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Soh LS, Veera Singham G. Bacterial symbionts influence host susceptibility to fenitrothion and imidacloprid in the obligate hematophagous bed bug, Cimex hemipterus. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4919. [PMID: 35318403 PMCID: PMC8941108 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of insecticides remains important in managing pest insects. Over the years, many insects manifested physiological and behavioral modifications resulting in reduced efficacy of insecticides targeted against them. Emerging evidence suggests that bacterial symbionts could modulate susceptibility of host insects against insecticides. Here, we explore the influence of host microbiota in affecting the susceptibility of insect host against different insecticides in the blood-sucking bed bug, Cimex hemipterus. Rifampicin antibiotic treatment resulted in increased susceptibility to fenitrothion and imidacloprid, but not against deltamethrin. Meanwhile, the host fitness parameters measured in the present study were not significantly affected by rifampicin treatment, suggesting the role of bacterial symbionts influencing susceptibility against the insecticides. 16S metagenomics sequencing revealed a drastic shift in the composition of several bacterial taxa following rifampicin treatment. The highly abundant Alphaproteobacteria (Wolbachia > 90%) and Gammaproteobacteria (Yersinia > 6%) in control bed bugs were significantly suppressed and replaced by Actinobacteria, Bacilli, and Betaproteobacteria in the rifampicin treated F1 bed bugs, suggesting possibilities of Wolbachia mediating insecticide susceptibility in C. hemipterus. However, no significant changes in the total esterase, GST, and P450 activities were observed following rifampicin treatment, indicating yet unknown bacterial mechanisms explaining the observed phenomena. Re-inoculation of microbial content from control individuals regained the tolerance of rifampicin treated bed bugs to imidacloprid and fenitrothion. This study provides a foundation for a symbiont-mediated mechanism in influencing insecticide susceptibility that was previously unknown to bed bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Shen Soh
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - G Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11900, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia.
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Ghavami MB, Ghahremani Z, Raeisi N, Taghiloo B. High levels of pyrethroid resistance and super-kdr mutations in the populations of tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, in Iran. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:470. [PMID: 34521460 PMCID: PMC8439044 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus, is an important ectoparasite causing various health problems. This species is mainly confined to tropical regions; however, insecticide resistance, global warming, and globalization have changed its distribution map. Molecular information on pyrethroid resistance, which is essential for the development of control programs, is unknown for C. hemipterus in expanded areas. The present study was designed to determine the permethrin resistance status, characterize the pyrethroid receptor sites in voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene, and identify the resistance-related mutations in the populations of tropical bed bug in Iran. Methods Live bed bugs were collected, and adults of C. hemipterus were selected for bioassay and molecular surveys. Bioassay was performed by tarsal contact with permethrin 0.75% in mixed-sex of samples. Conventional and quantitative TaqMan and SYBR Green real-time PCR assays were conducted to characterize the vgsc gene and genotypes of studied populations. Results In the bioassay tests, the mortality rates were in the range of 30.7–38.7% and 56.2–77.4% in 24 and 48 h, respectively. The knockdown rates of studied populations were in the range of 32.2–46.6% and 61.5–83.8% in the first and second days, respectively. The KT50 and KT90 values in the Cimex lectularius Kh1 strain were presented as 5.39 and 15.55 h, respectively. These values in the selected populations of C. hemipterus varied from 27.9 to 29.5 and from 82.8 to 104.4 h, respectively. Knockdown time ratios (KR50 and KR90) in these populations varied from 5.17 to 6.17-fold compared with those of the C. lectularius Kh1 strain. Fragments of vgsc gene with 355 bp and 812 bp were amplified. Analysis of sequences revealed the A468T substitution, kdr-associated D953G, and super-kdr M918I and L1014F mutations in all populations. Conclusions The specific/sensitive, safe, and rapid diagnostic assays developed in this study are recommended for detection of kdr/super-kdr mutations and frequency of mutant alleles. The presence of super-kdr mutations and high resistance to permethrin in all the populations necessitate the reconsideration of control approaches against C. hemipterus. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Bagher Ghavami
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Zarafat Ghahremani
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Narges Raeisi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Behrooz Taghiloo
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Effects of Chemical Insecticide Residues and Household Surface Type on a Beauveria bassiana-Based Biopesticide (Aprehend ®) for Bed Bug Management. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030214. [PMID: 33802315 PMCID: PMC7998477 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The biopesticide Aprehend, containing spores of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, is a biological control agent for the management of the common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). The spores are applied in strategically placed barriers, which bed bugs walk across as they search for a bloodmeal. Application of chemical insecticides by the general public and professional pest managers is common, which means that Aprehend may be sprayed on existing insecticide residues. We evaluated the effect of chemical residues, of 22 different chemical insecticides on different household surface types. We found that residues from 12 chemical pesticides significantly reduced spore viability measured 5 weeks after application in comparison to the control. However, efficacy of Aprehend, as measured by bed bug mortality and mean survival time after exposure to sprayed surfaces, seven weeks after application was not impacted detrimentally. Furthermore, in some cases, efficacy of old chemical residues was enhanced by the combination of chemical and Aprehend seven weeks after application. Surface type also played a role in the relative efficacy of all products and combinations, particularly as the residues aged.
