1
|
Fujiwara Y, Oroku K, Zhou Y, Takahashi M, Katayama T, Wada K, Tsutsumi N, Sato T, Kabuta T. Expression of RNautophagy/DNautophagy-related genes is regulated under control of an innate immune receptor. RNA Biol 2024; 21:1-9. [PMID: 38200692 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2291610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a molecular pattern uniquely produced in cells infected with various viruses as a product or byproduct of replication. Cells detect such molecules, which indicate non-self invasion, and induce diverse immune responses to eliminate them. The degradation of virus-derived molecules can also play a role in the removal of pathogens and suppression of their replication. RNautophagy and DNautophagy are cellular degradative pathways in which RNA and DNA are directly imported into a hydrolytic organelle, the lysosome. Two lysosomal membrane proteins, SIDT2 and LAMP2C, mediate nucleic acid uptake via this pathway. Here, we showed that the expression of both SIDT2 and LAMP2C is selectively upregulated during the intracellular detection of poly(I:C), a synthetic analog of dsRNA that mimics viral infection. The upregulation of these two gene products upon poly(I:C) introduction was transient and synchronized. We also observed that the induction of SIDT2 and LAMP2C expression by poly(I:C) was dependent on MDA5, a cytoplasmic innate immune receptor that directly recognizes poly(I:C) and induces various antiviral responses. Finally, we showed that lysosomes can target viral RNA for degradation via RNautophagy and may suppress viral replication. Our results revealed a novel degradative pathway in cells as a downstream component of the innate immune response and provided evidence suggesting that the degradation of viral nucleic acids via RNautophagy/DNautophagy contributes to the suppression of viral replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Fujiwara
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Oroku
- Research Department, Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yinping Zhou
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taiichi Katayama
- Department of Child Development and Molecular Brain Science, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiji Wada
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tsutsumi
- Research Department, Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Sato
- Research Department, Nippon Institute for Biological Science, Ome, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kabuta
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim D, Kim SM, Lee J, Kim J, Lee JS. Knockout of the lysosomal membrane protein, LAMP2C, improves transient gene expression in HEK293 cells via increased intracellular plasmid availability. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300017. [PMID: 37953689 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmid-based transfection can be used in many applications such as transient gene expression (TGE)-based therapeutic protein production. These applications preferentially require maximization of intracellular plasmid availability. Here, we applied a lysosome engineering approach to alleviate lysosome-mediated nucleic acid degradation and enhance the TGE in mammalian cells. By knocking out the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP2C, which is known to be the main player in RNautophagy/DNautophagy (RDA), we significantly improved transient fluorescent protein expression in HEK293 cells by improving the retention rate of transfected plasmids; however, this effect was not observed in CHO cells. Additional knockout of a lysosomal membrane transporter and another RDA player, SIDT2, was ineffective, regardless of the presence of LAMP2C. LAMP2C knockout enhanced TGE-based mAb production in HEK293 cells by up to 2.82-fold increase in specific mAb productivity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HEK293 cells can be engineered to improve the usage of the transfected plasmid via knockout of the lysosomal membrane protein LAMP2C and provide efficient host cells in TGE systems for therapeutic protein production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwoo Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Mi Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejin Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seong Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeng Y, Xiao J, Xu Y, Wei F, Tian L, Gao Y, Chen Y, Hu Y. Degradation of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9/Cyclin T1 by Optimized Microtubule-Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3 Beta-Recruiting Coumarin Analogs. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12877-12893. [PMID: 37671907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an efficient and attractive protein degradation pathway in addition to the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Herein, systematic optimization of coumarin analogs linked with the CDK9 inhibitor SNS-032 is reported that may bind to cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B) simultaneously, which leads to the selective autophagic degradation of targeted CDK9/cyclin T1 and is different from the PROTAC degrader THAL-SNS-032. Further mechanism studies revealed an autophagy-lysosome pathway, where the degraders possibly formed a ternary complex with CDK9 and LC3B. In addition, degrader 10 showed antitumor efficacy in vivo. Our work optimized a potent LC3B recruiter and demonstrated the feasibility of autophagy-tethering compounds (ATTECs), which could be applied for the degradation of diverse intracellular pathogenic proteins to treat related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanxin Xu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Fan Wei
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lina Tian
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Yinglei Gao
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Youhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu-Chong-Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210046, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song M, Lu Q, Xu M, Li Y, Zhao Y, Gong C, Ou X. The global research and emerging trends in autophagy of pancreatic cancer: A bibliometric and visualized study. Front Oncol 2022; 12:987026. [PMID: 36263211 PMCID: PMC9574366 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.987026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To present the global research features and hotspots, and forecast the emerging trends by conducting a bibliometric analysis based on literature related to autophagy of pancreatic cancer from 2011 to 2022. Methods The literature data regarding autophagy of pancreatic cancer were retrieved and downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) from Clarivate Analytics on June 10th, 2022. VOSviewer (version 1.6.18) was used to perform the bibliometric analysis. Results A total of 616 studies written by 3993 authors, covered 45 countries and 871 organizations, published in 263 journals and co-cited 28152 references from 2719 journals. China (n=260, 42.2%) and the United States (n=211, 34.3%) were the most frequent publishers and collaborated closely. However, publications from China had a low average number of citations (25.35 times per paper). The output of University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ranked the first with 26 papers (accounting for 4.2% of the total publications). Cancers (n=23, 3.7%; Impact Factor = 6.639) published most papers in this field and was very pleasure to accept related researches. Daolin Tang and Rui Kang published the most papers (n=18, respectively). The research hotspots mainly focused on the mechanisms of autophagy in tumor onset and progression, the role of autophagy in tumor apoptosis, and autophagy-related drugs in treating pancreatic cancer (especially combined therapy). The emerging topics were chemotherapy resistance mediated by autophagy, tumor microenvironment related to autophagy, autophagy-depended epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), mitophagy, and the role of autophagy in tumor invasion. Conclusion Attention has been increasing in autophagy of pancreatic cancer over the past 12 years. Our results undoubtedly provide scholars with new clues and ideas in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Li
