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Castellan I, Duménil C, Rehermann G, Eisenstecken D, Bianchi F, Robatscher P, Spitaler U, Favaro R, Schmidt S, Becher PG, Angeli S. Chemical and Electrophysiological Characterisation of Headspace Volatiles from Yeasts Attractive to Drosophila suzukii. J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01494-x. [PMID: 38691267 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Chemical control of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) based on the use of insecticides is particularly challenging as the insect attacks ripening fruits shortly before harvest. An alternative strategy may rely on the use of yeasts as phagostimulants and baits, applied on canopy as attract-and-kill formulations. The aim of this research was to identify the most attractive among six yeast species for D. suzukii: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Clavispora santaluciae, Saccharomycopsis vini, Issatchenkia terricola, and Metschnikowia pulcherrima. The volatile profile of C. santaluciae was described for the first time. Behavioural experiments identified H. uvarum and S. vini as the most attractive yeasts. The characterization of yeast headspace volatiles using direct headspace (DHS) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) revealed several strain-specific compounds. With DHS injection, 19 volatiles were characterised, while SPME revealed 71 compounds constituting the yeast headspace. Both analyses revealed terpenoids including β-ocimene, citronellol, (Z)-geraniol (nerol), and geranial as distinct constituents of S. vini. H. uvarum and S. vini were further investigated using closed-loop stripping analysis (CSLA) and electroantennography. Out of 14 compounds quantified by CSLA, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, β-myrcene, benzaldehyde and linalool were detected by D. suzukii antennae and might generate the strong attractiveness of S. vini and H. uvarum. Our results highlight a strong attraction of D. suzukii to various yeasts associated with both the flies and their habitat and demonstrate how different sampling methods can impact the results of volatile compound characterization. It remains to be demonstrated whether the distinct attraction is based on special adaptations to certain yeasts and to what extent the metabolites causing attraction are interchangeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Castellan
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Claire Duménil
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Guillermo Rehermann
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Chemical Ecology Horticulture Unit, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Daniela Eisenstecken
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer-Ora, Italy
| | - Flavia Bianchi
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer-Ora, Italy
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer-Ora, Italy
| | - Urban Spitaler
- Entomology Group, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer-Ora, Italy
| | - Riccardo Favaro
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Silvia Schmidt
- Entomology Group, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer-Ora, Italy
| | - Paul G Becher
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Chemical Ecology Horticulture Unit, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Sergio Angeli
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.
- Competence Centre for Plant Health, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.
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Tait G, Zhu T, Klick J, Ganjisaffar F, Castillo C, Kennedy R, Thomas H, Adams C, Pfab F, Mermer S, Mirandola E, Xue L, Zalom FG, Seagraves M, Walton VM. Open field trials of food-grade gum in California and Oregon as a behavioral control for Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae). FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1141853. [PMID: 38469503 PMCID: PMC10926501 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1141853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The invasion of Drosophila suzukii, spotted-wing drosophila, across Europe and the US has led to economic losses for berry and cherry growers, and increased insecticide applications to protect fruit from damage. Commercial production relies heavily on unsustainable use of conventional toxic insecticides. Non-toxic insecticide strategies are necessary to alleviate the disadvantages and non-target impacts of toxic conventional insecticides and improve Integrated Pest Management (IPM). A novel food-grade gum deployed on dispenser pads (GUM dispensers) was evaluated to mitigate D. suzukii crop damage in five commercial crops and nine locations. Trials were conducted at a rate of 124 dispensers per hectare in cherry, wine grape, blueberry, raspberry, and blackberry in California and Oregon, USA during 2019 and 2020. The majority of trials with the food-grade gum resulted in a reduction of D. suzukii egg laying in susceptible fruit. In some cases, such damage was reduced by up to 78%. Overall, results from our meta-analysis showed highly significant differences between GUM treatments and the untreated control. Modeling simulations suggest a synergistic reduction of D. suzukii damage when used in combination with Spinosad (Entrust SC) insecticide. These data illustrate commercial value of this tool as a sustainable alternative to manage D. suzukii populations within a systems approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Tait
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Tingyu Zhu
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jimmy Klick
- Driscoll’s Inc., Watsonville, CA, United States
| | - Fatemeh Ganjisaffar
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Hillary Thomas
- Naturipe Berry Growers, Inc., Salinas, CA, United States
| | - Christopher Adams
- Department of Horticulture, Mid-Columbia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Hood River, OR, United States
| | - Ferdinand Pfab
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Serhan Mermer
