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Vijayarangam V, Gopalakrishnan Deviparasakthi MK, Balasubramanian P, Palaniyandi T, Ravindran R, Suliman M, Saeed M, Natarajan S, Sivaji A, Baskar G. Ferroptosis as a hero against oral cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 263:155637. [PMID: 39393267 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is an abnormal condition altering the cells to proliferate out of control simultaneously being susceptible to evolution. The lining which is made up of tissues in the lips, upper throat and mouth can undergo mutations, is recognised as mouth cancer or oral cancer. Substantial number of mouth lesions are identified at a point where it is typically not possible to get effective remedial care. Ferroptosis is a cutting-edge instance of cellular destruction which stands out in distinction to other sorts of cell death. It appears to have distinctive cellular, molecular and gene-level attributes and scavenges on deposits of reactive oxygen species triggered via iron-induced lipid peroxidation. It is said to be involved dichotomously in cancer development. Because the ferroptotic tumour cells put out numerous chemicals that alternatively signal for cancer attenuation or growth. There is increasing proof that researchers are now keenly investigating to stimulate ferroptosis through various inducers and pathways in the intent for oral cancer therapeutics, specifically to kill malignant tumours that refuse to respond well to conventional treatments. Also, it has the ability to reverse chemotherapy and radiotherapy resistance in victims maximising the success rate of the treatments. This review centres on the stimulation of ferroptosis as a stand-alone therapy for oral cancer, or in combination with other medicines, agents and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varshini Vijayarangam
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, India
| | | | - Priyanka Balasubramanian
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, India
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Palaniyandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, India; ACS-Advanced Medical Research Institute, Dr. M.G.R Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600077, India.
| | - Rekha Ravindran
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Muath Suliman
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Saeed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sudhakar Natarajan
- Department of Tuberculosis, ICMR - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai 600031, India
| | - Asha Sivaji
- Department of Biochemistry, DKM College for Women, Vellore 632001, India
| | - Gomathy Baskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, India
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Ma FY, Zhou XH, Liang Q. Advances in understanding of role and mechanism of Hippo signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:14-19. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors, and most patients have a poor prognosis. Many studies have shown that the Hippo signaling pathway plays a key role in the occurrence and development of CRC by regulating CRC cell proliferation and apoptosis, tumor invasion and metastasis, autophagy, metabolic reprogramming, drug resistance, and other processes. This article reviews the latest progress in research of the expression of key molecules of the Hippo signaling pathway in CRC as well as the understanding of the mechanism by which this pathway regulates the occurrence and development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yan Ma
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xi-Han Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qiao Liang
- Graduate School of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise 533000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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Activation of the Hippo Pathway in Rana sylvatica: Yapping Stops in Response to Anoxia. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121422. [PMID: 34947952 PMCID: PMC8708225 DOI: 10.3390/life11121422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) display well-developed anoxia tolerance as one component of their capacity to endure prolonged whole-body freezing during the winter months. Under anoxic conditions, multiple cellular responses are triggered to efficiently cope with stress by suppressing gene transcription and promoting activation of mechanisms that support cell survival. Activation of the Hippo signaling pathway initiates a cascade of protein kinase reactions that end with phosphorylation of YAP protein. Multiple pathway components of the Hippo pathway were analyzed via immunoblotting, qPCR or DNA-binding ELISAs to assess the effects of 24 h anoxia and 4 h aerobic recovery, compared with controls, on liver and heart metabolism of wood frogs. Immunoblot results showed significant increases in the relative levels of multiple proteins of the Hippo pathway representing an overall activation of the pathway in both organs under anoxia stress. Upregulation of transcript levels further confirmed this. A decrease in YAP and TEAD protein levels in the nuclear fraction also indicated reduced translocation of these proteins. Decreased DNA-binding activity of TEAD at the promoter region also suggested repression of gene transcription of its downstream targets such as SOX2 and OCT4. Furthermore, changes in the protein levels of two downstream targets of TEAD, OCT4 and SOX2, established regulated transcriptional activity and could possibly be associated with the activation of the Hippo pathway. Increased levels of TAZ in anoxic hearts also suggested its involvement in the repair mechanism for damage caused to cardiac muscles during anoxia. In summary, this study provides the first insights into the role of the Hippo pathway in maintaining cellular homeostasis in response to anoxia in amphibians.