- Department of Gerontology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yawen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of Taicang, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Xilong Ou, ; Chen Gong,
| | - Xilong Ou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xilong Ou, ; Chen Gong,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jang KH, Heras CR, Lee G. m 6A in the Signal Transduction Network. Mol Cells 2022; 45:435-443. [PMID: 35748227 PMCID: PMC9260138 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to environmental changes, signaling pathways rewire gene expression programs through transcription factors. Epigenetic modification of the transcribed RNA can be another layer of gene expression regulation. N6-adenosine methylation (m6A) is one of the most common modifications on mRNA. It is a reversible chemical mark catalyzed by the enzymes that deposit and remove methyl groups. m6A recruits effector proteins that determine the fate of mRNAs through changes in splicing, cellular localization, stability, and translation efficiency. Emerging evidence shows that key signal transduction pathways including TGFβ (transforming growth factor-β), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), and mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) regulate downstream gene expression through m6A processing. Conversely, m6A can modulate the activity of signal transduction networks via m6A modification of signaling pathway genes or by acting as a ligand for receptors. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the crosstalk between m6A and signaling pathways and its implication for biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hong Jang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Chloe R. Heras
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gina Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guerrero-Navarro L, Jansen-Dürr P, Cavinato M. Age-Related Lysosomal Dysfunctions. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121977. [PMID: 35741106 PMCID: PMC9221958 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal aging is normally accompanied by an increase in the number of senescent cells, growth-arrested metabolic active cells that affect normal tissue function. These cells present a series of characteristics that have been studied over the last few decades. The damage in cellular organelles disbalances the cellular homeostatic processes, altering the behavior of these cells. Lysosomal dysfunction is emerging as an important factor that could regulate the production of inflammatory molecules, metabolic cellular state, or mitochondrial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Guerrero-Navarro
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.G.-N.); (P.J.-D.)
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Innrain 58, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pidder Jansen-Dürr
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.G.-N.); (P.J.-D.)
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Innrain 58, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maria Cavinato
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (L.G.-N.); (P.J.-D.)
- Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, Innrain 58, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lu X, Ding Y, Liu H, Sun M, Chen C, Yang Y, Wang H. The Role of Hydrogen Sulfide Regulation of Autophagy in Liver Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074035. [PMID: 35409395 PMCID: PMC8999478 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex process of degradation of senescent or dysfunctional organelles in cells. Dysfunctional autophagy is associated with many diseases such as cancers, immune dysfunction, and aging. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is considered to be the third gas signal molecule after nitrous oxide and carbon monoxide. In recent years, H2S has been found to have a variety of important biological functions, and plays an important role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we review the recent role and mechanism of H2S in regulating autophagy in liver disorders, in order to provide a basis for further research in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Lu
- Institute of Nursing and Health, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China; (X.L.); (Y.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Yueming Ding
- Institute of Nursing and Health, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China; (X.L.); (Y.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Huiyang Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Mengyao Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Chaoran Chen
- Institute of Nursing and Health, School of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng 475004, China; (X.L.); (Y.D.); (C.C.)
| | - Yihan Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Honggang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; (H.L.); (M.S.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liao HY, Wang ZQ, Ran R, Zhou KS, Ma CW, Zhang HH. Biological Functions and Therapeutic Potential of Autophagy in Spinal Cord Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:761273. [PMID: 34988074 PMCID: PMC8721099 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.761273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway that maintains metabolism and homeostasis by eliminating protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Many studies have reported that autophagy plays an important role in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the spatiotemporal patterns of autophagy activation after traumatic SCI are contradictory. Most studies show that the activation of autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis have neuroprotective effects on traumatic SCI. However, reports demonstrate that autophagy is strongly associated with distal neuronal death and the impaired functional recovery following traumatic SCI. This article introduces SCI pathophysiology, the physiology and mechanism of autophagy, and our current review on its role in traumatic SCI. We also discuss the interaction between autophagy and apoptosis and the therapeutic effect of activating or inhibiting autophagy in promoting functional recovery. Thus, we aim to provide a theoretical basis for the biological therapy of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Liao
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Ran
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai-Sheng Zhou
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chun-Wei Ma
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Complex Interplay between Autophagy and NLRP3 Inflammasome in Renal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312766. [PMID: 34884572 PMCID: PMC8657456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved process of the eukaryotic cell cycle. It plays an important role in the survival and maintenance of cells by degrading organelles, proteins, and macromolecules in the cytoplasm and the circulation of degraded products. The dysfunction of autophagy can lead to the pathology of many human diseases. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome belongs to the family of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) and can induce caspase-1 activation, thus leading to the maturation and secretion of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-18. It has been reported that the interplay between autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome is involved in many diseases, including renal diseases. In this review, the interplay between autophagy and the NLRP3 inflammasome and the mechanisms in renal diseases are explored to provide ideas for relevant basic research in the future.