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Enrico Mirandola
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals, and the Environment (DAFNAE), Padova University, Padua, Italy
| | - Lan Xue
- Department of Statistics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Frank G. Zalom
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Vaughn M. Walton
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Tait G, Mermer S, Chave RDB, Rossi-Stacconi MV, Kaiser C, Walton VM. A Horticultural Cuticle Supplement Can Impact Quality Characters and Drosophila suzukii Damage of Several Small and Stone Fruit. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:772-779. [PMID: 35834241 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface wax and other cellular building blocks play an important role in preserving fruit integrity from biotic and abiotic adversities. Huge energy expenses are made by plants to place these protective compounds onto the epidermal cuticle. Sprayable plant and fruit coatings have been developed to protect plant tissues from environmental stresses, pathogens, and arthropods. The aim of this study was to determine if an experimental cuticle supplement containing waxes can affect fruit quality parameters such as firmness and size of various crops. Cherry, blueberry, and winegrape plants treated with the cuticle supplement showed significant increases in berry firmness ranging from 4.6 to 11.6%. No quality benefits were however observed on blackberry. Cuticle supplement applications did not significantly affect berry size. Laboratory trials resulted in a 54% mean reduction in a model pest insect i.e., Drosophila suzukii egg laying on blueberry. Short-duration field trials over 72 ± 2 to 96 ± 2 h on commercial-standard blueberry bushes resulted in 50-93.4% reductions of D. suzukii damage. Longer-term field trials on cherry and blueberry challenged with egg-laying D. suzukii showed reductions of damage ranging from 45 to 95%, up to 30 d after initial cuticle supplement applications. These results indicate that the cuticle supplement significantly alters berry firmness and reduces D. suzukii damage under commercial production conditions. One factor that may contribute to this reduction includes improved fruit quality parameters. The current work serves to expand integrated pest management options to control D. suzukii populations in commercial field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Tait
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Serhan Mermer
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Ryan D B Chave
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Vaughn M Walton
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Babu A, Rodriguez-Saona C, Sial AA. Factors Influencing the Efficacy of Novel Attract-and-Kill (ACTTRA SWD) Formulations Against Drosophila suzukii. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:981-989. [PMID: 35078242 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the continental United States, the invasive spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, has become a primary pest of multiple stone and soft-skinned fruits. A new innovative adjuvant formulation, ACTTRA SWD, mixed with a suitable insecticide, constitutes a novel attract-and-kill tactic to manage D. suzukii in fruit crops. We hypothesized that background odors present in crop fields, particularly odors from host fruits, negatively affect the effectiveness of this attract-and-kill formulation, as odors from these sources can compete for insect attraction. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of adult D. suzukii sex and physiological status (age and mating status), and fruit ripeness on its response to the ACTTRA SWD formulation. For this, we used two-choice bioassays to test the response of adult D. suzukii to three ACTTRA SWD formulations (named OR1, TD, and HOOK SWD) in the presence and absence of host fruits (blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, and strawberries). Odors from raspberries were significantly more attractive than those from the TD formulation mixed with spinosad (Entrust). For the HOOK SWD formulation and OR1+Entrust formulation, odors from all the fruit types tested were significantly more attractive than the adjuvants. Compared with females, male D. suzukii were more attracted to the TD formulation over the blueberry fruits. Additionally, age and female mating status but not fruit ripeness influenced D. suzukii attraction to both OR1 and TD formulations. The results from this study indicate that D. suzukii physiological status and host fruit availability impact the efficacy of new attract-and-kill adjuvants such as ACTTRA SWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Babu
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Ashfaq A Sial
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Rehermann G, Spitaler U, Sahle K, Cossu CS, Donne LD, Bianchi F, Eisenstecken D, Angeli S, Schmidt S, Becher PG. Behavioral manipulation of Drosophila suzukii for pest control: high attraction to yeast enhances insecticide efficacy when applied on leaves. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:896-904. [PMID: 34716651 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The invasive pest, Drosophila suzukii attacks fresh soft-skinned fruit. Broad-spectrum insecticides are implemented for control but there is a need to reduce environmental risks and insecticide residues on fruits. Hanseniaspora uvarum is a yeast frequently found on ripe fruits and associated with D. suzukii. We aim to exploit the ecological association and attraction of D. suzukii to H. uvarum by developing an attract-and-kill strategy, with spray-application on canopy but not fruit. We therefore investigated D. suzukii attraction, egg-laying and mortality when exposed to insecticidal yeast-based formulations. RESULTS Hanseniaspora uvarum strongly attracted D. suzukii when applied on leaves of grapevine, Vitis vinifera. Notably, this attractiveness was competitive to ripe grape berries that were susceptible to D. suzukii infestation. Moreover, adding H. uvarum enhanced the efficacy of insecticidal formulations against D. suzukii. Flies exposed to leaves treated with yeast-insecticide formulations showed higher mortality and laid a lower number of eggs compared to flies exposed to insecticide alone. In a wind tunnel, all treatments containing H. uvarum alone or in combination with insecticides, caused similar upwind flight and landing at the odor source, which provides evidence that the addition of insecticide did not reduce D. suzukii attraction to yeast. CONCLUSION Hanseniaspora uvarum can be used to manipulate the behavior of D. suzukii by attracting flies to insecticide formulations. Yeast attraction is competitive to grape berries and improves insecticide effectiveness, suggesting that sprays covering canopy only, could reduce residues on fruit without compromising management efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Rehermann