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Niu JB, Hua CQ, Liu Y, Yu GX, Yang JJ, Li YR, Zhang YB, Qi YQ, Song J, Jin CY, Zhang SY. Discovery of N-aryl sulphonamide-quinazoline derivatives as anti-gastric cancer agents in vitro and in vivo via activating the Hippo signalling pathway. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1715-1731. [PMID: 34425716 PMCID: PMC8386742 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1958211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hippo signalling pathway plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. In this work, we identified an N-aryl sulphonamide-quinazoline derivative, compound 9i as an anti-gastric cancer agent, which exhibited potent antiproliferative ability with IC50 values of 0.36 μM (MGC-803 cells), 0.70 μM (HCT-116 cells), 1.04 μM (PC-3 cells), and 0.81 μM (MCF-7 cells), respectively and inhibited YAP activity by the activation of p-LATS. Compound 9i was effective in suppressing MGC-803 xenograft tumour growth in nude mice without obvious toxicity and significantly down-regulated the expression of YAP in vivo. Compound 9i arrested cells in the G2/M phase, induced intrinsic apoptosis, and inhibited cell colony formation in MGC-803 and SGC-7901 cells. Therefore, compound 9i is to be reported as an anti-gastric cancer agent via activating the Hippo signalling pathway and might help foster a new strategy for the cancer treatment by activating the Hippo signalling pathway regulatory function to inhibit the activity of YAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bo Niu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chun-Quan Hua
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang-Xi Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jia-Jia Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yin-Ru Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan-Bing Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying-Qiu Qi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cheng-Yun Jin
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies (Ministry of Education), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sai-Yang Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Roßwag S, Sleeman JP, Thaler S. RASSF1A-Mediated Suppression of Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα)-Driven Breast Cancer Cell Growth Depends on the Hippo-Kinases LATS1 and 2. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112868. [PMID: 34831091 PMCID: PMC8616147 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 70% of breast cancers express the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). This receptor is of central importance for breast cancer development and estrogen-dependent tumor growth. However, the molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the control of ERα expression and function in the context of breast carcinogenesis are complex and not fully understood. In previous work, we have demonstrated that the tumor suppressor RASSF1A suppresses estrogen-dependent growth of breast cancer cells through a complex network that keeps ERα expression and function under control. We observed that RASSF1A mediates the suppression of ERα expression through modulation of the Hippo effector Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) activity. Here we report that RASSF1A-mediated alteration of YAP1 depends on the Hippo-kinases LATS1 and LATS2. Based on these results, we conclude that inactivation of RASSF1A causes changes in the function of the Hippo signaling pathway and altered activation of YAP1, and as a consequence, increased expression and function of ERα. Thus, the inactivation of RASSF1A might constitute a fundamental event that supports the initiation of ERα-dependent breast cancer. Furthermore, our results support the notion that the Hippo pathway is important for the suppression of luminal breast cancers, and that the tumor-suppressor function of RASSF1A depends on LATS1 and LATS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Roßwag
- Department of Microvascular Biology and Pathobiology, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (S.R.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Jonathan P. Sleeman
- Department of Microvascular Biology and Pathobiology, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (S.R.); (J.P.S.)
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Campus Nord, 76344 Eggenstein-Leupoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sonja Thaler
- Department of Microvascular Biology and Pathobiology, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (S.R.); (J.P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-621-383-71599; Fax: +49-621-383-71451
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Recent Therapeutic Approaches to Modulate the Hippo Pathway in Oncology and Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102715. [PMID: 34685695 PMCID: PMC8534579 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionary conserved signaling network that regulates essential processes such as organ size, cell proliferation, migration, stemness and apoptosis. Alterations in this pathway are commonly found in solid tumors and can lead to hyperproliferation, resistance to chemotherapy, compensation for mKRAS and tumor immune evasion. As the terminal effectors of the Hippo pathway, the transcriptional coactivators YAP1/TAZ and the transcription factors TEAD1–4 present exciting opportunities to pharmacologically modulate the Hippo biology in cancer settings, inflammation and regenerative medicine. This review will provide an overview of the progress and current strategies to directly and indirectly target the YAP1/TAZ protein–protein interaction (PPI) with TEAD1–4 across multiple modalities, with focus on recent small molecules able to selectively bind to TEAD, block its autopalmitoylation and inhibit YAP1/TAZ–TEAD-dependent transcription in cancer.