Collapse
|
10
|
DNA Repair Inhibition Leads to Active Export of Repetitive Sequences to the Cytoplasm Triggering an Inflammatory Response. J Neurosci 2021; 41:9286-9307. [PMID: 34593604 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0845-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases are often accompanied by evidence of a chronic inflammation that includes activation of microglial cells and altered levels of brain cytokines. Aspects of this response are likely secondary reactions to neurodegeneration, but for many illnesses the inflammation may itself be an early and even causative disease event. In such cases, the inflammation is referred to as "sterile" as it occurs in the absence of an actual bacterial or viral pathogen. A potent trigger of sterile inflammation in CNS microglia has been shown to be the presence of DNA in the cytoplasm (cytoDNA) induced either by direct DNA damage or by inhibited DNA repair. We have shown that cytoDNA comes from the cell nucleus as a result of insufficient DNA damage repair. Using wild-type and Atm -/- mouse microglia, we extend these observations here by showing that its genomic origins are not random, but rather are heavily biased toward transcriptionally inactive, intergenic regions, in particular repetitive elements and AT-rich sequences. Once released from the genome, in both males and females, we show that cytoDNA is actively exported to the cytoplasm by a CRM1-dependent mechanism. In the cytoplasm, it is degraded either by a cytosolic exonuclease, Trex1, or an autophagy pathway that ends with degradation in the lysosome. Blocking the accumulation of cytoDNA prevents the emergence of the sterile inflammation reaction. These findings offer new insights into the emergence of sterile inflammation and offer novel approaches that may be of use in combatting a wide range of neurodegenerative conditions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sterile inflammation describes a state where the defenses of the immune system are activated in the absence of a true pathogen. A potent trigger of this unorthodox response is the presence of DNA in the cytoplasm, which immune cells interpret as an invading virus or pathogen. We show that when DNA damage increases, fragments of the cell's own genome are actively exported to the cytoplasm where they are normally degraded. If this degradation is incomplete an immune reaction is triggered. Both age and stress increase DNA damage, and as age-related neurodegenerative diseases are frequently accompanied by a chronic low-level inflammation, strategies that reduce the induction of cytoplasmic DNA or speed its clearance become attractive therapeutic targets.
Collapse
|
11
|
Trzeciak A, Wang YT, Perry JSA. First we eat, then we do everything else: The dynamic metabolic regulation of efferocytosis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2126-2141. [PMID: 34433074 PMCID: PMC8568659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of apoptotic cells, or "efferocytosis," is essential for diverse processes including embryonic development, tissue turnover, organ regeneration, and immune cell development. The human body is estimated to remove approximately 1% of its body mass via apoptotic cell clearance daily. This poses several intriguing cell metabolism problems. For instance, phagocytes such as macrophages must induce or suppress metabolic pathways to find, engulf, and digest apoptotic cells. Then, phagocytes must manage the potentially burdensome biomass of the engulfed apoptotic cell. Finally, phagocytes reside in complex tissue architectures that vary in nutrient availability, the types of dying cells or debris that require clearance, and the neighboring cells they interact with. Here, we review advances in our understanding of these three key areas of phagocyte metabolism. We end by proposing a model of efferocytosis that integrates recent findings and establishes a new paradigm for testing how efferocytosis prevents chronic inflammatory disease and autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Trzeciak
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Justin Shaun Arnold Perry
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 E 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, 417 E 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bylino OV, Ibragimov AN, Pravednikova AE, Shidlovskii YV. Investigation of the Basic Steps in the Chromosome Conformation Capture Procedure. Front Genet 2021; 12:733937. [PMID: 34616432 PMCID: PMC8488379 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.733937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A constellation of chromosome conformation capture methods (С-methods) are an important tool for biochemical analysis of the spatial interactions between DNA regions that are separated in the primary sequence. All these methods are based on the long sequence of basic steps of treating cells, nuclei, chromatin, and finally DNA, thus representing a significant technical challenge. Here, we present an in-depth study of the basic steps in the chromatin conformation capture procedure (3С), which was performed using Drosophila Schneider 2 cells as a model. We investigated the steps of cell lysis, nuclei washing, nucleoplasm extraction, chromatin treatment with SDS/Triton X-100, restriction enzyme digestion, chromatin ligation, reversion of cross-links, DNA extraction, treatment of a 3C library with RNases, and purification of the 3C library. Several options were studied, and optimal conditions were found. Our work contributes to the understanding of the 3C basic steps and provides a useful guide to the 3C procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V. Bylino
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Airat N. Ibragimov
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna E. Pravednikova
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulii V. Shidlovskii
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Georgiou CD, Margaritis LH. Oxidative Stress and NADPH Oxidase: Connecting Electromagnetic Fields, Cation Channels and Biological Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10041. [PMID: 34576203 PMCID: PMC8470280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) disrupt the electrochemical balance of biological membranes, thereby causing abnormal cation movement and deterioration of the function of membrane voltage-gated ion channels. These can trigger an increase of oxidative stress (OS) and the impairment of all cellular functions, including DNA damage and subsequent carcinogenesis. In this review we focus on the main mechanisms of OS generation by EMF-sensitized NADPH oxidase (NOX), the involved OS biochemistry, and the associated key biological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos D. Georgiou
- Department of Biology, Section of Genetics, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Patras, 10679 Patras, Greece;
| | - Lukas H. Margaritis
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 26504 Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fu Y, Chen N, Wang Z, Luo S, Ding Y, Lu B. Degradation of lipid droplets by chimeric autophagy-tethering compounds. Cell Res 2021; 31:965-979. [PMID: 34239073 PMCID: PMC8410765 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00532-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Degrading pathogenic proteins by degrader technologies such as PROTACs (proteolysis-targeting chimeras) provides promising therapeutic strategies, but selective degradation of non-protein pathogenic biomolecules has been challenging. Here, we demonstrate a novel strategy to degrade non-protein biomolecules by autophagy-tethering compounds (ATTECs), using lipid droplets (LDs) as an exemplar target. LDs are ubiquitous cellular structures storing lipids and could be degraded by autophagy. We hypothesized that compounds interacting with both the LDs and the key autophagosome protein LC3 may enhance autophagic degradation of LDs. We designed and synthesized such compounds by connecting LC3-binding molecules to LD-binding probes via a linker. These compounds were capable of clearing LDs almost completely and rescued LD-related phenotypes in cells and in two independent mouse models with hepatic lipidosis. We further confirmed that the mechanism of action of these compounds was mediated through LC3 and autophagic degradation. Our proof-of-concept study demonstrates the capability of degrading LDs by ATTECs. Conceptually, this strategy could be applied to other protein and non-protein targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Fu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningxie Chen