- Chemical Ecology - Horticulture, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Urban Spitaler
- Entomology Group, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer (Ora), Italy
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karolina Sahle
- Chemical Ecology - Horticulture, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Carlo S Cossu
- Entomology Group, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer (Ora), Italy
| | - Lorenz Delle Donne
- Entomology Group, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer (Ora), Italy
- Institute of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Flavia Bianchi
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer (Ora), Italy
| | - Daniela Eisenstecken
- Laboratory for Flavours and Metabolites, Institute for Agricultural Chemistry and Food Quality, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer (Ora), Italy
| | - Sergio Angeli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Silvia Schmidt
- Entomology Group, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer (Ora), Italy
| | - Paul G Becher
- Chemical Ecology - Horticulture, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Tait G, Mermer S, Stockton D, Lee J, Avosani S, Abrieux A, Anfora G, Beers E, Biondi A, Burrack H, Cha D, Chiu JC, Choi MY, Cloonan K, Crava CM, Daane KM, Dalton DT, Diepenbrock L, Fanning P, Ganjisaffar F, Gómez MI, Gut L, Grassi A, Hamby K, Hoelmer KA, Ioriatti C, Isaacs R, Klick J, Kraft L, Loeb G, Rossi-Stacconi MV, Nieri R, Pfab F, Puppato S, Rendon D, Renkema J, Rodriguez-Saona C, Rogers M, Sassù F, Schöneberg T, Scott MJ, Seagraves M, Sial A, Van Timmeren S, Wallingford A, Wang X, Yeh DA, Zalom FG, Walton VM. Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae): A Decade of Research Towards a Sustainable Integrated Pest Management Program. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1950-1974. [PMID: 34516634 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) also known as spotted-wing drosophila (SWD), is a pest native to Southeast Asia. In the last few decades, the pest has expanded its range to affect all major European and American fruit production regions. SWD is a highly adaptive insect that is able to disperse, survive, and flourish under a range of environmental conditions. Infestation by SWD generates both direct and indirect economic impacts through yield losses, shorter shelf life of infested fruit, and increased production costs. Fresh markets, frozen berries, and fruit export programs have been impacted by the pest due to zero tolerance for fruit infestation. As SWD control programs rely heavily on insecticides, exceedance of maximum residue levels (MRLs) has also resulted in crop rejections. The economic impact of SWD has been particularly severe for organic operations, mainly due to the limited availability of effective insecticides. Integrated pest management (IPM) of SWD could significantly reduce chemical inputs but would require substantial changes to horticultural management practices. This review evaluates the most promising methods studied as part of an IPM strategy against SWD across the world. For each of the considered techniques, the effectiveness, impact, sustainability, and stage of development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Tait
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Serhan Mermer
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Dara Stockton
- USDA-ARS Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Jana Lee
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sabina Avosani
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Antoine Abrieux
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gianfranco Anfora
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Trentino, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Beers
- Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Antonio Biondi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Hannah Burrack
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Dong Cha
- USDA-ARS Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Hilo, HI, USA
| | - Joanna C Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Man-Yeon Choi
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | | | - Cristina M Crava
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kent M Daane
- Kearney Agricultural Research and Education Center, Parlier, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel T Dalton
- Faculty of Engineering & IT, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, 9524, Villach, Austria
| | - Lauren Diepenbrock
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Phillip Fanning
- USDA Economic Research Service, Market Trade and Economics Division, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Fatemeh Ganjisaffar
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Miguel I Gómez
- Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Larry Gut
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alberto Grassi
- Technology Transfer Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Kelly Hamby
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kim A Hoelmer
- USDA-ARS Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Claudio Ioriatti
- Technology Transfer Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Rufus Isaacs