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7
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Pan Y, Chua N, Lim K, Ho CL. Engineering of Human Lactoferrin for Improved Anticancer Activity. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1476-1482. [PMID: 34661069 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protease-digested lactoferrin fragments often exhibit improved therapeutic properties. However, there are limited studies investigating the anticancer properties of these fragments. The fragment with improved anticancer activities is an attractive alternative to chemotherapeutic drugs-presenting severe side effects. Herein, we report the isolation and characterization of recombinant engineered-lactoferrin (rtHLF4), exhibiting up to 100-fold improved anticancer activity compared to the full-length lactoferrin (flHLF). Further, rtHLF4 exerts its anticancer effect in a shorter duration. Through transcriptomic analysis of various cancer biomarkers, rtHLF4 was found to upregulate various pro-apoptotic markers and downregulate signaling proteins involved in angiogenesis and metastasis. We further determined that rtHLF4 showed no hemolytic activity at high concentrations. We believe that this anticancer protein can be further developed as a cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Niying Chua
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive 637551, Jurong West, Singapore
| | - Kaisheng Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun Loong Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China
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8
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Nastase A, Mandal A, Lu SK, Anbunathan H, Morris-Rosendahl D, Zhang YZ, Sun XM, Gennatas S, Rintoul RC, Edwards M, Bowman A, Chernova T, Benepal T, Lim E, Taylor AN, Nicholson AG, Popat S, Willis AE, MacFarlane M, Lathrop M, Bowcock AM, Moffatt MF, Cookson WOCM. Integrated genomics point to immune vulnerabilities in pleural mesothelioma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19138. [PMID: 34580349 PMCID: PMC8476593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive malignancy with limited effective therapies. In order to identify therapeutic targets, we integrated SNP genotyping, sequencing and transcriptomics from tumours and low-passage patient-derived cells. Previously unrecognised deletions of SUFU locus (10q24.32), observed in 21% of 118 tumours, resulted in disordered expression of transcripts from Hedgehog pathways and the T-cell synapse including VISTA. Co-deletion of Interferon Type I genes and CDKN2A was present in half of tumours and was a predictor of poor survival. We also found previously unrecognised deletions in RB1 in 26% of cases and show sub-micromolar responses to downstream PLK1, CHEK1 and Aurora Kinase inhibitors in primary mesothelioma cells. Defects in Hippo pathways that included RASSF7 amplification and NF2 or LATS1/2 mutations were present in 50% of tumours and were accompanied by micromolar responses to the YAP1 inhibitor Verteporfin. Our results suggest new therapeutic avenues in mesothelioma and indicate targets and biomarkers for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Nastase
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Amit Mandal
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Shir Kiong Lu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Hima Anbunathan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Deborah Morris-Rosendahl
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
- Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Yu Zhi Zhang
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Xiao-Ming Sun
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Spyridon Gennatas
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Robert C Rintoul
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Edwards
- Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex Bowman
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tatyana Chernova
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim Benepal
- Department of Oncology, St George's Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eric Lim
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anthony Newman Taylor
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Andrew G Nicholson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Popat
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Anne E Willis
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill Genome Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne M Bowcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK
| | - Miriam F Moffatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK.
| | - William O C M Cookson
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London, SW36LY, UK.
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9
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The Hippo Pathway: A Master Regulatory Network Important in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061416. [PMID: 34200285 PMCID: PMC8226666 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is pervasively activated and has been well recognized to play critical roles in human cancer. The deregulation of Hippo signaling involved in cancer development, progression, and resistance to cancer treatment have been confirmed in several human cancers. Its biological significance and deregulation in cancer have drawn increasing interest in the past few years. A fundamental understanding of the complexity of the Hippo pathway in cancer is crucial for improving future clinical interventions and therapy for cancers. In this review, we try to clarify the complex regulation and function of the Hippo signaling network in cancer development, including its role in signal transduction, metabolic regulation, and tumor development, as well as tumor therapies targeting the Hippo pathway.