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouqing Luo
- grid.11201.330000 0001 2219 0747Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Yu Ding
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Boxun Lu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Choi MS, Chae YJ, Choi JW, Chang JE. Potential Therapeutic Approaches through Modulating the Autophagy Process for Skin Barrier Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7869. [PMID: 34360634 PMCID: PMC8345957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an attractive process to researchers who are seeking novel potential treatments for various diseases. Autophagy plays a critical role in degrading damaged cellular organelles, supporting normal cell development, and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Because of the various effects of autophagy, recent human genome research has focused on evaluating the relationship between autophagy and a wide variety of diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, cancers, and inflammatory diseases. The skin is the largest organ in the body and provides the first line of defense against environmental hazards, including UV damage, chemical toxins, injuries, oxidative stress, and microorganisms. Autophagy takes part in endogenous defense mechanisms by controlling skin homeostasis. In this manner, regulating autophagy might contribute to the treatment of skin barrier dysfunctions. Various studies are ongoing to elucidate the association between autophagy and skin-related diseases in order to find potential therapeutic approaches. However, little evidence has been gathered about the relationship between autophagy and the skin. In this review, we highlight the previous findings of autophagy and skin barrier disorders and suggest potential therapeutic strategies. The recent research regarding autophagy in acne and skin aging is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Sik Choi
- Lab of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Korea;
| | - Yoon-Jee Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju-gun 55338, Korea;
| | - Ji Woong Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea;
| | - Ji-Eun Chang
- Lab of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lv S, Liu H, Wang H. Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Plays an Important Role by Regulating Autophagy in Diabetic-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136715. [PMID: 34201520 PMCID: PMC8268438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a vital cell mechanism which plays an important role in many physiological processes including clearing long-lived, accumulated and misfolded proteins, removing damaged organelles and regulating growth and aging. Autophagy also participates in a variety of biological functions, such as development, cell differentiation, resistance to pathogens and nutritional hunger. Recently, autophagy has been reported to be involved in diabetes, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, water-soluble, flammable gas with the typical odor of rotten eggs, which has been known as a highly toxic gas for many years. However, it has been reported recently that H2S, together with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, is an important gas signal transduction molecule. H2S has been reported to play a protective role in many diabetes-related diseases, but the mechanism is not fully clear. Recent studies indicate that H2S plays an important role by regulating autophagy in many diseases including cancer, tissue fibrosis diseases and glycometabolic diseases; however, the related mechanism has not been fully studied. In this review, we summarize recent research on the role of H2S in regulating autophagy in diabetic-related diseases to provide references for future related research.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lv S, Wang Z, Wang J, Wang H. Exogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Plays an Important Role Through Regulating Autophagy in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:681676. [PMID: 34055892 PMCID: PMC8155623 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.681676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is characterized by limiting blood supply to organs, then restoring blood flow and reoxygenation. It leads to many diseases, including acute kidney injury, myocardial infarction, circulatory arrest, ischemic stroke, trauma, and sickle cell disease. Autophagy is an important and conserved cellular pathway, in which cells transfer the cytoplasmic contents to lysosomes for degradation. It plays an important role in maintaining the balance of cell synthesis, decomposition and reuse, and participates in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), along with carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO), is an important gas signal molecule and regulates various physiological and pathological processes. In recent years, there are many studies on the improvement of I/R injury by H2S through regulating autophagy, but the related mechanisms are not completely clear. Therefore, we summarize the related research in the above aspects to provide theoretical reference for future in-depth research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyu Lv
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Henan Technician College of Medicine and Health, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Honggang Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pedrioli G, Paganetti P. Hijacking Endocytosis and Autophagy in Extracellular Vesicle Communication: Where the Inside Meets the Outside. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:595515. [PMID: 33490063 PMCID: PMC7817780 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.595515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, phospholipid bilayer-membrane vesicles of cellular origin, are emerging as nanocarriers of biological information between cells. Extracellular vesicles transport virtually all biologically active macromolecules (e.g., nucleotides, lipids, and proteins), thus eliciting phenotypic changes in recipient cells. However, we only partially understand the cellular mechanisms driving the encounter of a soluble ligand transported in the lumen of extracellular vesicles with its cytosolic receptor: a step required to evoke a biologically relevant response. In this context, we review herein current evidence supporting the role of two well-described cellular transport pathways: the endocytic pathway as the main entry route for extracellular vesicles and the autophagic pathway driving lysosomal degradation of cytosolic proteins. The interplay between these pathways may result in the target engagement between an extracellular vesicle cargo protein and its cytosolic target within the acidic compartments of the cell. This mechanism of cell-to-cell communication may well own possible implications in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giona Pedrioli