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Laura Kraft
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Gregory Loeb
- Department of Entomology, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | | | - Rachele Nieri
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Ferdinand Pfab
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Simone Puppato
- Technology Transfer Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Dalila Rendon
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Justin Renkema
- London Research and Development Centre - Vineland Campus, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Vineland, ON, Canada
| | | | - Mary Rogers
- Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Fabiana Sassù
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Insect Pest Control Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Maxwell J Scott
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Ashfaq Sial
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Anna Wallingford
- Department of Agriculture Nutrition and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Xingeng Wang
- USDA-ARS Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE, USA
| | - D Adeline Yeh
- USDA Economic Research Service, Market Trade and Economics Division, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Frank G Zalom
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Vaughn M Walton
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Laboratory Selection and Assessment of Resistance Risk in Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) to Spinosad and Malathion. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12090794. [PMID: 34564234 PMCID: PMC8466352 DOI: 10.3390/insects12090794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is one of the most economically important pests of soft-skinned fruits worldwide. Repeated insecticide applications commonly used to prevent fruit infestations increase the risk of resistance development in D. suzukii. Assessment of resistance risk in D. suzukii using artificial selection can be valuable in developing proactive resistance management strategies to retain susceptibility in the field populations. Here, we artificially selected a colony of field-collected D. suzukii for resistance against spinosad and malathion. A quantitative genetic approach was then used to estimate realized heritability (h2) of resistance and predict the rates of resistance development. After 10 and 11 generations of selection, resistance to spinosad and malathion in D. suzukii females significantly increased by 7.55- and 2.23-fold, respectively. Based on the predicted rates of resistance development, assuming h2 = 0.14 (mean h2 of spinosad resistance in this study) and 90% of population was killed at each generation, 10-fold increase in LC50 of D. suzukii females would be expected in nine generations for spinosad. However, 10-fold increase in LC50 of D. suzukii females for malathion would be expected in 37 generations, assuming h2 = 0.08 (mean h2 of malathion resistance) and 90% of population was killed at each generation. These results indicate that the risk of resistance in D. suzukii populations exists against both spinosad and malathion. However, resistance would develop faster against spinosad as compared to malathion. Thus, resistance management strategies should be implemented proactively to maintain the effectiveness of these insecticides to control D. suzukii.
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8
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Cultural Control of Drosophila suzukii in Small Fruit-Current and Pending Tactics in the U.S. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020172. [PMID: 33671153 PMCID: PMC7923098 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a science-based decision-making process that uses a variety of management approaches to increase farm profitability while protecting human health and the environment, with pesticides used only as a last resort. An important alternative to pesticides, cultural controls modify production practices and/or the crop environment to reduce pest populations and damage. This review presents the current state of knowledge and implementation of cultural controls to manage the invasive vinegar fly, spotted-wing drosophila, in U.S. small fruit crops. Spotted-wing drosophila causes direct damage by laying its eggs into ripening fruit. Because it reproduces quickly, uses a variety of cultivated and wild fruits, and is highly mobile, spotted-wing drosophila is difficult to manage. Developing effective and economic cultural controls to manage spotted-wing drosophila will help improve IPM programs. Abstract Spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), a vinegar fly of Asian origin, has emerged as a devastating pest of small and stone fruits throughout the United States. Tolerance for larvae is extremely low in fresh market fruit, and management is primarily achieved through repeated applications of broad-spectrum insecticides. These applications are neither economically nor environmentally sustainable, and can limit markets due to insecticide residue restrictions, cause outbreaks of secondary pests, and select for insecticide resistance. Sustainable integrated pest management programs include cultural control tactics and various nonchemical approaches for reducing pest populations that may be useful for managing D. suzukii. This review describes the current state of knowledge and implementation for different cultural controls including preventative tactics such as crop selection and exclusion as well as strategies to reduce habitat favorability (pruning; mulching; irrigation), alter resource availability (harvest frequency; sanitation), and lower suitability of fruit postharvest (cooling; irradiation). Because climate, horticultural practices, crop, and market underlie the efficacy, feasibility, and affordability of cultural control tactics, the potential of these tactics for D. suzukii management is discussed across different production systems.
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