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Liu D, Wu C, Wang Q, Liu D, Tian Z, Liu J. Effects of heat wave on development, reproduction, and morph differentiation of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:939-948. [PMID: 37542736 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
As global warming intensifies, heat waves occur frequently in the summer and autumn in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, is an important pest of soybean in the region, which faces great survival pressure due to high temperature. In this study, A. glycines fed soybean (AgFS) and wild soybean (AgFW) were exposed to diurnal 35 °C for 7 days begin at different developmental stages, and the development, reproduction, and morph differentiation were studied. When AgFS were exposed to heat waves from the second stadium to the adult stage, they performed worse in adult lifespan and fecundity than the control. When AgFW were exposed to heat waves begin at different developmental stages, the adult lifespan and reproduction period were shortened and reproduction ability decreased. When exposed to heat waves, the adult fecundity and intrinsic rate of increase in AgFW were lower than those of AgFS. Lower proportion of males were deposited on day 13, when AgFS and AgFW were exposed to diurnal 35 °C begin at different developmental stages. The results showed that heat waves lasting for 7 days were likely to be useful in the management of A. glycines, which reduced adult reproduction ability and male differentiation proportion in the offspring and significantly affected AgFW compared to AgFS. These results are important for predicting the dynamics of A. glycines in Heilongjiang, northeast China, where the local environmental temperature is increasing and heat waves occur frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dailin Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, China
| | - Cirui Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, China
| | - Donghao Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, China
| | - Zhenqi Tian
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Changjiang Road 600, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150030, China
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Hoddle MS, Milosavljević I, Amrich R. Effects of Temperature on the Developmental and Reproductive Biology of North American Bean Thrips, Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Panchaetothripinae). INSECTS 2023; 14:641. [PMID: 37504647 PMCID: PMC10380338 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
North American bean thrips, Caliothrips fasciatus, native to California U.S., has been detected inside the navels of navel oranges exported from California for more than 120 years. Despite this long history of accidental movement into new areas, this thrips has failed to establish populations outside of its native range. The cold accumulation hypothesis postulates that increasing levels of cold stress experienced by thrips overwintering inside navels is compounded when harvested fruit is shipped under cold storage conditions. Consequently, the fitness of surviving thrips is compromised, which greatly diminishes invasion potential. At the time this study was conducted, the effects of temperature on C. fasciatus fitness were unknown. To address this shortcoming, the effects of nine fluctuating temperatures that averaged 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, 35, and 37 °C over a 24 h period on the developmental and reproductive biology of C. fasciatus were evaluated. One linear and five nonlinear regression functions were fit to egg-to-adult development rate data for parent and offspring thrips to characterize thermal performance curves. Estimates of minimum, optimal, and maximum temperature thresholds for development were in the ranges of -4.37-6.52 °C (i.e., Tmin), 31.19-32.52 °C (i.e., Topt), and 35.07-37.98 °C (i.e., Tmax), respectively. Degree day accumulation to complete development, estimated from linear regression, ranged 370.37-384.61. Average development times for eggs, first and second instar larvae, propupae, pupae, and adult longevity, and mean lifetime fecundity of females were significantly affected by temperature. These biological responses to temperature may provide insight into how this abiotic variable affects the invasion potential of C. fasciatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ivan Milosavljević
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Citrus Research Board, Visalia, CA 93279, USA
| | - Ruth Amrich
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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3
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Sun W, Xia L, Wu Y. Life Histories and Functional Responses of Two Predatory Mites Feeding on the Stored-Grain Pest Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae). INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050478. [PMID: 37233106 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans and Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank) are predators of stored-grain pests in China. The psocid Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel is prone to outbreaks in depots. To assess the potential of large-scale breeding with Acarus siro Linnaeus and the biological control potential of C. malaccensis and C. eruditus against L. bostrychophila, we determined the development times of different stages at 16, 20, 24, and 28 °C and 75% relative humidity (RH) while feeding on A. siro, as well as the functional responses of both species' protonymphs and females to L. bostrychophila eggs at 28 °C and 75% RH. Cheyletus malaccensis had a shorter development time and longer adult survival time than C. eruditus at 28 °C and 75% RH and could establish populations faster than C. eruditus while preying on A. siro. The protonymphs of both species showed a type II functional response, while the females showed a type III functional response. Cheyletus malaccensis showed a higher predation ability than C. eruditus, and the females of both species had a higher predation ability than the protonymphs. Based on the observed development times, adult survival times, and predation efficiency, Cheyletus malaccensis has much greater biocontrol potential than C. eruditus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sun
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, National Engineering Research Center for Grain Storage and Transportation, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Street, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Liyuan Xia
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, National Engineering Research Center for Grain Storage and Transportation, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Street, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, National Engineering Research Center for Grain Storage and Transportation, No. 11 Baiwanzhuang Street, Beijing 100037, China