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McKenna S, García-Gutiérrez L. Resistance to Targeted Therapy and RASSF1A Loss in Melanoma: What Are We Missing? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5115. [PMID: 34066022 PMCID: PMC8150731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer and is therapeutically challenging, considering its high mutation rate. Following the development of therapies to target BRAF, the most frequently found mutation in melanoma, promising therapeutic responses were observed. While mono- and combination therapies to target the MAPK cascade did induce a therapeutic response in BRAF-mutated melanomas, the development of resistance to MAPK-targeted therapies remains a challenge for a high proportion of patients. Resistance mechanisms are varied and can be categorised as intrinsic, acquired, and adaptive. RASSF1A is a tumour suppressor that plays an integral role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis as a central signalling hub. RASSF1A tumour suppressor activity is commonly lost in melanoma, mainly by aberrant promoter hypermethylation. RASSF1A loss could be associated with several mechanisms of resistance to MAPK inhibition considering that most of the signalling pathways that RASSF1A controls are found to be altered targeted therapy resistant melanomas. Herein, we discuss resistance mechanisms in detail and the potential role for RASSF1A reactivation to re-sensitise BRAF mutant melanomas to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía García-Gutiérrez
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
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Espinosa-Sánchez A, Suárez-Martínez E, Sánchez-Díaz L, Carnero A. Therapeutic Targeting of Signaling Pathways Related to Cancer Stemness. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1533. [PMID: 32984007 PMCID: PMC7479251 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The theory of cancer stem cells (CSCs) proposes that the different cells within a tumor, as well as metastasis deriving from it, are originated from a single subpopulation of cells with self-renewal and differentiation capacities. These cancer stem cells are supposed to be critical for tumor expansion and metastasis, tumor relapse and resistance to conventional therapies, such as chemo- and radiotherapy. The acquisition of these abilities has been attributed to the activation of alternative pathways, for instance, WNT, NOTCH, SHH, PI3K, Hippo, or NF-κB pathways, that regulate detoxification mechanisms; increase the metabolic rate; induce resistance to apoptotic, autophagic, and senescence pathways; promote the overexpression of drug transporter proteins; and activate specific stem cell transcription factors. The elimination of CSCs is an important goal in cancer therapeutic approaches because it could decrease relapses and metastatic dissemination, which are main causes of mortality in oncology patients. In this work, we discuss the role of these signaling pathways in CSCs along with their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asunción Espinosa-Sánchez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Cancer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Suárez-Martínez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Cancer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez-Díaz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Cancer, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Seville, Spain
- CIBER de Cancer, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Nishio M, To Y, Maehama T, Aono Y, Otani J, Hikasa H, Kitagawa A, Mimori K, Sasaki T, Nishina H, Toyokuni S, Lydon JP, Nakao K, Wah Mak T, Kiyono T, Katabuchi H, Tashiro H, Suzuki A. Endogenous YAP1 activation drives immediate onset of cervical carcinoma in situ in mice. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3576-3587. [PMID: 32716083 PMCID: PMC7541006 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is usually initiated by infection with high‐risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). The HPV E6 and E7 proteins target p53 and RB, respectively, but other cellular targets likely exist. We generated uterus‐specific MOB1A/B double KO (uMob1DKO) mice, which immediately developed cervical squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Mutant cervical epithelial cells showed YAP1‐dependent hyperproliferation, altered self‐renewal, impaired contact inhibition, and chromosomal instability. p53 activation was increased in uMob1DKO cells, and additional p53 loss in uMob1DKO mice accelerated tumor invasion. In human CC, strong YAP1 activation was observed from the precancerous stage. Human cells overexpressing HPV16 E6/E7 showed inactivation of not only p53 and RB but also PTPN14, boosting YAP1 activation. Estrogen, cigarette smoke condensate, and PI3K hyperactivation all increased YAP1 activity in human cervical epithelial cells, and PTPN14 depletion along with PI3K activation or estrogen treatment further enhanced YAP1. Thus, immediate CC onset may initiate when YAP1 activity exceeds an oncogenic threshold, making Hippo‐YAP1 signaling a major CC driver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nishio
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Cancer Genetics, MIB, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoko To
- Division of Cancer Genetics, MIB, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maehama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yukari Aono
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Junji Otani
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hikasa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kita-kyushu, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kitagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Medical School and Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Koshi Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, Beppu, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Department of Biochemical Pathophysiology, MRI, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishina
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, MRI, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Toyokuni
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- MIC, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tak Wah Mak
- The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, UHN, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Katabuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Tashiro
- Department of Women's Health Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Cancer Genetics, MIB, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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13
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Zhu T, Ma Z, Wang H, Jia X, Wu Y, Fu L, Li Z, Zhang C, Yu G. YAP/TAZ affects the development of pulmonary fibrosis by regulating multiple signaling pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 475:137-149. [PMID: 32813142 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03866-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