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Influences of Exposure Time and Mortality Assessment Interval on Bioassay Results of Insecticide-Resistant Tropical Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090640. [PMID: 32961843 PMCID: PMC7565302 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bed bugs cause health and economic impacts due to their hematophagous behavior. The tropical bed bug, Cimex hemipterus (F.) is predominant in tropical and subtropical regions and modern strains demonstrate high levels of insecticide resistance making them a major challenge to control. In this present study, we investigated the effect of exposure time and mortality assessment interval on bioassay results. Bed bugs were treated separately with six insecticide products at label rates using the surface contact method, with multiple exposure times (5 min, 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and continuous exposure for 96 h or 14 days for Phantom). Post-treatment mortalities of bed bugs were assessed daily for up to 4 days (Tandem, Temprid SC, Pesguard FG161, Sumithrin, and Sumithion) and 14 days for Phantom. Results showed that longer exposure times led to rapid knockdown and better killing effect in bed bugs. Exposure times and mortality assessment intervals should be carefully considered in resistance and efficacy studies with insecticide products. Abstract We evaluated the influences of insecticide exposure time and mortality assessment intervals on the bioassay results of three insecticide-resistant tropical bed bug Cimex hemipterus (F.) populations (Madam Mo, Tanjong Tokong, and Green Lane). This was achieved using the surface contact method and tested with six commercial insecticide products: Tandem, Temprid SC, Pesguard FG161, Sumithrin, Sumithion, and Phantom applied at label rate on glass petri dishes. Six exposure times (5 min, 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 4 h, and continuous exposure for 4 or 14 days for Phantom) were tested. A susceptible common bed bug Cimex lectularius L. strain (Monheim) was used as the reference strain as no susceptible C. hemipterus strain exists. In treatment with Temprid SC, the Tanjong Tokong strain showed significantly higher KT50 values at 5, 10, and 30 min exposures than 1 h, 4 h, and continuous exposures. When all resistant populations were evaluated at continuous exposure to Sumithion, they demonstrated moderate resistance levels (RR50 ranged from 6.0 to 7.9), while KT50 and KT95 of other shorter exposure times failed to be generated due to low knockdown rate. Higher mortalities were observed in Tanjong Tokong and Green Lane strains when tested at longer exposure times with Temprid SC, Pesguard FG161, Sumithrin, Sumithion, and Phantom. Better killing effect was observed in the treatment with Temprid SC (Tanjong Tokong and Green Lane strains), Pesguard FG161 (Tanjong Tokong and Green Lane strains), Sumithrin (all C. hemipterus strains), Sumithion (all C. hemipterus strains), and Phantom (all strains tested) at longer mortality assessment intervals. We demonstrated that insecticide exposure time and mortality assessment interval could potentially affect outcomes of product performance evaluations, resulting in underestimation or overestimation of insecticide resistance levels in field populations.