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Barrufaldi APF, Hayashida R, Hoback WW, Higley LG, Carvalho JRD, Oliveira RCD. Trade-Offs between Temperature and Fitness in Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): Implications for Mass Rearing and Field Management. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050448. [PMID: 37233076 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1798) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is one of the most abundant soybean stink bug pests in Brazil. Temperature is a key factor that affects its development and reproduction, and fluctuating temperatures may impact the development and reproduction of E. heros differently from those under constant temperatures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of constant and fluctuating temperature on the biological characteristics of E. heros in three successive generations. Treatments consisted of six constant temperatures (19 °C, 22 °C, 25 °C, 28 °C, 31 °C and 34 °C) and four fluctuating temperatures (25:21 °C, 28:24 °C, 31:27 °C, and 34:30 °C) evaluated for three successive generations. Second-stage nymphs were evaluated daily, and after they reached the adult stage, they were separated by sex, and the individual weight (mg) and pronotum size (mm) were recorded. After pair formation, eggs were collected to evaluate the pre-oviposition period, total number of eggs, and egg viability. The duration of the nymphal stage was reduced with an increase in both constant and fluctuating temperatures; however, at constant temperatures of 19 °C, 31 °C and 34 °C and fluctuating temperatures of 28:24 °C, there was no reproduction in adults. The base temperature and total degree day requirement for nymphal development were 15.5 °C and 197.4 dd, respectively. Pre-oviposition period (d), number of eggs per female, and viability of eggs (%) were affected by temperature across the generations. The multiple decrement life table analysis revealed that mortality was highest during the molting of the second-stage nymphs. These findings have important implications for E. heros' laboratory mass-rearing programs and for its management in fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Frugeri Barrufaldi
- Crop Protection Department, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Hayashida
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - William Wyatt Hoback
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Leon G Higley
- School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0760, USA
| | - Jose Romario de Carvalho
- State Department of Education, State of Espírito Santo, Jerônimo Monteiro 29550-000, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Regiane Cristina de Oliveira
- Crop Protection Department, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu 18610-034, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hu G, Li L, Guo Y, Kang C, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang J, Wang Y. Temperature-Dependent Development of Nitidula rufipes (Linnaeus, 1767) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and Its Significance in Estimating Minimum Postmortem Interval. INSECTS 2023; 14:299. [PMID: 36975984 PMCID: PMC10058101 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Coleoptera, including the family Nitidulidae, are valuable for estimating long-term postmortem intervals in the late stage of body decomposition. This study showed that, under seven constant temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34 °C, the developmental durations of Nitidula rufipes (Linnaeus, 1767) from oviposition to eclosion were 71.0 ± 4.4, 52.9 ± 4.1, 40.1 ± 3.4, 30.1 ± 2.1, 24.2 ± 2.0, 21.0 ±2.3, and 20.8 ± 2.4 days, respectively. The morphological indexes of body length, the widths of the head capsules, and the distance between the urogomphi of the larvae were measured in vivo. The regression model between larval body length and developmental durations was simulated for larval aging, and the head capsule width and the distance between the urogomphi at different instars were cluster-analyzed for instar discrimination. Based on the developmental durations, larval body length and thermal summation data were obtained, and the isomorphen diagram, isomegalen diagram, linear thermal summation models, and curvilinear Optim SSI models were established. The lower developmental threshold and thermal summation constant of N. rufipes evaluated by the linear thermal summation models were 9.65 ± 0.62 °C and 471.40 ± 25.46 degree days, respectively. The lower developmental thresholds, intrinsic optimum temperature, and upper lethal developmental threshold obtained by Optim SSI models were 10.12, 24.15, and 36.00 °C, respectively. The study of the immature stages of N. rufipes can provide preliminary basic developmental data for the estimation of minimum postmortem interval (PMImin). However, more extensive studies are needed on the effects of constant and fluctuating temperatures on the development of N. rufipes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Wang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-155-2114-3385
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Mermer S, Maslen EA, Dalton DT, Nielsen AL, Rucker A, Lowenstein D, Wiman N, Bhattarai M, Soohoo-Hui A, Harris ET, Pfab F, Walton VM. Temperature-Dependent Life Table Parameters of Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in the United States. INSECTS 2023; 14:248. [PMID: 36975933 PMCID: PMC10058958 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a generalist pest that causes serious injury to a variety of crops around the world. After the first detection in the USA, H. halys became a serious threat to growers resulting in significant crop damage. Understanding the effect of temperature on H. halys development will help to achieve successful control by predicting the phenological timing of the pest. Here, life table parameters (survival, development, reproduction, and daily mortality) of H. halys were evaluated for New Jersey and Oregon populations in the US. Parameters were determined from field-collected and laboratory-reared individuals. The results indicated that New Jersey populations had higher levels of egg-laying than Oregon populations and exhibited higher and earlier fecundity peaks. Survival levels were similar between populations. Linear and nonlinear fit were used to estimate the minimum (14.3 °C), optimal (27.8 °C), and maximum (35.9 °C) temperatures where development of H. halys can take place. An age-specific fecundity peak (Mx = 36.63) was recorded at 936 degree days for New Jersey populations, while maximum fecundity (Mx = 11.85) occurred at 1145 degree days in Oregon. No oviposition was recorded at the lowest (15 °C) or highest (35 °C) trialed temperatures. Developmental periods increased at temperatures above 30 °C, indicating that such higher temperatures are suboptimal for H. halys development. Altogether the most optimal temperatures for population increase (rm) ranged from 25 to 30 °C. Survival rates of H. halys at suboptimal low temperatures of 8 °C (i.e., 61%) is comparable to previous reports. The present paper provides additional data and context from a range of experimental conditions and populations. Such temperature-related H. halys life table parameters can be used to provide determine the risk to susceptible crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhan Mermer
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA (V.M.W.)
