Khamisipour
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran. Electronic Address:
| | - Narges Obeidi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Zare Jaliseh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Liu G, David BT, Trawczynski M, Fessler RG. Advances in Pluripotent Stem Cells: History, Mechanisms, Technologies, and Applications. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:3-32. [PMID: 31760627 PMCID: PMC6987053 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, and particularly in the last decade, significant developmental milestones have driven basic, translational, and clinical advances in the field of stem cell and regenerative medicine. In this article, we provide a systemic overview of the major recent discoveries in this exciting and rapidly developing field. We begin by discussing experimental advances in the generation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), next moving to the maintenance of stem cells in different culture types, and finishing with a discussion of three-dimensional (3D) cell technology and future stem cell applications. Specifically, we highlight the following crucial domains: 1) sources of pluripotent cells; 2) next-generation in vivo direct reprogramming technology; 3) cell types derived from PSCs and the influence of genetic memory; 4) induction of pluripotency with genomic modifications; 5) construction of vectors with reprogramming factor combinations; 6) enhancing pluripotency with small molecules and genetic signaling pathways; 7) induction of cell reprogramming by RNA signaling; 8) induction and enhancement of pluripotency with chemicals; 9) maintenance of pluripotency and genomic stability in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs); 10) feeder-free and xenon-free culture environments; 11) biomaterial applications in stem cell biology; 12) three-dimensional (3D) cell technology; 13) 3D bioprinting; 14) downstream stem cell applications; and 15) current ethical issues in stem cell and regenerative medicine. This review, encompassing the fundamental concepts of regenerative medicine, is intended to provide a comprehensive portrait of important progress in stem cell research and development. Innovative technologies and real-world applications are emphasized for readers interested in the exciting, promising, and challenging field of stem cells and those seeking guidance in planning future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gele Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Brian T David
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Matthew Trawczynski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Richard G Fessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical College, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 855, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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13
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Directed differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into mature stratified bladder urothelium. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10506. [PMID: 31324820 PMCID: PMC6642190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
For augmentation or reconstruction of urinary bladder after cystectomy, bladder urothelium derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has recently received focus. However, previous studies have only shown the emergence of cells expressing some urothelial markers among derivatives of hiPSCs, and no report has demonstrated the stratified structure, which is a particularly important attribute of the barrier function of mature bladder urothelium. In present study, we developed a method for the directed differentiation of hiPSCs into mature stratified bladder urothelium. The caudal hindgut, from which the bladder urothelium develops, was predominantly induced via the high-dose administration of CHIR99021 during definitive endoderm induction, and this treatment subsequently increased the expressions of uroplakins. Terminal differentiation, characterized by the increased expression of uroplakins, CK13, and CK20, was induced with the combination of Troglitazone + PD153035. FGF10 enhanced the expression of uroplakins and the stratification of the epithelium, and the transwell culture system further enhanced such stratification. Furthermore, the barrier function of our urothelium was demonstrated by a permeability assay using FITC-dextran. According to an immunohistological analysis, the stratified uroplakin II-positive epithelium was observed in the transwells. This method might be useful in the field of regenerative medicine of the bladder.