YAP and TAZ are important co-activators of various biological processes in human body. YAP/TAZ plays a vital role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Dysregulation of the YAP/TAZ signaling pathway is one of the most important causes of pulmonary fibrosis. Therefore, considering its crucial role, summary of the signal mechanism of YAP/TAZ is of certain guiding significance for the research of YAP/TAZ as a therapeutic target. The present review provided a detailed introduction to various YAP/TAZ-related signaling pathways and clarified the specific role of YAP/TAZ in these pathways. In the meantime, we summarized and evaluated possible applications of YAP/TAZ in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Overall, our study is of guiding significance for future research on the functional mechanism of YAP/TAZ underlying lung diseases as well as for identification of novel therapeutic targets specific to pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Zhifeng Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- Department of Pathology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yuanlin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Linhai Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Zhupeng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
| | - Guangmao Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), No. 568 Zhongxing North Road, Yuecheng District, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
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14
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Shih DJH, Nayyar N, Bihun I, Dagogo-Jack I, Gill CM, Aquilanti E, Bertalan M, Kaplan A, D'Andrea MR, Chukwueke U, Ippen FM, Alvarez-Breckenridge C, Camarda ND, Lastrapes M, McCabe D, Kuter B, Kaufman B, Strickland MR, Martinez-Gutierrez JC, Nagabhushan D, De Sauvage M, White MD, Castro BA, Hoang K, Kaneb A, Batchelor ED, Paek SH, Park SH, Martinez-Lage M, Berghoff AS, Merrill P, Gerstner ER, Batchelor TT, Frosch MP, Frazier RP, Borger DR, Iafrate AJ, Johnson BE, Santagata S, Preusser M, Cahill DP, Carter SL, Brastianos PK. Genomic characterization of human brain metastases identifies drivers of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Nat Genet 2020; 52:371-377. [PMID: 32203465 PMCID: PMC7136154 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain metastases from lung adenocarcinoma (BM-LUAD) frequently cause patient mortality. To identify genomic alterations that promote brain metastases, we performed whole-exome sequencing of 73 BM-LUAD cases. Using case-control analyses, we discovered candidate drivers of brain metastasis by identifying genes with more frequent copy-number aberrations in BM-LUAD compared to 503 primary LUADs. We identified three regions with significantly higher amplification frequencies in BM-LUAD, including MYC (12 versus 6%), YAP1 (7 versus 0.8%) and MMP13 (10 versus 0.6%), and significantly more frequent deletions in CDKN2A/B (27 versus 13%). We confirmed that the amplification frequencies of MYC, YAP1 and MMP13 were elevated in an independent cohort of 105 patients with BM-LUAD. Functional assessment in patient-derived xenograft mouse models validated the notion that MYC, YAP1 or MMP13 overexpression increased the incidence of brain metastasis. These results demonstrate that somatic alterations contribute to brain metastases and that genomic sequencing of a sufficient number of metastatic tumors can reveal previously unknown metastatic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J H Shih
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Naema Nayyar
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Molecular Medicine, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivanna Bihun
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Corey M Gill
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisa Aquilanti
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mia Bertalan
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan R D'Andrea
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ugonma Chukwueke
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Franziska Maria Ippen
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas D Camarda
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Lastrapes
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Devin McCabe
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ben Kuter
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Kaufman
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew R Strickland
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Martinez-Gutierrez
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deepika Nagabhushan
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Magali De Sauvage
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael D White
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brandyn A Castro
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaitlin Hoang
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Kaneb
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily D Batchelor
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Hye Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Anna S Berghoff
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Parker Merrill
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Tracy T Batchelor
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ryan P Frazier
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darrell R Borger
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce E Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel P Cahill
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott L Carter
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Omori H, Sato K, Nakano T, Wakasaki T, Toh S, Taguchi K, Nakagawa T, Masuda M. Stress-triggered YAP1/SOX2 activation transcriptionally reprograms head and neck squamous cell carcinoma for the acquisition of stemness. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:2433-2444. [PMID: 31485767 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical importance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is well recognized. However, a reliable method for the detection of functioning CSC has not yet been established. We hypothesized that YAP1, a transcriptional coactivator, and SOX2, a master transcription factor of SCC, may cooperatively induce stemness through transcriptional reprogramming. METHODS We immunohistochemically examined the expression of SOX2 and YAP1 in the CD44 variant 9 (CD44v9)-positive invasion front. A CSC-inducible module was identified through a combination of siRNAs and sphere formation assays. YAP1 and SOX2 interactions were analyzed in vitro. RESULTS The triple overexpression of SOX2, YAP1, and CD44v9 was significantly associated with poor prognosis. TCGA data revealed that the CSC-inducible module, which was related to EMT and angiogenesis, was significantly correlated with poor prognosis. The KLF7 expression, representatively chosen from the module, also correlated with poor prognosis and was essential for sphere formation and CSC propagation. Sphere stress-activated YAP1 enhanced SOX2 activity. CONCLUSIONS The stress-triggered activation of YAP1/SOX2 transcriptionally reprograms HNSCC for the acquisition of stemness. Triple SOX2, YAP1, and CD44v9 immunostaining assays may be useful for the selection of high-risk patients with functioning CSCs, and YAP1 targeting may lead to the development of a CSC-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Omori
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minamiku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Sato
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minamiku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Takafumi Nakano
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minamiku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Takahiro Wakasaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Satoshi Toh
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minamiku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Kenichi Taguchi
- Department of Pathology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minamiku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Muneyuki Masuda
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame, Minamiku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan.