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Erika A. Maslen
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA (V.M.W.)
| | - Daniel T. Dalton
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA (V.M.W.)
- Fachhochschule Kärnten, Faculty of Engineering and IT, 9524 Villach, Austria
| | - Anne L. Nielsen
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Rutgers University, Bridgeton, NJ 08302, USA
| | - Ann Rucker
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Rutgers University, Bridgeton, NJ 08302, USA
| | - David Lowenstein
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA (V.M.W.)
- Macomb Country Extension Office, Michigan State University, Clinton Township, MI 48036, USA
| | - Nik Wiman
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA (V.M.W.)
- Department of Horticulture, North Willamette Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Aurora, OR 97002, USA
| | - Mukesh Bhattarai
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA (V.M.W.)
| | - Alexander Soohoo-Hui
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA (V.M.W.)
| | - Edwin T. Harris
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA (V.M.W.)
| | - Ferdinand Pfab
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93016, USA
| | - Vaughn M. Walton
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA (V.M.W.)
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Jafari M, Aghdam HR, Zamani AA, Goldasteh S, Soleyman-Nejadian E, Schausberger P. Thermal Oviposition Performance of the Ladybird Stethorus gilvifrons Preying on Two-Spotted Spider Mites. INSECTS 2023; 14:199. [PMID: 36835768 PMCID: PMC9959168 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ladybird, Stethorus gilvifrons (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), is an important predator of two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), in southeastern Europe and western and southwestern Asia, such as Iran, India, and Turkey. To enhance forecasting the occurrence and performance of this predator in natural control and improve its usage in biological control, we evaluated and compared four non-linear oviposition models, i.e., Enkegaard, Analytis, Bieri-1, and Bieri-2. The models were validated by using data of age-specific fecundity of female S. gilvifrons at six constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 27, 30, and 34 °C). All four models provided good fit quality to age-dependent oviposition at 15 to 30 °C (R2 0.67 to 0.94; R2adj 0.63 to 0.94) but had a poor fit at 34 °C (R2 0.33 to 0.40; R2adj 0.17 to 0.34). Within temperatures, the best performing models were Bieri-1 (R2), Bieri-2 (R2adj), and Analytis (RSS) at 15 °C, Bieri-1 at 27 °C, and Analytis at 20, 25, and 30 °C. Analytis was the best suited model across the wide temperature range tested (from 15 to 30 °C). The models presented here allow for prediction of the population dynamics of S. gilvifrons in field and greenhouse crops in temperate and subtropical climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jafari
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak 6134937333, Iran
| | - Hossein Ranjbar Aghdam
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran 1475744741, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Zamani
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah 6718773654, Iran
| | - Shila Goldasteh
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak 6134937333, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Soleyman-Nejadian
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak 6134937333, Iran
| | - Peter Schausberger
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Shang Y, Feng Y, Ren L, Zhang X, Yang F, Zhang C, Guo Y. Pupal Age Estimation of Sarcophaga peregrina (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) at Different Constant Temperatures Utilizing ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy and Cuticular Hydrocarbons. INSECTS 2023; 14:143. [PMID: 36835712 PMCID: PMC9965786 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sarcophaga peregrina (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) is a forensically important flesh fly that has potential value in estimating the PMImin. The precise pupal age estimation has great implications for PMImin estimation. During larval development, the age determination is straightforward by the morphological changes and variation of length and weight, however, the pupal age estimation is more difficult due to anatomical and morphological changes not being visible. Thus, it is necessary to find new techniques and methods that can be implemented by standard experiments for accurate pupal age estimation. In this study, we first investigated the potential of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) for the age estimations of S. peregrina pupae at different constant temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C). The orthogonal projections latent structure discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) classification model was used to distinguish the pupae samples of different developmental ages. Then, a multivariate statistical regression model, partial least squares (PLS), was established with the spectroscopic and hydrocarbon data for pupal age estimations. We identified 37 CHCs with a carbon chain length between 11 and 35 in the pupae of S. peregrina. The results of the OPLS-DA model show a significant separation between different developmental ages of pupae (R2X > 0.928, R2Y > 0.899, Q2 > 0.863). The PLS model had a satisfactory prediction with a good fit between the actual and predicted ages of the pupae (R2 > 0.927, RMSECV < 1.268). The results demonstrate that the variation tendencies of spectroscopy and hydrocarbons were time-dependent, and ATR-FTIR and CHCs may be optimal for the age estimations of pupae of forensically important flies with implications for PMImin estimation in forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Shang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yakai Feng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830017, China
| | - Lipin Ren
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xiangyan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Fengqin Yang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Changquan Zhang
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Yadong Guo