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Kanie K, Sakai T, Imai Y, Yoshida K, Sugimoto A, Makino H, Kubo H, Kato R. Effect of mechanical vibration stress in cell culture on human induced pluripotent stem cells. Regen Ther 2019; 12:27-35. [PMID: 31890764 PMCID: PMC6933472 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) techniques has solved various limitations in cell culture including cellular proliferation and potency. Hence, the expectations on wider applications and the quality of manufactured iPSCs are rapidly increasing. To answer such growing expectations, enhancement of technologies to improve cell-manufacturing efficiency is now a challenge for the bioengineering field. Mechanization of conventional manual operations, aimed at automation of cell manufacturing, is quickly advancing. However, as more processes are being automated in cell manufacturing, it is need to be more critical about influential parameters that may not be as important in manual operations. As a model of such parameters, we focused on the effect of mechanical vibration, which transmits through the vessel to the cultured iPSCs. We designed 7 types of vertical vibration conditions in cell culture vessels using a vibration calibrator. These conditions cover a wide range of potential situations in cell culture, such as tapping or closing an incubator door, and examined their effects by continuous passaging (P3 to P5). Detailed evaluation of cells by time-course image analysis revealed that vibrations can enhance cell growth as an early effect but can negatively affect cell adhesion and growth profile after several passages as a delayed effect. Such unexpected reductions in cell quality are potentially critical issues in maintaining consistency in cell manufacturing. Therefore, this work reveals the importance of continuous examination across several passages with detailed, temporal, quantitative measurements obtained by non-invasive image analysis to examine when and how the unknown parameters will affect the cell culture processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kanie
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Teppei Sakai
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuta Imai
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kei Yoshida
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ayako Sugimoto
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hodaka Makino
- Ogino Memorial Laboratory, Nihon Kohden Corporation, TWIns (Tokyo Women's Medical University-Waseda University Joint Institution for Advanced Biomedical Sciences), 8-1, Kawata-cho, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kubo
- Ogino Memorial Laboratory, Nihon Kohden Corporation, TWIns (Tokyo Women's Medical University-Waseda University Joint Institution for Advanced Biomedical Sciences), 8-1, Kawata-cho, Shinjyuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kato
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Stem Cell Evaluation Technology Research Center (SCETRA), Hacho-bori, Chuou-ku, Tokyo, 104-0032, Japan
- Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institute for Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Corresponding author. Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan. Fax: +81-52-747-6813.
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Abstract
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by Dr. Shinya Yamanaka and his team has opened up many avenues of research. This includes medical initiatives such as the Precision Medicine and Personalized Medicine initiatives to use patient-specific stem cells to guide medical professionals on the base courses of treatment for various disorders based on the patient's own genetic background, i.e., targeting the best treatment for the individual patient. However iPSC technology has greater potential than disease modeling and regenerative medicine therapies. In this chapter, we will outline how to culture and maintain human iPSCs, differentiate human iPSCs into neurons, and discuss how iPSCs can be utilized for developmental toxicology studies. Furthermore, this chapter will highlight a burgeoning field using iPSCs to examine personalized exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Easley
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia College of Public Health, Athens, GA, USA.
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16
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Hu H, Ding Y, Mu W, Li Y, Wang Y, Jiang W, Fu Y, Tou J, Chen W. DRG-Derived Neural Progenitors Differentiate into Functional Enteric Neurons Following Transplantation in the Postnatal Colon. Cell Transplant 2018; 28:157-169. [PMID: 30442032 PMCID: PMC6362519 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718811061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has great promise for treating gastrointestinal motility disorders caused by intestinal nervous system (ENS) diseases. However, appropriate sources, other than enteric neural stem cells and human embryonic stem cells, are seldom reported. Here, we show that neural progenitors derived from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of EGFP mice survived, differentiated into enteric neurons and glia cells, migrated widely from the site of injection, and established neuron-muscle connections following transplantation into the distal colon of postnatal mice. The exogenous EGFP+ neurons were physiologically functional as shown by the activity of calcium imaging. This study shows that that other tissues besides the postnatal bowel harbor neural crest stem cells or neural progenitors that have the potential to differentiate into functional enteric neurons in vivo and can potentially be used for intestinal nerve regeneration. These DRG-derived neural progenitor cells may be a choice for cell therapy of ENS disease as an allograft. The new knowledge provided by our study is important for the development of neural crest stem cell and cell therapy for the treatment of intestinal neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,2 Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,2 Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Wenbo Mu
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,2 Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Ying Li
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,2 Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yanpeng Wang
- 3 Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Weifang Jiang
- 4 Department of Neonatal Surgery, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yong Fu
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,5 Otolaryngological Department, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Jinfa Tou
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,4 Department of Neonatal Surgery, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Wei Chen
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,2 Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,6 Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
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17