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16
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Shreberk-Shaked M, Oren M. New insights into YAP/TAZ nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling: new cancer therapeutic opportunities? Mol Oncol 2019; 13:1335-1341. [PMID: 31050214 PMCID: PMC6547617 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Yes‐associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co‐activator with PDZ‐binding motif (TAZ), the main effectors of the Hippo pathway, are emerging as important players in cancer biology and therapy response. The intracellular localization of YAP/TAZ is a key determinant in the regulation of their activity and their roles in signal transduction. This is particularly relevant for cancer: Aberrant nuclear localization of YAP and TAZ has been observed in numerous human cancers and may therefore represent an attractive target for cancer therapy. In this review, we describe the mechanisms that regulate the nucleo‐cytoplasmic shuttling of YAP/TAZ and their implications for cancer, and discuss how the new insights about this process may pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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17
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Picco G, Chen ED, Alonso LG, Behan FM, Gonçalves E, Bignell G, Matchan A, Fu B, Banerjee R, Anderson E, Butler A, Benes CH, McDermott U, Dow D, Iorio F, Stronach E, Yang F, Yusa K, Saez-Rodriguez J, Garnett MJ. Functional linkage of gene fusions to cancer cell fitness assessed by pharmacological and CRISPR-Cas9 screening. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2198. [PMID: 31097696 PMCID: PMC6522557 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many gene fusions are reported in tumours and for most their role remains unknown. As fusions are used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes, and are targets for treatment, it is crucial to assess their function in cancer. To systematically investigate the role of fusions in tumour cell fitness, we utilized RNA-sequencing data from 1011 human cancer cell lines to functionally link 8354 fusion events with genomic data, sensitivity to >350 anti-cancer drugs and CRISPR-Cas9 loss-of-fitness effects. Established clinically-relevant fusions were identified. Overall, detection of functional fusions was rare, including those involving cancer driver genes, suggesting that many fusions are dispensable for tumour fitness. Therapeutically actionable fusions involving RAF1, BRD4 and ROS1 were verified in new histologies. In addition, recurrent YAP1-MAML2 fusions were identified as activators of Hippo-pathway signaling in multiple cancer types. Our approach discriminates functional fusions, identifying new drivers of carcinogenesis and fusions that could have clinical implications. Gene fusions are observed in many cancers but their link to tumour fitness is largely unknown. Here, transcriptomic analysis combined with pharmacological and CRISPR-Cas9 screening of cancer cell lines was used to evaluate the functional linkage between fusions and tumour fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Picco
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elisabeth D Chen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Luz Garcia Alonso
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Fiona M Behan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Emanuel Gonçalves
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Graham Bignell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Angela Matchan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Beiyuan Fu
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ruby Banerjee
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Elizabeth Anderson
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Adam Butler
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Cyril H Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,AstraZeneca, CRUK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - David Dow
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK.,Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426-0989, USA
| | - Francesco Iorio
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Euan Stronach
- Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK.,Research and Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426-0989, USA
| | - Fengtang Yang
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Kosuke Yusa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK.,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mathew J Garnett
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK. .,Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK.