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Li X, Ye Z, Chen J, Zhu J, Han D, Wang J, Li L, Fu Y, Zhang F. Influence of Temperature, Photoperiod, and Supplementary Nutrition on the Development and Reproduction of Scutellista caerulea Fonscolombe (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:82. [PMID: 36662009 PMCID: PMC9861902 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Scutellista ciruela Fonscolombe has a significant controlling effect on the rubber tree pest, Parasaissetia nigra Nietner. To identify the optimal conditions for the population growth of S. caerulea, we assessed how temperature, photoperiod, and supplementary nutrition affected its development and reproduction. The results demonstrated that the number of eggs laid and parasitism rates of S. caerulea were the highest at 33 °C. The developmental rate of S. caerulea was the fastest and the number of emerged adults the highest. The number of eggs laid and the parasitism rates increased when the light duration increased within a day. Females did not lay any eggs when the whole day was dark. At a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D), the developmental duration was the shortest and the number of emerged adults was the highest. Adult life span was the longest under a 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod. During the adult stage, supplementary nutrition, such as sucrose, fructose, honey, and glucose, increased the life span of S. caerulea. The life span of S. caerulea was longer when provided with a supplementary diet of sucrose or honey, compared to other tested diets. The results suggested that the most suitable conditions for S. caerulea's population growth were the following: 30 to 33 °C, with 12 to 14 h of daylight, and the provision of sucrose or honey as supplemental diet for the adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Li
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570100, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou 570100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 570100, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Zhengpei Ye
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou 570100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 570100, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Junyu Chen
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou 570100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 570100, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Junhong Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou 570100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 570100, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Dongyin Han
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou 570100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 570100, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Jianyun Wang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou 570100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 570100, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Lei Li
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou 570100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 570100, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Yueguan Fu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou 570100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 570100, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Fangping Zhang
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 570100, China
- Engineering Research Center for Biological Control of Tropical Crops Diseases and Insect Pests, Haikou 570100, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Haikou 570100, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Control of Tropical Agricultural Pests, Haikou 570100, China
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Mastore M, Quadroni S, Rezzonico A, Brivio MF. The Influence of Daily Temperature Fluctuation on the Efficacy of Bioinsecticides on Spotted Wing Drosophila Larvae. INSECTS 2022; 14:43. [PMID: 36661971 PMCID: PMC9866168 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is allowing the invasion of insect pests into new areas without natural competitors and/or predators. The dipteran Drosophila suzukii has invaded both the Americas and Europe, becoming a serious problem for fruit crops. Control methods for this pest are still based on the use of pesticides, but less invasive and more sustainable methods, such as biocontrol, are needed. Variations in environmental conditions can affect the efficacy of bioinsecticides influencing their behavior and physiology besides that of the target insects. In this work, we developed a system that simulates the daily temperature fluctuations (DTFs) detected in the environment, with the aim of studying the influence of temperature on biocontrol processes. We investigated the effects of DTFs on the efficacy of four bioinsecticides. Results showed that DTFs modify the efficacy of some entomopathogens while they are ineffective on others. Specifically, the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis is the most effective bioinsecticide under all conditions tested, i.e., low DTF (11−22 °C) and high DTF (17−33 °C) compared to constant temperature (25 °C). In contrast, nematodes are more sensitive to changes in temperature: Steinernema carpocapsae loses efficacy at low DTF, while Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora are not effective in controlling the target dipteran. This work provides a basis for reviewing biological control methods against invasive species in the current context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Mastore
- Laboratory of Environmental Entomology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Quadroni
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Alberto Rezzonico
- Laboratory of Environmental Entomology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Maurizio Francesco Brivio
- Laboratory of Environmental Entomology and Parasitology, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