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Khan RR, Al-Ghafri THA, Al-Khatri SAH, Al-Mazidi ISS, Al-Rawahi FG. Resistance to deltamethrin and fenitrothion in dubas bug, Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin (Homoptera: Tropiduchidae) and possible biochemical mechanisms. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13220. [PMID: 32764706 PMCID: PMC7411060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollution, ill-effects on human health, insecticide resistance development and insect pest resurgence are some serious problems that may arise due to excessive chemical spraying for pest control. Despite of heavy aerial and surface insecticide spraying, incomplete control of Ommatissus lybicus de Bergevin 1930 (Homoptera: Tropiduchidae) is reported in Oman every year, which requires investigation of insecticides resistance in pest. Fifteen populations of O. lybicus, collected from diverse vicinities were exposed along with a deltamethrin-selected (DEL-SEL) and lab-susceptible (LAB-SUS) strain to deltamethrin and fenitrothion insecticides in bioassay tests for estimation of their resistance status. All the field populations of O. lybicus, exhibited minor (RR = 3-5-folds) to low (RR = 5-10-folds) levels of resistance to deltamethrin, however, two out fifteen populations collected from Al-Hajir and Sint were found susceptible against fenitrothion (RR < 3-folds). Enzyme assays were conducted to detect the activities of cytochrome p-450-reductase (CPR), glutathione s-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the field collected, DEL-SEL and LAB-SUS strains of O. lybicus. Results revealed significantly increased activities of all enzymes in the field collected as well as DEL-SEL strains of O. lybicus when compared with LAB-SUS strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Rasool Khan
- Plant Protection Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, 121, Oman. .,Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Thuwaini Hashil Abdullah Al-Ghafri
- Plant Protection Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, 121, Oman
| | - Salim Ali Humaid Al-Khatri
- Plant Protection Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, 121, Oman
| | - Ibtisam Salim Suliman Al-Mazidi
- Plant Protection Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, 121, Oman
| | - Fatma Gharib Al-Rawahi
- Plant Protection Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, 121, Oman
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Gaire S, Romero A. Comparative Efficacy of Residual Insecticides against the Turkestan Cockroach, Blatta lateralis, (Blattodea: Blattidae) on Different Substrates. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080477. [PMID: 32731364 PMCID: PMC7469171 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Turkestan cockroach, Blatta lateralis (Walker) is an invasive urban pest prevalent throughout the Southwestern United States. Despite the presence of this cockroach in peridomestic areas, there is limited information on strategies that can be utilized by pest management professionals (PMPs) to effectively manage populations of this pest. We evaluated the efficacy of dry residues of liquid insecticides commonly used for household and structural insect pest control: Tandem (0.10% thiamethoxam, 0.03% lambda-cyhalothrin), Transport GHP (0.05% acetamiprid, 0.06% bifenthrin), Temprid SC (0.10% imidacloprid, 0.05% beta-cyfluthrin), Demand CS (0.06% lambda-cyhalothrin), Talstar P (0.06% bifenthrin), and Phantom (0.5% chlorfenapyr) on three different substrates against Turkestan cockroach nymphs. Except for Phantom and Talstar P, all insecticide formulations killed 100% of the cockroaches on concrete, 89–100% on tile, and 77–100% on wood within 4 days. The rate of cockroach mortality varied according to the substrates to which they were exposed. Temprid SC and Transport GHP killed cockroaches faster on tile than wood. Tandem provided a faster mortality rate than Transport GHP and Temprid SC on concrete. Demand CS and Tandem killed cockroaches at similar rates on the three substrates. This study provides information to guide PMPs in their selection of insecticide formulations for the management of Turkestan cockroach infestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Gaire
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Alvaro Romero
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-575-646-5550
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Cáceres M, Guzmán E, Alvarez-Costa A, Ortega F, G. Rubio R, Coviella C, Santo Orihuela PL, Vassena CV, Lucia A. Surfactantless Emulsions Containing Eugenol for Imidacloprid Solubilization: Physicochemical Characterization and Toxicity against Insecticide-Resistant Cimex lectularius. Molecules 2020; 25:E2290. [PMID: 32414128 PMCID: PMC7287993 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic insecticides have been used for a long time as one of the most effective tools for insect pest control. However, the re-emergence of insect pests and their fast development of resistance, as has occurred for pyrethroid-resistant bed bugs Cimex lectularius L., make it necessary to develop new and safe strategies for effective pest control. This has fostered the research on new eco-sustainable formulations based on essential oils, which allows reducing the impact associated with the intensive use of synthetic insecticides on the environment and their effects on human health. This research explores the stability of water/eugenol/ethanol surfactantless emulsions loaded with imidacloprid (0.003 wt%), and their toxicity against a resistant bed bug strain. The results have shown that these emulsions enable the solubilization of a poorly water-soluble drug, such as the imidacloprid, without any significant modification of their stability. Furthermore, the application of the obtained formulations against the pyrethroid-resistant bed bug results in mortality in the 50-85% range upon topical and spray applications, with the increase of the eugenol content enhancing the effectiveness of the formulations. It may be expected that the ternary water/eugenol/ethanol mixtures could be further developed in the preparation of ready to use formulations, enabling the dispersion of insecticides for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Cáceres
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (UNIDEF–CITEDEF, CONICET), San Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli 1603, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.L.S.O.); (C.V.V.)
| | - Eduardo Guzmán
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.O.); (R.G.R.)
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, nº1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Alvarez-Costa
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina;
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.O.); (R.G.R.)
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, nº1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón G. Rubio
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (F.O.); (R.G.R.)