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Torricella-Taverne, Switzerland
- Member of the International Ph.D. Program of the Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Paganetti
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Torricella-Taverne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mousavi MJ, Mahmoudi M, Ghotloo S. Escape from X chromosome inactivation and female bias of autoimmune diseases. Mol Med 2020; 26:127. [PMID: 33297945 PMCID: PMC7727198 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-020-00256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Generally, autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in females than males. Various predisposing factors, including female sex hormones, X chromosome genes, and the microbiome have been implicated in the female bias of autoimmune diseases. During embryogenesis, one of the X chromosomes in the females is transcriptionally inactivated, in a process called X chromosome inactivation (XCI). This equalizes the impact of two X chromosomes in the females. However, some genes escape from XCI, providing a basis for the dual expression dosage of the given gene in the females. In the present review, the contribution of the escape genes to the female bias of autoimmune diseases will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Ghotloo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hase K, Contu VR, Kabuta C, Sakai R, Takahashi M, Kataoka N, Hakuno F, Takahashi SI, Fujiwara Y, Wada K, Kabuta T. Cytosolic domain of SIDT2 carries an arginine-rich motif that binds to RNA/DNA and is important for the direct transport of nucleic acids into lysosomes. Autophagy 2020; 16:1974-1988. [PMID: 31944164 PMCID: PMC7595612 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1712109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RNautophagy and DNautophagy (RDA) are unconventional autophagic pathways where nucleic acids are directly transported through the lysosomal membrane, then degraded inside lysosomes. We have previously shown that bitopic protein LAMP2C and putative RNA transporter SIDT2, both lysosomal membrane proteins, mediate the direct transport of nucleic acids into lysosomes and that LAMP2C interacts with the nucleic acids and functions as a receptor during RDA. Because SIDT2-mediated RDA occurs in isolated lysosomes that lack LAMP2C, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that SIDT2 itself could also interact with the nucleic acids. Our results show that SIDT2 directly binds RNA and DNA through an arginine-rich motif (ARM) located within its main cytosolic domain, and disruption of this motif dramatically impairs SIDT2-mediated RNautophagic activity. We also found that SIDT2 interacts with exon 1 of HTT (huntingtin) transcript through the ARM in a CAG-dependent manner. Moreover, overexpression of SIDT2 promoted degradation of HTT mRNA and reduced the levels of polyglutamine-expanded HTT aggregates, hallmarks of Huntington disease. In addition, a comparative analysis of LAMP2C and SIDT2 functions at the cellular level revealed that the two proteins exert a synergistic effect on RNautophagic activity and that the ARMs which mediate the interactions of SIDT2 and LAMP2C with RNA are essential for the synergy. Together, our results point out the importance of nucleic acid-binding capacity of SIDT2 for its function in translocating nucleic acids through the lipid bilayer and suggests a potential application of RNautophagy activation to reduce the expression levels of disease-causing toxic proteins. Abbreviations: ACTB/β-actin: actin beta; ARM: arginine-rich motif; CBB: Coomassie Brilliant Blue; CD: cytosolic domain; COX4I1/COX4: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4I1; E. coli: Escherichia coli; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; EtBr: ethidium bromide; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GOLGA2/GM130: golgin A2; GST: glutathione S-transferase; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; HSPA5/GRP78: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5; HTT: huntingtin; HTTex1: exon 1 of the HTT gene; LAMP2: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2; LMNA: lamin A/C; PAGE: polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PEI: polyethyleneimine; polyQ: polyglutamine; qPCR: quantitative PCR; RAB5A: RAB5A, member RAS oncogene family; RDA: RNautophagy and DNautophagy; SCARB2/LIMP2: scavenger receptor class B member 2; SDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate; SID-1: systemic RNA interference deficient-1; SIDT2: SID1 transmembrane family member 2; WT: wild type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Hase
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Viorica Raluca Contu
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Chihana Kabuta
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sakai
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kataoka
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hakuno
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yuuki Fujiwara
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Keiji Wada
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kabuta
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Antimycobacterial Effects of Everolimus in a Human Granuloma Model. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072043. [PMID: 32610643 PMCID: PMC7409120 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) has been historically and is currently a threat to global public health. First-line antibiotics have been effective but proven to be burdensome as they have many potential adverse side effects. There has been a recent increase in the number of active tuberculosis (TB) cases due to a prevalence of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant strains of M. tb, and an increasing number of highly susceptible people such as those with Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Multidrug-resistant M. tb infection (MDR-TB) is challenging to treat with existing therapeutics, so novel therapeutics and treatment strategies must be developed. Host-Directed Therapy (HDT) has been a potential target mechanism for effective clearance of infection. Host cell autophagy plays an essential role in antibacterial defense. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) has been negatively correlated with autophagy induction. Everolimus is an mTOR inhibitor that induces autophagy, but with higher water solubility. Therefore, targeting the mTOR pathway has the potential to develop novel and more effective combination drug therapy for TB. This study tested the effect of everolimus, alone and in combination with current first-line antibiotics (isoniazid and pyrazinamide), on the inhibition of M. tb inside in vitro human granulomas. We found that M. tb-infected in vitro granulomas treated with everolimus alone resulted in significantly decreased M. tb burden compared to similar granulomas in the control group. Cells treated with everolimus doses of either 1 nM or 2 nM in conjunction with pyrazinamide (PZA) produced a significant reduction in intracellular M. tb burden. Treatment groups that received everolimus alone in either 1 nM or 2 nM doses experienced a significant reduction in oxidative stress. Additionally, samples treated with 2 nM everolimus alone were observed to have significantly higher levels of autophagy and mTOR inhibition as well. Results from this study indicate that everolimus is efficacious in controlling M. tb infection in the granulomas and has additive effects when combined with the anti-TB drugs, isoniazid and pyrazinamide. This study has shown that everolimus is a promising host-directed therapeutic in the context of in vitro granuloma M. tb infection. Further study is warranted to better characterize these effects.