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Jafari M, Goldasteh S, Aghdam HR, Zamani AA, Soleyman-Nejadian E, Schausberger P. Modeling Thermal Developmental Trajectories and Thermal Requirements of the Ladybird Stethorus gilvifrons. INSECTS 2022; 14:11. [PMID: 36661940 PMCID: PMC9866226 DOI: 10.3390/insects14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development rate of the predatory ladybird, Stethorus gilvifrons (Mulsant), fed on Tetranychus urticae Koch, was determined at 15, 20, 25, 27, 30, 34, and 38 °C. The total development time from egg to adult emergence for females was estimated to be 61.4, 31.6, 14.4, 13.3, 12.5, and 11.7 days, respectively. The development time decreased with increasing temperature from 15 to 34 °C, but all eggs failed to hatch at 38 °C. The lower temperature threshold (T0) for the entire development period and the thermal constant (K) for female S. gilvifrons were estimated to be 11.64 °C and 194.50 degree-days (DD) using the common linear model, and 11.96 °C and 187.87 DD using the Ikemoto and Takai model, respectively. Data were fitted to 20 non-linear development rate models and the thermal thresholds (Tmin and Tmax) and optimal temperature (Topt) were estimated. Among non-linear models, the Briere-2 and Ikemoto and Takai linear model provided adequate descriptions of the temperature-dependent development of S. gilvifrons. The upper-temperature threshold was estimated to be about 44 °C using the Logan-10 non-linear model. The estimated thermal development characteristics can be used to predict the occurrence and the population dynamics, as well as to improve the mass rearing and release, of S. gilvifrons for the biological control of T. urticae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Jafari
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak 6134937333, Iran
| | - Shila Goldasteh
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak 6134937333, Iran
| | - Hossein Ranjbar Aghdam
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran 1475744741, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Zamani
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah 6718773654, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Soleyman-Nejadian
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak 6134937333, Iran
| | - Peter Schausberger
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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Lan R, Ren X, Cao K, Zhou X, Jin L. Demographic Evaluation of the Control Potential of Orius minutus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) Preying on Dendrothrips minowai Priesner (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) at Different Temperatures. INSECTS 2022; 13:1158. [PMID: 36555068 PMCID: PMC9785448 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tea thrips (Dendrothrips minowai Priesner) are the main pests that seriously affect the yield and quality of tea, resulting in huge economic losses. The Orius minutus is one of the most important natural enemies or BCA of thrips. However, we are not concerned with its predation ability on tea thrips, nor thermal influence on this pattern and their interaction. Therefore, this study recorded life table data of O. minutus and tea thrips combined with predation rate data to assess the ability of O. minutus to control tea thrips using age-stage, two-sex life tables at five constant temperatures. The results showed that at 25 °C, O. minutus had the highest predation rate on tea thrips, with an average generation time (T) of 22 d, intrinsic rate of increase (r) of 0.12 d-1, fecundity of 64.17, net reproduction rate (R0) of 12.76 offspring, and net predation rate (c0) of 310.92. In addition, around 410,000 adults and 1.98 million eggs were produced within 120 days. While the temperature change was straightforward, temperature effects on insects are not linear. The population size of the O. minutus and tea thrip trended similarly at 15-30 °C and would eliminate dramatically at 35 °C. Meanwhile, the results indicated that O. minutus could effectively inhibit the population growth of tea thrips at 15-30 °C, within 5-19 days at an intervention ratio of 10 adult O. minutus and 200 thrips individuals. The simulations under different mediated temperatures demonstrated that O. minutus is effective against tea thrips over a wide temperature range expected to be potential for biocontrol of tea thrips in tea gardens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongmeng Lan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Kunqian Cao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Linhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, China
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13
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Teder T, Taits K, Kaasik A, Tammaru T. Limited sex differences in plastic responses suggest evolutionary conservatism of thermal reaction norms: A meta-analysis in insects. Evol Lett 2022; 6:394-411. [PMID: 36579171 PMCID: PMC9783480 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature has a profound effect on the growth and development of ectothermic animals. However, the extent to which ecologically driven selection pressures can adjust thermal plastic responses in growth schedules is not well understood. Comparing temperature-induced plastic responses between sexes provides a promising but underexploited approach to evaluating the evolvability of thermal reaction norms: males and females share largely the same genes and immature environments but typically experience different ecological selection pressures. We proceed from the idea that substantial sex differences in plastic responses could be interpreted as resulting from sex-specific life-history optimization, whereas similarity among the sexes should rather be seen as evidence of an essential role of physiological constraints. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of sex-specific thermal responses in insect development times, using data on 161 species with comprehensive phylogenetic and ecological coverage. As a reference for judging the magnitude of sex specificity in thermal plasticity, we compared the magnitude of sex differences in plastic responses to temperature with those in response to diet. We show that sex-specific responses of development times to temperature variation are broadly similar. We also found no strong evidence for sex specificity in thermal responses to depend on the magnitude or direction of sex differences in development time. Sex differences in temperature-induced plastic responses were systematically less pronounced than sex differences in responses induced by variations in larval diet. Our results point to the existence of substantial constraints on the evolvability of thermal reaction norms in insects as the most likely explanation. If confirmed, the low evolvability of thermal response is an essential aspect to consider in predicting evolutionary responses to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiit Teder
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of TartuTartuEE‐50409Estonia,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental SciencesCzech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague165 21Czech Republic
| | - Kristiina Taits
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of TartuTartuEE‐50409Estonia
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of TartuTartuEE‐50409Estonia