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Ohkoshi S, Hirono H, Nakahara T, Ishikawa H. Dental pulp cell bank as a possible future source of individual hepatocytes. World J Hepatol 2018; 10:702-707. [PMID: 30386463 PMCID: PMC6206155 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v10.i10.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a source for regenerative medicine are now the subject of much clinical attention. There are high expectations due to their safety, low tumorigenic risk, and low ethical concerns. MSC therapy has been approved for acute graft-versus host diseases since 2015. Tooth-derived MSCs are known to have a great potential in their proliferation and differentiation capacities, even when compared with bone-marrow-derived MSCs. In particular, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) are the best candidates for personal cell banking (dental pulp cell bank), because they can be obtained less invasively in the natural process of individual growth. SHEDs are known to differentiate into hepatocytes. There have been several studies showing the effectiveness of SHEDs on the treatment of liver failure in animal models. They may exert their effects either by repopulation of cells in injured liver or by paracrine mechanisms due to their immune-regulatory functions. Moreover, it may be possible to use each individuals’ dental pulp cells as a future source of tailor-made differentiated hepatocytes in the context of a bioartificial liver or liver-on-a-chip to screen for drug toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Ohkoshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, the Nippon Dental University, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Haruka Hirono
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, the Nippon Dental University, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Taka Nakahara
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Dentistry, School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, the Nippon Dental University, Chiyoda-ku 102-8159, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Laboratory of Advanced Research D #326, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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18
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Watanabe D, Koyanagi-Aoi M, Taniguchi-Ikeda M, Yoshida Y, Azuma T, Aoi T. The Generation of Human γδT Cell-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Whole Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Culture. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 7:34-44. [PMID: 29164800 PMCID: PMC5746152 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cells constitute a small proportion of lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Unlike αβT cells, the anti‐tumor activities are exerted through several different pathways in a MHC‐unrestricted manner. Thus, immunotherapy using γδT cells is considered to be effective for various types of cancer. Occasionally, however, ex vivo expanded cells are not as effective as expected due to cell exhaustion. To overcome the issue of T‐cell exhaustion, researchers have generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that harbor the same T‐cell receptor (TCR) genes as their original T‐cells, which provide nearly limitless sources for antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). However, these technologies have focused on αβT cells and require a population of antigen‐specific CTLs, which are purified by cell sorting with HLA‐peptide multimer, as the origin of iPS cells. In the present study, we aimed to develop an efficient and convenient system for generating iPSCs that harbor rearrangements of the TCRG and TCRD gene regions (γδT‐iPSCs) without cell‐sorting. We stimulated human whole peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) culture using Interleukin‐2 and Zoledronate to activate γδT cells. Gene transfer into those cells with the Sendai virus vector resulted in γδT cell‐dominant expression of exogenous genes. The introduction of reprogramming factors into the stimulated PBMC culture allowed us to establish iPSC lines. Around 70% of the established lines carried rearrangements at the TCRG and TCRD gene locus. The γδT‐iPSCs could differentiate into hematopoietic progenitors. Our technology will pave the way for new avenues toward novel immunotherapy that can be applied for various types of cancer. stemcellstranslationalmedicine2018;7:34–44
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Watanabe
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of iPS cell Applications, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Michiyo Koyanagi-Aoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of iPS cell Applications, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Center for Human Resource Development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Yukiko Yoshida
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of iPS cell Applications, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Azuma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Aoi
- Division of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Department of iPS cell Applications, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.,Center for Human Resource Development for Regenerative Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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19
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Lineage- and developmental stage-specific mechanomodulation of induced pluripotent stem cell differentiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:216. [PMID: 28962663 PMCID: PMC5622562 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To maximize the translational utility of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), the ability to precisely modulate the differentiation of iPSCs to target phenotypes is critical. Although the effects of the physical cell niche on stem cell differentiation are well documented, current approaches to direct step-wise differentiation of iPSCs have been typically limited to the optimization of soluble factors. In this regard, we investigated how temporally varied substrate stiffness affects the step-wise differentiation of iPSCs towards various lineages/phenotypes. METHODS Electrospun nanofibrous substrates with different reduced Young's modulus were utilized to subject cells to different mechanical environments during the differentiation process towards representative phenotypes from each of three germ layer derivatives including motor neuron, pancreatic endoderm, and chondrocyte. Phenotype-specific markers of each lineage/stage were utilized to determine differentiation efficiency by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence imaging for gene and protein expression analysis, respectively. RESULTS The results presented in this proof-of-concept study are the first to systematically demonstrate the significant role of the temporally varied mechanical microenvironment on the differentiation of stem cells. Our results demonstrate that the process of differentiation from pluripotent cells to functional end-phenotypes is mechanoresponsive in a lineage- and differentiation stage-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS Lineage/developmental stage-dependent optimization of electrospun substrate stiffness provides a unique opportunity to enhance differentiation efficiency of iPSCs for their facilitated therapeutic applications.