Collapse
|
22
|
Avcilar-Kucukgoze I, Gamper H, Polte C, Ignatova Z, Kraetzner R, Shtutman M, Hou YM, Dong DW, Kashina A. tRNA Arg-Derived Fragments Can Serve as Arginine Donors for Protein Arginylation. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:839-849.e4. [PMID: 32553119 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Arginyltransferase ATE1 mediates posttranslational arginylation and plays key roles in multiple physiological processes. ATE1 utilizes arginyl (Arg)-tRNAArg as the donor of Arg, putting this reaction into a direct competition with the protein synthesis machinery. Here, we address the question of ATE1- Arg-tRNAArg specificity as a potential mechanism enabling this competition in vivo. Using in vitro arginylation assays and Ate1 knockout models, we find that, in addition to full-length tRNA, ATE1 is also able to utilize short tRNAArg fragments that bear structural resemblance to tRNA-derived fragments (tRF), a recently discovered class of small regulatory non-coding RNAs with global emerging biological role. Ate1 knockout cells show a decrease in tRFArg generation and a significant increase in the ratio of tRNAArg:tRFArg compared with wild type, suggesting a functional link between tRFArg and arginylation. We propose that generation of physiologically important tRFs can serve as a switch between translation and protein arginylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irem Avcilar-Kucukgoze
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Howard Gamper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
| | - Christine Polte
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zoya Ignatova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Kraetzner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ya-Ming Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA
| | - Dawei W Dong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anna Kashina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Trivedi PC, Bartlett JJ, Pulinilkunnil T. Lysosomal Biology and Function: Modern View of Cellular Debris Bin. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051131. [PMID: 32375321 PMCID: PMC7290337 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are the main proteolytic compartments of mammalian cells comprising of a battery of hydrolases. Lysosomes dispose and recycle extracellular or intracellular macromolecules by fusing with endosomes or autophagosomes through specific waste clearance processes such as chaperone-mediated autophagy or microautophagy. The proteolytic end product is transported out of lysosomes via transporters or vesicular membrane trafficking. Recent studies have demonstrated lysosomes as a signaling node which sense, adapt and respond to changes in substrate metabolism to maintain cellular function. Lysosomal dysfunction not only influence pathways mediating membrane trafficking that culminate in the lysosome but also govern metabolic and signaling processes regulating protein sorting and targeting. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of lysosome in influencing sorting and nutrient signaling. We further present a mechanistic overview of intra-lysosomal processes, along with extra-lysosomal processes, governing lysosomal fusion and fission, exocytosis, positioning and membrane contact site formation. This review compiles existing knowledge in the field of lysosomal biology by describing various lysosomal events necessary to maintain cellular homeostasis facilitating development of therapies maintaining lysosomal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purvi C. Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada; (P.C.T.); (J.J.B.)
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Jordan J. Bartlett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada; (P.C.T.); (J.J.B.)
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4H7, Canada; (P.C.T.); (J.J.B.)
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(506)-636-6973
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Saeed HK, Sreedharan S, Jarman PJ, Archer SA, Fairbanks SD, Foxon SP, Auty AJ, Chekulaev D, Keane T, Meijer AJHM, Weinstein JA, Smythe CGW, Bernardino de la Serna J, Thomas JA. Making the Right Link to Theranostics: The Photophysical and Biological Properties of Dinuclear Ru II-Re I dppz Complexes Depend on Their Tether. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1101-1111. [PMID: 31846306 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of new dinuclear complexes containing linked RuII(dppz) and ReI(dppz) moieties is reported. The photophysical and biological properties of the new complex, which incorporates a N,N'-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)-1,6-hexanediamine tether ligand, are compared to a previously reported RuII/ReI complex linked by a simple dipyridyl alkane ligand. Although both complexes bind to DNA with similar affinities, steady-state and time-resolved photophysical studies reveal that the nature of the linker affects the excited state dynamics of the complexes and their DNA photocleavage properties. Quantum-based DFT calculations on these systems offer insights into these effects. While both complexes are live cells permeant, their intracellular localizations are significantly affected by the nature of the linker. Notably, one of the complexes displayed concentration-dependent localization and possesses photophysical properties that are compatible with SIM and STED nanoscopy. This allowed the dynamics of its intracellular localization to be tracked at super resolutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon P Foxon
- ZapGo, Limited , Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell , Oxford OX11 0FA , United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jorge Bernardino de la Serna
- Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council , Harwell-Oxford , Didcot OX11 0QX , United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine , Imperial College London , Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road , London SW7 2AZ , United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Xu Q, Mariman ECM, Goossens GH, Blaak EE, Jocken JWE. Cathepsin gene expression in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese/overweight humans. Adipocyte 2020; 9:246-252. [PMID: 32486882 PMCID: PMC7469552 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1775035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin L1 (CTSL1) and B (CTSB) are lysosomal proteases, of which the expression and activity are impaired in adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents, indicating AT lysosomal dysfunction. Here we assess the relation between abdominal subcutaneous AT (SCAT) CTSL1 and CTSB gene expression (qRT-PCR), body composition and tissue-specific insulin resistance in 77 overweight/obese (BMI: 225.6-38.6 kg/m2) well phenotyped men and women (61 M/16 F). A two-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed to assess AT, hepatic and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Our data show that reduced CTSB expression is associated with markers of insulin resistance (standardized β = -0.561, p < 0.001), independent of adiposity, while CTSL1 expression is only associated with markers of body composition. Our data suggest the presence of lysosomal dysfunction in SCAT of obese humans with an impaired glucose homoeostasis. However, this needs to be investigated in more detail in future mechanistic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin C. M. Mariman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs H. Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E. Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W. E. Jocken