| | - Toomas Tammaru
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth SciencesUniversity of TartuTartuEE‐50409Estonia
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Hougardy E, Hogg BN. Factors Affecting Progeny Production and Sex Ratio of Gryon aetherium (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a Candidate Biological Control Agent for Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:1010. [PMID: 36354834 PMCID: PMC9697044 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating the factors that influence progeny production and sex ratio in parasitoids can help maximize the production of quarantine bioassays and/or mass releases. In a series of experiments, we studied the effects of several factors on offspring production and sex ratio in the parasitoid Gryon aetherium (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a candidate biological control agent for Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Progeny production was influenced by maternal age and dropped when females were 24 or 28 days old and decreased on the second day of exposure. Overall, the offspring sex ratio was highly variable in G. aetherium and was affected by the duration of exposure, with higher proportions of females emerging after one day of exposure than after two days, but was not affected by female density, female age/host deprivation, or temperature during oviposition. Progeny production was affected by the temperature during oviposition and was highest at 26.6 °C. The results indicate that production of G. aetherium can be maximized at one day of exposure, using females that are less than 24 d old, and at temperatures of around 26 °C.
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15
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Li ZX, Ji MQ, Zhang C, Yang YB, Chen ZZ, Zhao HP, Xu YY, Kang ZW. The Influence of Host Aphids on the Performance of Aphelinus asychis. INSECTS 2022; 13:795. [PMID: 36135496 PMCID: PMC9500855 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aphid parasitoid Aphelinus asychis Walker is an important biological control agent against many aphid species. In this study, we examined whether the rearing host aphid species (the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum and the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae) affect the performance of A. asychis. We found that A. pisum-reared A. asychis showed a significantly larger body size (body length and hind tibia length) and shorter developmental time than S. avenae-reared A. asychis. There was no difference in the sex ratio between them. The longevity of A. pisum-reared A. asychis was also significantly longer than that of S. aveane-reared A. asychis. Furthermore, A. pisum-reared A. asychis presented stronger parasitic capacity and starvation resistance than S. aveane-reared A. asychi. In addition, host aphid alteration experiments showed that A. asychis only takes two generations to adapt to its new host. Taken together, these results revealed that A. pisum is a better alternative host aphid for mass-rearing and releasing of A. asychis. The body size plasticity of A. asychis is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xiang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Meng-Qi Ji
- School of Life Science, Institutes of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Rural Energy and Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Yi-Bing Yang
- Jinxiang County Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Jining 272200, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Hai-Peng Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yong-Yu Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Kang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- School of Life Science, Institutes of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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16
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Jing TX, Qi CC, Jiao A, Liu XQ, Zhang S, Su HH, Yang YZ. Life Table Construction under Different Temperatures and Insecticide Susceptibility Analysis of Uroleucon formosanum (Hemiptera: Aphididae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13080693. [PMID: 36005318 PMCID: PMC9409224 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Aphids are major crop pests worldwide, and in China, Uroleucon formosanum is a common aphid pest of lettuce. However, there is little basic and applied information on the control of this pest. To obtain the basic information of this pest, a life table of U. formosanum under different temperatures was constructed. Also, the susceptibility of U. formosanum to six common-used insecticides (chlorpyrifos, abamectin, beta-cypermethrin, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, and thiamethoxam) was evaluated. Results showed that U. formosanum was not suitable to a lower temperature (17 °C), and U. formosanum was relatively sensitive to all six test insecticides. These data may help us to develop integrated management strategies for better population control of U. formosanum. Abstract Uroleucon formosanum is an important aphid pest of lettuce, but basic information on its biology is scarce. In this study, effects of three constant temperatures (17, 21, and 25 °C, simulating the mean temperature range in greenhouses) on the development and fecundity of U. formosanum were analyzed by constructing a life table. U. formosanum could develop and reproduce under all three temperatures, but the survival rate, development, and fecundity of U. formosanum were affected by temperature. The intrinsic rate of increase was lowest at 17 °C (0.17) and it was significantly less than at 21 °C (0.20) and 25 °C (0.23). Furthermore, U. formosanum had the lowest finite rate of increase (1.19) and the largest mean generation time (20.21) at 17 °C. These results mean that U. formosanum is less adapted to the lower temperatures (17 °C) among these three set temperatures. To screen insecticides for control, susceptibility of U. formosanum to six insecticides including chlorpyrifos, abamectin, beta-cypermethrin, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, and thiamethoxam was evaluated. U. formosanum was relatively sensitive to all six test insecticides. Chlorpyrifos had the highest toxicity to U. formosanum (LC50 = 3.08 mg/L). These data may help to develop integrated management strategies for better population control of U. formosanum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Xing Jing
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.-X.J.); (C.-C.Q.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (H.-H.S.)