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20
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Interleukin-6 blockade attenuates lung cancer tissue construction integrated by cancer stem cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12317. [PMID: 28951614 PMCID: PMC5615065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12017-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we successfully generated lung cancer stem cell (CSC)-like cells by introducing a small set of transcription factors into a lung cancer cell line. In addition to properties that are conventionally referred to as CSC properties, the lung induced CSCs exhibited the ability to form lung cancer-like tissues in vitro with vascular cells and mesenchymal stem cells, which showed structures and immunohistological patterns that were similar to human lung cancer tissues. We named them “lung cancer organoids”. We found that interleukin-6 (IL-6), which was expressed in the lung induced CSCs, facilitates the formation of lung cancer organoids via the conversion of mesenchymal stem cells into alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA)-positive cells. Interestingly, the combination of anti-IL-6 antibody and cisplatin could destroy the lung cancer organoids, while cisplatin alone could not. Furthermore, IL-6 mRNA-positive cancer cells were found in clinical lung cancer samples. These results suggest that IL-6 could be a novel therapeutic target in lung cancer.
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21
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Ribeiro AJS, Schwab O, Mandegar MA, Ang YS, Conklin BR, Srivastava D, Pruitt BL. Multi-Imaging Method to Assay the Contractile Mechanical Output of Micropatterned Human iPSC-Derived Cardiac Myocytes. Circ Res 2017; 120:1572-1583. [PMID: 28400398 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.310363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE During each beat, cardiac myocytes (CMs) generate the mechanical output necessary for heart function through contractile mechanisms that involve shortening of sarcomeres along myofibrils. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can be differentiated into CMs (hiPSC-CMs) that model cardiac contractile mechanical output more robustly when micropatterned into physiological shapes. Quantifying the mechanical output of these cells enables us to assay cardiac activity in a dish. OBJECTIVE We sought to develop a computational platform that integrates analytic approaches to quantify the mechanical output of single micropatterned hiPSC-CMs from microscopy videos. METHODS AND RESULTS We micropatterned single hiPSC-CMs on deformable polyacrylamide substrates containing fluorescent microbeads. We acquired videos of single beating cells, of microbead displacement during contractions, and of fluorescently labeled myofibrils. These videos were independently analyzed to obtain parameters that capture the mechanical output of the imaged single cells. We also developed novel methods to quantify sarcomere length from videos of moving myofibrils and to analyze loss of synchronicity of beating in cells with contractile defects. We tested this computational platform by detecting variations in mechanical output induced by drugs and in cells expressing low levels of myosin-binding protein C. CONCLUSIONS Our method can measure the cardiac function of single micropatterned hiPSC-CMs and determine contractile parameters that can be used to elucidate mechanisms that underlie variations in CM function. This platform will be amenable to future studies of the effects of mutations and drugs on cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre J S Ribeiro
- From the Department of Mechanical Engineering (A.J.S.R., O.S., B.L.P.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), Department of Bioengineering (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.J.S.R., B.L.P.), Stanford University, CA; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.J.S.R., M.A.M., Y.-S.A., B.R.C., D.S.); Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA (Y.-S.A., D.S.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Biophysics (D.S.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3 (B.R.C.), and Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Olivier Schwab
- From the Department of Mechanical Engineering (A.J.S.R., O.S., B.L.P.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), Department of Bioengineering (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.J.S.R., B.L.P.), Stanford University, CA; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.J.S.R., M.A.M., Y.-S.A., B.R.C., D.S.); Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA (Y.-S.A., D.S.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Biophysics (D.S.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3 (B.R.C.), and Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Mohammad A Mandegar
- From the Department of Mechanical Engineering (A.J.S.R., O.S., B.L.P.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), Department of Bioengineering (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.J.S.R., B.L.P.), Stanford University, CA; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.J.S.R., M.A.M., Y.-S.A., B.R.C., D.S.); Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA (Y.-S.A., D.S.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Biophysics (D.S.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3 (B.R.C.), and Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Yen-Sin Ang
- From the Department of Mechanical Engineering (A.J.S.R., O.S., B.L.P.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), Department of Bioengineering (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.J.S.R., B.L.P.), Stanford University, CA; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.J.S.R., M.A.M., Y.-S.A., B.R.C., D.S.); Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA (Y.-S.A., D.S.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Biophysics (D.S.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3 (B.R.C.), and Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Bruce R Conklin