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dong Y, Lin Y, Gao X, Zhao Y, Wan Z, Wang H, Wei M, Chen X, Qin W, Yang G, Liu L. Targeted blocking of miR328 lysosomal degradation with alkalized exosomes sensitizes the chronic leukemia cells to imatinib. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9569-9582. [PMID: 31701195 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10127-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Imatinib resistance remains the biggest hurdle for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), with the underlying mechanisms not fully understood. In this study, we found that miR328 significantly and strikingly decreased among other miRNA candidates during the induction of imatinib resistance. Overexpression of miR328 sensitized resistant cells to imatinib via post-transcriptionally decreasing ABCG2 expression, while miR328 knockdown conferred imatinib resistance in parental K562 cells. Moreover, miR328 was found selectively degraded in the lysosomes of K562R cells, as inhibition of lysosome with chloroquine restored miR328 expression and increased sensitivity to imatinib. Moreover, delivery of alkalized exosomes increased endogenous miR328 expression. Compared with the corresponding controls, the alkalized exosomes with or without miR328 sensitized the chronic leukemia cells to imatinib. Taken together, our study has revealed that lysosomal clearance of miR328 in imatinib-resistant cells at least partially contributes to the drug resistance, while delivery of alkalized exosomes would sensitize the chromic leukemia cells to imatinib.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road NO. 569th, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yao Lin
- Department of Stomatology, the Second Affiliated hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road NO. 569th, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road NO. 569th, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Zhuo Wan
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road NO. 569th, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road NO. 569th, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Mengying Wei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Changlexi Road NO.169th, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xutao Chen
- Department of Implantation, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiwei Qin
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road NO. 569th, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Changlexi Road NO.169th, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xinsi Road NO. 569th, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Miyazaki J, Toumon Y. Label-free dynamic imaging of mitochondria and lysosomes within living cells via simultaneous dual-pump photothermal microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5852-5861. [PMID: 31799051 PMCID: PMC6865103 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic activities of mitochondria and lysosomes, which play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis, were observed without labeling by using highly sensitive photothermal (PT) microscopy. This imaging modality allows for the direct observation of cellular organelles that contain endogenous chromophores, with high temporal and spatial resolution. We identified mitochondria and lysosomes inside living mammalian cells via simultaneous dual-color imaging. Moreover, dynamic imaging revealed that the lysosomes make contact with mitochondria and move between sites within the dynamic mitochondrial network. Since mitochondrial and lysosomal functions are intricately connected, PT microscopy should provide in-depth understanding of cellular functions associated with mitochondria-lysosome communication as well as insights into various human diseases caused by dysfunction of these organelles.
Collapse
|
28
|
Khandia R, Dadar M, Munjal A, Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Yatoo MI, Iqbal HMN, Singh KP, Joshi SK, Chaicumpa W. A Comprehensive Review of Autophagy and Its Various Roles in Infectious, Non-Infectious, and Lifestyle Diseases: Current Knowledge and Prospects for Disease Prevention, Novel Drug Design, and Therapy. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070674. [PMID: 31277291 PMCID: PMC6678135 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (self-eating) is a conserved cellular degradation process that plays important roles in maintaining homeostasis and preventing nutritional, metabolic, and infection-mediated stresses. Autophagy dysfunction can have various pathological consequences, including tumor progression, pathogen hyper-virulence, and neurodegeneration. This review describes the mechanisms of autophagy and its associations with other cell death mechanisms, including apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and autosis. Autophagy has both positive and negative roles in infection, cancer, neural development, metabolism, cardiovascular health, immunity, and iron homeostasis. Genetic defects in autophagy can have pathological consequences, such as static childhood encephalopathy with neurodegeneration in adulthood, Crohn's disease, hereditary spastic paraparesis, Danon disease, X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy, and sporadic inclusion body myositis. Further studies on the process of autophagy in different microbial infections could help to design and develop novel therapeutic strategies against important pathogenic microbes. This review on the progress and prospects of autophagy research describes various activators and suppressors, which could be used to design novel intervention strategies against numerous diseases and develop therapeutic drugs to protect human and animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Khandia
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Maryam Dadar
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj 31975/148, Iran
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal 462 026, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600051, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 001, India
| | - Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Sher-E-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar 190025, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L., CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil K Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lysosome inhibition sensitizes pancreatic cancer to replication stress by aspartate depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:6842-6847. [PMID: 30894490 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1812410116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional lysosomes mediate autophagy and macropinocytosis for nutrient acquisition. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors exhibit high basal lysosomal activity, and inhibition of lysosome function suppresses PDAC cell proliferation and tumor growth. However, the codependencies induced by lysosomal inhibition in PDAC have not been systematically explored. We performed a comprehensive pharmacological inhibition screen of the protein kinome and found that replication stress response (RSR) inhibitors were synthetically lethal with chloroquine (CQ) in PDAC cells. CQ treatment reduced de novo nucleotide biosynthesis and induced replication stress. We found that CQ treatment caused mitochondrial dysfunction and depletion of aspartate, an essential precursor for de novo nucleotide synthesis, as an underlying mechanism. Supplementation with aspartate partially rescued the phenotypes induced by CQ. The synergy of CQ and the RSR inhibitor VE-822 was comprehensively validated in both 2D and 3D cultures of PDAC cell lines, a heterotypic spheroid culture with cancer-associated fibroblasts, and in vivo xenograft and syngeneic PDAC mouse models. These results indicate a codependency on functional lysosomes and RSR in PDAC and support the translational potential of the combination of CQ and RSR inhibitors.