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18
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Dominguez-Berrocal L, Cirri E, Zhang X, Andrini L, Marin GH, Lebel-Binay S, Rebollo A. New Therapeutic Approach for Targeting Hippo Signalling Pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4771. [PMID: 30886324 PMCID: PMC6423280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41404-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear localization signals are short amino acid sequences that target proteins for nuclear import. In this manuscript, we have generated a chimeric tri-functional peptide composed of a cell penetrating peptide (CPP), a nuclear localization sequence and an interfering peptide blocking the interaction between TEAD and YAP, two transcription factors involved in the Hippo signalling pathway, whose deregulation is related to several types of cancer. We have validated the cell penetration and nuclear localization by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy and shown that the new generated peptide displays an apoptotic effect in tumor cell lines thanks to the specific nuclear delivery of the cargo, which targets a protein/protein interaction in the nucleus. In addition, the peptide has an anti-tumoral effect in vivo in xenograft models of breast cancer. The chimeric peptide designed in the current study shows encouraging prospects for developing nuclear anti- neoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Cirri
- PEP Therapy, 45 rue du Cardinal Lemoine, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Xiguang Zhang
- CIMI Paris, Inserm U1135, 91, bd de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Laura Andrini
- Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, UNLP-CONICET, 60 and 120, Code, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo H Marin
- Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, UNLP-CONICET, 60 and 120, Code, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Angelita Rebollo
- CIMI Paris, Inserm U1135, 91, bd de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
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19
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Xekouki P, Lodge EJ, Matschke J, Santambrogio A, Apps JR, Sharif A, Jacques TS, Aylwin S, Prevot V, Li R, Flitsch J, Bornstein SR, Theodoropoulou M, Andoniadou CL. Non-secreting pituitary tumours characterised by enhanced expression of YAP/TAZ. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:215-225. [PMID: 30139767 PMCID: PMC6215911 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumours of the anterior pituitary can manifest from all endocrine cell types but the mechanisms for determining their specification are not known. The Hippo kinase cascade is a crucial signalling pathway regulating growth and cell fate in numerous organs. There is mounting evidence implicating this in tumour formation, where it is emerging as an anti-cancer target. We previously demonstrated activity of the Hippo kinase cascade in the mouse pituitary and nuclear association of its effectors YAP/TAZ with SOX2-expressing pituitary stem cells. Here, we sought to investigate whether these components are expressed in the human pituitary and if they are deregulated in human pituitary tumours. Analysis of pathway components by immunofluorescence reveals pathway activity during normal human pituitary development and in the adult gland. Poorly differentiated pituitary tumours (null-cell adenomas, adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas (ACPs) and papillary craniopharyngiomas (PCPs)), displayed enhanced expression of pathway effectors YAP/TAZ. In contrast, differentiated adenomas displayed lower or absent levels. Knockdown of the kinase-encoding Lats1 in GH3 rat mammosomatotropinoma cells suppressed Prl and Gh promoter activity following an increase in YAP/TAZ levels. In conclusion, we have demonstrated activity of the Hippo kinase cascade in the human pituitary and association of high YAP/TAZ with repression of the differentiated state both in vitro and in vivo. Characterisation of this pathway in pituitary tumours is of potential prognostic value, opening up putative avenues for treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Xekouki
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing’s College London, London, UK
- Department of EndocrinologyKing’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Emily J Lodge
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesKing’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jakob Matschke
- Institute of NeuropathologyUniversity Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alice Santambrogio
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine IIICarl Gustav Carus Medical School, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - John R Apps
- Birth Defects Research CentreDevelopmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Histopathology DepartmentGreat Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainInserm U1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille, France
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- Birth Defects Research CentreDevelopmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Histopathology DepartmentGreat Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon Aylwin
- Department of EndocrinologyKing’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainInserm U1172, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Lille, France
| | - Ran Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jörg Flitsch
- Department of NeurosurgeryHamburg University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesKing’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine IIICarl Gustav Carus Medical School, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marily Theodoropoulou
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to C L Andoniadou or M Theodoropoulou: or
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative BiologyKing’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Internal Medicine IIICarl Gustav Carus Medical School, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to C L Andoniadou or M Theodoropoulou: or
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20
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Elisi GM, Santucci M, D'Arca D, Lauriola A, Marverti G, Losi L, Scalvini L, Bolognesi ML, Mor M, Costi MP. Repurposing of Drugs Targeting YAP-TEAD Functions. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090329. [PMID: 30223434 PMCID: PMC6162436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a fast and consolidated approach for the research of new active compounds bypassing the long streamline of the drug discovery process. Several drugs in clinical practice have been reported for modulating the major Hippo pathway's terminal effectors, namely YAP (Yes1-associated protein), TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) and TEAD (transcriptional enhanced associate domains), which are directly involved in the regulation of cell growth and tissue homeostasis. Since this pathway is known to have many cross-talking phenomena with cell signaling pathways, many efforts have been made to understand its importance in oncology. Moreover, this could be relevant to obtain new molecular tools and potential therapeutic assets. In this review, we discuss the main mechanisms of action of the best-known compounds, clinically approved or investigational drugs, able to cross-talk and modulate the Hippo pathway, as an attractive strategy for the discovery of new potential lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Marco Elisi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Matteo Santucci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Domenico D'Arca
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Angela Lauriola
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Marverti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Lorena Losi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Unit of Pathology, 41124 Modena, Italy.