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Paseo Juan XXIII, nº1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Coviella
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES, CONICET-UNLu), Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución, Luján 6700, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Lujan, Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución, Luján 6700, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo L. Santo Orihuela
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (UNIDEF–CITEDEF, CONICET), San Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli 1603, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.L.S.O.); (C.V.V.)
- Cátedra de Química Analítica Instrumental, -Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 954, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 1113, Argentina
| | - Claudia V. Vassena
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (UNIDEF–CITEDEF, CONICET), San Juan Bautista de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli 1603, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (P.L.S.O.); (C.V.V.)
- Instituto de Ingeniería e Investigaciones Ambientales, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES, CONICET-UNLu), Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución, Luján 6700, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal (CISaV), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 119, La Plata 1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Khan RR, Al-Khatri SAH, Al-Ghafri THA, Al-Mazidi ISS, Al-Rawahi FG, Al-Jabri SS, Hussain MH. Susceptibility survey of Ommatissus lybicus (de Bergevin) populations against deltamethrin and fenitrothion in Oman. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11690. [PMID: 31406297 PMCID: PMC6691187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite of extensive application of insecticides, severe infestation of date palms is reported with Ommatissus lybicus every year. The development of insecticide resistance in the field strains receiving heavy pesticide regimes can be a reason for unsuccessful control. Seventeen field strains of O. lybicus from Oman were appraised for resistance against deltamethrin and fenitrothion in years 2017 and 2018. Eleven field strains depicted susceptibility (RR < 3-fold) while six strains expressed minor (RR = 3–5-fold) to low level (RR = 5–10-fold) of resistance against deltamethrin when compared with lab-susceptible strain. In case of fenitrothion, fourteen field strains exhibited minor to low level of resistance and only two showed susceptibility. Intermediate resistance (RR = 10–40-fold) was also reported in one field strain against fenitrothion. A significant but low resistance (RR = 7.86-fold) was observed in a lab strain selected with deltamethrin for resistance development mechanism studies. The deltamethrin-selected strain exhibited minor resistance development (RR = 3.13-fold) against fenitrothion. Significant reduction in resistance was observed with higher toxicity values when the two pesticides were tested along with piperonyl butoxide (PBO) against all the field collected dubas bug strains. Higher susceptibility of field strains to deltamethrin suggest it a suitable alternate candidate to deter resistance development in O. lybicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashad Rasool Khan
- Department of Plant Protection, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Oman. .,Department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Salim Ali Humaid Al-Khatri
- Department of Plant Protection, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Oman
| | - Thuwaini Hashil Abdullah Al-Ghafri
- Department of Plant Protection, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Oman
| | - Ibtisam Salim Suliman Al-Mazidi
- Department of Plant Protection, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Oman
| | - Fatima Gharib Al-Rawahi
- Department of Plant Protection, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Oman
| | - Saif Suliman Al-Jabri
- Department of Plant Protection, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Oman
| | - Muhammad Hammad Hussain
- Animal Health Research Center, Directorate General of Agriculture and Livestock Research, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Muscat, Oman
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Khalid MF, Lee CY, Doggett SL, Veera Singham G. Circadian rhythms in insecticide susceptibility, metabolic enzyme activity, and gene expression in Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218343. [PMID: 31206537 PMCID: PMC6576784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many insect species display daily variation of sensitivity to insecticides when they are exposed to the same concentration at different times during the day. To date, this has not been investigated in bed bugs. To address this, we explored circadian rhythms in insecticide susceptibility, xenobiotic metabolizing (XM) gene expressions, and metabolic detoxification in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. An insecticide susceptible Monheim strain of C. lectularius was most tolerant of deltamethrin during the late photophase at ZT9 (i.e. nine hours after light is present in the light-dark cycle (LD) cycle) and similarly repeated at CT9 (i.e. nine hours into the subjective day in constant darkness (DD)) suggesting endogenous circadian involvement in susceptibility to deltamethrin. No diel rhythm was observed against imidacloprid insecticide despite significant daily susceptibility in both LD and DD conditions. Rhythmic expressions of metabolic detoxification genes, GSTs1 and CYP397A1 displayed similar expression patterns with total GST and P450 enzyme activities in LD and DD conditions, respectively. The oscillation of mRNA levels of GSTs1 and CYP397A1 was found consistent with peak phases of deltamethrin susceptibility in C. lectularius. This study demonstrates that circadian patterns of metabolic detoxification gene expression occur within C. lectularius. As a consequence, insecticide efficacy can vary dramatically throughout a 24 hour period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Fazli Khalid
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Urban Entomology Laboratory, Vector Control Research Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Stephen L. Doggett
- Department of Medical Entomology, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - G. Veera Singham
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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