| | - Chu-Chu Qi
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.-X.J.); (C.-C.Q.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (H.-H.S.)
| | - Ao Jiao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.-X.J.); (C.-C.Q.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (H.-H.S.)
| | - Xiao-Qiang Liu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China;
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.-X.J.); (C.-C.Q.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (H.-H.S.)
| | - Hong-Hua Su
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.-X.J.); (C.-C.Q.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (H.-H.S.)
| | - Yi-Zhong Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (T.-X.J.); (C.-C.Q.); (A.J.); (S.Z.); (H.-H.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Orengo-Green JJ, Casas JL, Marcos-García MÁ. Effect of Abiotic Climatic Factors on the Gonadal Maturation of the Biocontrol Agent Sphaerophoria rueppellii (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Syrphidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070573. [PMID: 35886749 PMCID: PMC9320043 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Knowledge about the morphology and functioning of the male and female reproductive system in insects is key to understanding their reproductive biology, and to assessing the effects that environmental factors, such as temperature or photoperiod, can have on oviposition, fecundity, and lifespan. This knowledge is particularly interesting in those species that are mass-reared, as in the case of the predatory syrphid Sphaerophoria rueppellii. Given the lack of published information regarding sexual maturation in syrphids, this type of study, applied to beneficial insects used as biological control agents, offers, firstly, the chance to improve their mass breeding under controlled conditions and, secondly, to know their capability for pest control response under field conditions. Our results show that photoperiod and temperature affect development and gonad maturation in S. rueppellii males and females. Abstract The hoverfly Sphaerophoria rueppellii is currently one of the most effective predators commercially available for aphid pest control. However, knowledge of the reproductive system of males and females of this syrphid is limited. The present article aims to report how changes in the temperature and photoperiod may affect development of the gonads (ovaries and testes), oviposition, and fecundity during the lifespan of S. rueppellii. Four environmental conditions (14L:10D, T: 20 ± 1 °C; 12L:12D, T: 20 ± 1 °C; 14L:10D, T: 25 ± 1 °C; and 12L:12D, T: 25 ± 1 °C) were used to determine oviposition, hatching percentage, and lifespan during a period of 30 days after the adult emergence. The maturation of the ovaries was done under three treatments (barley leaves with aphids always available; barley leaves two days per week with aphids available; no barley leaves available), and in the same environmental conditions noted above. Males at 14L:10D, 20 ± 1 °C; and 14L:10D, 25 ± 1 °C; were used to analyze and study the maturation of the testes. Females at 14L:10D; T: 25 ± 1 °C showed a significant difference in oviposition, percentage of hatching, and rate of eggs. A detailed description of the male and female gonads was undertaken, and it was determined that the conditions in which males sexually mature early are at 14L:10D, 25 ± 1 °C. These results will improve the application of S. rueppellii in crops, for the control of aphid pests.