Collapse
|
30
|
Ferrucci M, Biagioni F, Ryskalin L, Limanaqi F, Gambardella S, Frati A, Fornai F. Ambiguous Effects of Autophagy Activation Following Hypoperfusion/Ischemia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092756. [PMID: 30217100 PMCID: PMC6163197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy primarily works to counteract nutrient deprivation that is strongly engaged during starvation and hypoxia, which happens in hypoperfusion. Nonetheless, autophagy is slightly active even in baseline conditions, when it is useful to remove aged proteins and organelles. This is critical when the mitochondria and/or proteins are damaged by toxic stimuli. In the present review, we discuss to that extent the recruitment of autophagy is beneficial in counteracting brain hypoperfusion or, vice-versa, its overactivity may per se be detrimental for cell survival. While analyzing these opposite effects, it turns out that the autophagy activity is likely not to be simply good or bad for cell survival, but its role varies depending on the timing and amount of autophagy activation. This calls for the need for an appropriate autophagy tuning to guarantee a beneficial effect on cell survival. Therefore, the present article draws a theoretical pattern of autophagy activation, which is hypothesized to define the appropriate timing and intensity, which should mirrors the duration and severity of brain hypoperfusion. The need for a fine tuning of the autophagy activation may explain why confounding outcomes occur when autophagy is studied using a rather simplistic approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Ferrucci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Larisa Ryskalin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | - Francesco Fornai
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
- IRCCS Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
The programmed DNA elimination and formation of micronuclei in germ line cells of the natural hybridogenetic water frog Pelophylax esculentus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7870. [PMID: 29777142 PMCID: PMC5959867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA elimination is a radical form of gene silencing and occurs both in somatic and germ cells. The programmed DNA elimination occurs during gametogenesis in interspecies hybrids that reproduce by hybridogenesis (stick insects, fishes, and amphibians) and concerns removal of whole genomes of one of the parental species and production of clonal gametes propagating the genome of the other species. The cellular mechanisms differ considerably in hybridogenetic insects and fishes but remains unknown in edible frogs Pelophylax esculentus, natural hybrids between Pelophylax lessonae and Pelophylax ridibundus. Here we report DNA elimination mechanism in early developing gonads of diploid and triploid hybrid frogs, studied by TEM, immunofluorescence, and cytochemistry. In gonocytes of both sexes (primary oogonia and prespermatogonia), micronuclei emerge as detached nuclear buds formed during interphase. We found depletion of nuclear pore complexes in micronuclear membrane and chromatin inactivation via heterochromatinization followed by degradation of micronuclei by autophagy. Micronuclei formation does not lead to apoptotic cell death showing that genome elimination is a physiological process. Chromatin elimination via micronuclei in P. esculentus is unique among hybridogenetic animals and contributes to broadening the knowledge about reproductive modes in animals.
Collapse
|
32
|
Arif R, Zaradzki M, Remes A, Seppelt P, Kunze R, Schröder H, Schwill S, Ensminger SM, Robinson PN, Karck M, Müller OJ, Hecker M, Wagner AH, Kallenbach K. AP-1 Oligodeoxynucleotides Reduce Aortic Elastolysis in a Murine Model of Marfan Syndrome. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:69-79. [PMID: 29246325 PMCID: PMC5608502 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome is characterized by high expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs) associated with medial elastolysis and aortic root aneurysm. We aimed to reduce aortic elastolysis through decrease of MMP expression with decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (dODNs) neutralizing the transcription factor activating factor-1 (AP-1). AP-1 abundance in nuclear extracts as well as MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression were significantly increased in isolated mAoSMC of mgR/mgR Marfan mice compared to wild-type cells. Exposure to AP-1 neutralizing dODNs resulted in a significant reduction of basal and interleukin-1β-stimulated MMP expression and activity in mAoSMCs. Moreover, increased migration and formation of superoxide radical anions was substantially decreased in mAoSMCs by AP-1 dODN treatment. Aortic grafts from donor Marfan mice were treated with AP-1- dODN ex vivo and implanted as infrarenal aortic interposition grafts in mgR/mgR mice. Pretreatment of aortic grafts with AP-1 dODN led to reduced elastolysis, macrophage infiltration, and MMP activity. Permeability of the endothelial monolayer was increased for dODN in mgR/mgR aortae with observed loss of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and occludin, enabling dODN to reach the tunica media. Targeting AP-1 activity offers a new potential strategy to treat the vascular phenotype associated with Marfan syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rawa Arif
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Marcin Zaradzki
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anca Remes
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Seppelt
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannes Schröder
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Schwill
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan M Ensminger
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Cardiovascular Centre North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter N Robinson
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Karck
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver J Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Heidelberg and DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Wagner
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kallenbach
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; INCCI HaerzZenter, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Contu VR, Hase K, Kozuka-Hata H, Oyama M, Fujiwara Y, Kabuta C, Takahashi M, Hakuno F, Takahashi SI, Wada K, Kabuta T. Lysosomal targeting of SIDT2 via multiple YXXΦ motifs is required for SIDT2 function in the process of RNautophagy. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2843-2853. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA degradation is an essential process for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Previously, we have discovered a novel RNA degradation system, RNautophagy, during which direct import of RNA into lysosomes in an ATP-dependent manner followed by degradation takes place. The putative nucleic acids transporter, SID-1 transmembrane family member 2 (SIDT2), predominantly localizes to lysosomes and mediates the translocation of RNA into lysosomes during RNautophagy. However, little is known about the mechanisms of sorting SIDT2 to lysosomes. Here, we showed that three cytosolic YXXΦ motifs are required for the lysosomal localization of SIDT2 and that SIDT2 interacts with adaptor protein complexes AP-1 and AP-2. We also found that localization to lysosomes by these three motifs is necessary for SIDT2 function in the process of RNautophagy, and that SIDT2 strikingly increases endogenous RNA degradation at the cellular level. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an endogenous intracellular protein of which overexpression substantially boosted intracellular RNA degradation. This study provides new insight into lysosomal targeting of proteins and intracellular RNA degradation, and further confirms the critical function of SIDT2 in RNautophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viorica Raluca Contu
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Katsunori Hase
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kozuka-Hata
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masaaki Oyama
- Medical Proteomics Laboratory, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuuki Fujiwara
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihana Kabuta
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takahashi
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hakuno
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Keiji Wada
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kabuta
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|