- From the Department of Mechanical Engineering (A.J.S.R., O.S., B.L.P.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), Department of Bioengineering (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.J.S.R., B.L.P.), Stanford University, CA; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.J.S.R., M.A.M., Y.-S.A., B.R.C., D.S.); Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA (Y.-S.A., D.S.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Biophysics (D.S.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3 (B.R.C.), and Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- From the Department of Mechanical Engineering (A.J.S.R., O.S., B.L.P.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), Department of Bioengineering (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.J.S.R., B.L.P.), Stanford University, CA; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.J.S.R., M.A.M., Y.-S.A., B.R.C., D.S.); Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA (Y.-S.A., D.S.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Biophysics (D.S.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3 (B.R.C.), and Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Beth L Pruitt
- From the Department of Mechanical Engineering (A.J.S.R., O.S., B.L.P.), Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), Department of Bioengineering (by courtesy) (B.L.P.), and Stanford Cardiovascular Institute (A.J.S.R., B.L.P.), Stanford University, CA; Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.J.S.R., M.A.M., Y.-S.A., B.R.C., D.S.); Roddenberry Stem Cell Center at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA (Y.-S.A., D.S.); Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Biophysics (D.S.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, QB3 (B.R.C.), and Department of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology (B.R.C.), University of California, San Francisco.
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Cervantes-Alvarez E, Wang Y, Collin de l'Hortet A, Guzman-Lepe J, Zhu J, Takeishi K. Current strategies to generate mature human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cholangiocytes and future applications. Organogenesis 2017; 13:1-15. [PMID: 28055309 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2016.1278133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell research has significantly evolved over the last few years, allowing the differentiation of pluripotent cells into almost any kind of lineage possible. Studies that focus on the liver have considerably taken a leap into this novel technology, and hepatocyte-like cells are being generated that are close to resembling actual hepatocytes both genotypically and phenotypically. The potential of this extends from disease models to bioengineering, and even also innovative therapies for end-stage liver disease. Nonetheless, too few attention has been given to the non-parenchymal cells which are also fundamental for normal liver function. This includes cholangiocytes, the cells of the biliary epithelium, without whose role in bile modification and metabolism would impair hepatocyte survival. Such can be observed in diseases that target them, so called cholangiopathies, for which there is much yet to study so as to improve therapeutical options. Protocols that describe the induction of human induced pluripotent stem cells into cholangiocytes are scarce, although progress is being achieved in this area as well. In order to give the current view on this emerging research field, and in hopes to motivate further advances, we present here a review on the known differentiation strategies with sight into future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cervantes-Alvarez
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,b PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , México
| | - Yang Wang
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA.,c Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , China
| | | | - Jorge Guzman-Lepe
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Jiye Zhu
- c Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery , Peking University People's Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Kazuki Takeishi
- a Department of Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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Sengillo JD, Justus S, Tsai YT, Cabral T, Tsang SH. Gene and cell-based therapies for inherited retinal disorders: An update. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2016; 172:349-366. [PMID: 27862925 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Retinal degenerations present a unique challenge as disease progression is irreversible and the retina has little regenerative potential. No current treatments for inherited retinal disease have the ability to reverse blindness, and current dietary supplement recommendations only delay disease progression with varied results. However, the retina is anatomically accessible and capable of being monitored at high resolution in vivo. This, in addition to the immune-privileged status of the eye, has put ocular disease at the forefront of advances in gene- and cell-based therapies. This review provides an update on gene therapies and randomized control trials for inherited retinal disease, including Leber congenital amaurosis, choroideremia, retinitis pigmentosa, Usher syndrome, X-linked retinoschisis, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and achromatopsia. New gene-modifying and cell-based strategies are also discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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