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Maria Laura Bolognesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy.
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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21
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Hippo pathway affects survival of cancer patients: extensive analysis of TCGA data and review of literature. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10623. [PMID: 30006603 PMCID: PMC6045671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28928-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The disruption of the Hippo pathway occurs in many cancer types and is associated with cancer progression. Herein, we investigated the impact of 32 Hippo genes on overall survival (OS) of cancer patients, by both analysing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and reviewing the related literature. mRNA and protein expression data of all solid tumors except pure sarcomas were downloaded from TCGA database. Thirty-two Hippo genes were considered; for each gene, patients were dichotomized based on median expression value. Survival analyses were performed to identify independent predictors, taking into account the main clinical-pathological features affecting OS. Finally, independent predictors were correlated with YAP1 oncoprotein expression. At least one of the Hippo genes is an independent prognostic factor in 12 out of 13 considered tumor datasets. mRNA levels of the independent predictors coherently correlate with YAP1 in glioma, kidney renal clear cell, head and neck, and bladder cancer. Moreover, literature data revealed the association between YAP1 levels and OS in gastric, colorectal, hepatocellular, pancreatic, and lung cancer. Herein, we identified cancers in which Hippo pathway affects OS; these cancers should be candidates for YAP1 inhibitors development and testing.
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22
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Gibault F, Sturbaut M, Bailly F, Melnyk P, Cotelle P. Targeting Transcriptional Enhanced Associate Domains (TEADs). J Med Chem 2017; 61:5057-5072. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Gibault
- JPArc, Centre
de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Neurosciences et Cancer, UMR-S-1172,
INSERM, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Manon Sturbaut
- JPArc, Centre
de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Neurosciences et Cancer, UMR-S-1172,
INSERM, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Bailly
- JPArc, Centre
de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Neurosciences et Cancer, UMR-S-1172,
INSERM, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Patricia Melnyk
- JPArc, Centre
de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Neurosciences et Cancer, UMR-S-1172,
INSERM, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Cotelle
- JPArc, Centre
de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert, Neurosciences et Cancer, UMR-S-1172,
INSERM, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
- ENSCL, F-59000 Lille, France
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23
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Nishio M, Maehama T, Goto H, Nakatani K, Kato W, Omori H, Miyachi Y, Togashi H, Shimono Y, Suzuki A. Hippo vs. Crab: tissue-specific functions of the mammalian Hippo pathway. Genes Cells 2017; 22:6-31. [PMID: 28078823 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is a vital suppressor of tumorigenesis that is often inactivated in human cancers. In normal cells, the Hippo pathway is triggered by external forces such as cell crowding, or changes to the extracellular matrix or cell polarity. Once activated, Hippo signaling down-regulates transcription supported by the paralogous cofactors YAP1 and TAZ. The Hippo pathway's functions in normal and cancer biology have been dissected by studies of mutant mice with null or conditional tissue-specific mutations of Hippo signaling elements. In this review, we attempt to systematically summarize results that have been gleaned from detailed in vivo characterizations of these mutants. Our goal is to describe the physiological roles of Hippo signaling in several normal organ systems, as well as to emphasize how disruption of the Hippo pathway, and particularly hyperactivation of YAP1/TAZ, can be oncogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Nishio
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maehama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroki Goto
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Nakatani
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Wakako Kato
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Omori
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Miyachi
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideru Togashi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yohei Shimono
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.,Division of Cancer Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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