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Development of Necrobia ruficollis (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) under Different Constant Temperatures. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040319. [PMID: 35447761 PMCID: PMC9026447 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Sarcosaprophagous beetles are significant pests, but they are also key indicator insects for postmortem interval estimation. In this paper, the development of Necrobia ruficollis (Fabricius, 1775) at five constant temperatures between 22 °C and 34 °C was investigated. The developmental threshold temperature and thermal summation constant were estimated, the relationship between the larval body length with development time, and the widths of the head capsules and the distance between the urogomphi at different instars were studied. The results provide important basic developmental data for using N. ruficollis to estimate the minimum postmortem interval. Abstract Necrobia ruficollis (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) is an important cosmopolitan storage pest, and also frequently appears on highly decomposed and skeletonized corpses. It is a forensically important species expected to indicate a longer postmortem interval (PMI). Therefore, we investigated the development of N. ruficollis at five constant temperatures between 22 °C and 34 °C. Under temperatures of 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34 °C, the mean (±SD) developmental durations from eggs to adults were 93.00 ± 1.63, 70.67 ± 0.94, 65.33 ± 3.40, 47.33 ± 0.94, and 56.66 ± 8.73 days, respectively. According to the developmental time and accumulated degree hours results, an isomorphen diagram and thermal summation model were generated. The calculated values of developmental threshold temperature and accumulated temperature constant were estimated by a linear model to be 14.51 ± 0.52 °C and 684.12 ± 33.85 degree days, respectively. Lower developmental thresholds, intrinsic optimum temperature, and upper lethal developmental threshold temperature were estimated by a nonlinear model to be 14.61, 25.90, and 34.94 °C. Morphological indexes of larvae were obtained by in vivo measurements. A growth curve and an equation of the relationship between development time and body length were simulated. In addition, the widths of the head capsules and the distance between the urogomphi of larvae at different instars were determined by cluster analysis. Classifiers were created and validated by linear discriminant analysis. These results provide important basic developmental data for using N. ruficollis to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (minimum PMI). However, this study was only conducted under constant temperature, and the applicability of these data to variable temperature conditions needs to be further confirmed.
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Chen YC, Chen DF, Yang MF, Liu JF. The Effect of Temperatures and Hosts on the Life Cycle of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020211. [PMID: 35206784 PMCID: PMC8879478 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between ambient temperatures and host plants are central to the population dynamics of invasive animal species. Despite significant research into the effects of temperatures, the performance of invasive species is also influenced by host plants. The effects of different temperatures (20, 25, and 30 °C) and host plants (maize, sorghum, and coix seed) were tested on the mortality, development, reproduction, and population parameters of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), using an age-stage, two-sex life table. The results support the hypothesis that temperature and the species of the host plant significantly influences the performance of FAW. Feeding on maize at 30 °C resulted in a lower mortality rate, a shorter developmental time and longevity, a higher fecundity, intrinsic rate of natural increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and net reproductive rate (R0). However, at 20 °C, the host plant could eliminate temperature-mediated synergism in FAW performance, which did not reach statistical significance at 20 °C. Similar results induced by a relatively low temperature (20 °C) on different host plants were also found in the age-stage specific survival curves (sxj), fecundity (mx), maternity (lxmx), and reproductive value (vxj) curves of FAW. Consequently, we also need to pay more attention to FAW outbreaks on different host plants mediated by relatively low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chai Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - De-Fei Chen
- Crop Protection Center of Jinsha County, Bijie 551700, China;
| | - Mao-Fa Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- College of Tobacco Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jian-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Pest in Guiyang, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13984094870
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Ahn JJ, Choi KS. Population Parameters and Growth of Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) under Fluctuating Temperature. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020113. [PMID: 35206688 PMCID: PMC8876695 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris, is a polyphagous species that is an important pest of soybean fields in Asian countries. In this study, we examined the effects of constant and fluctuating temperatures on the development and reproduction of R. pedestris. The effects of thermal conditions were assessed by constructing age-stage, two-sex life tables from a constant temperature of 24 °C and simulated fluctuating temperatures of 24 ± 4 °C, 24 ± 6 °C, and 24 ± 8 °C. At a constant temperature, a number of R. pedestris life table parameters differed from those under fluctuating temperatures. Although similar pre-adult development periods were recorded under constant and fluctuating temperatures, the periods of female longevity and oviposition periods under fluctuating temperatures were significantly longer than those at a constant temperature. Given that temperature is an important abiotic factor for forecasting the population dynamics of arthropods in nature, determining the effects of fluctuating temperatures will make a valuable contribution to predicting R. pedestris population growth. Abstract In this study, we determined the influence of fluctuating temperatures on the development and fecundity of the bean bug Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) by collecting life table data for individuals exposed at a constant temperature (24 °C) and three fluctuating temperatures (24 ± 4 °C, 24 ± 6 °C, and 24 ± 8 °C). The raw life history data were analyzed using an age-stage, two-sex life table to take into account the viable development rate among individuals. Based on these analyses, the population projections enabled us to determine the stage structure and variability of population growth under different temperature treatments. Our results revealed shorter periods of immature development and a higher pre-adult survival rate at 24 ± 6 °C than under the other assessed temperature conditions. Furthermore, significant reductions in female longevity were recorded at 24 °C, whereas the fecundity, net reproductive rate, and intrinsic and finite rates of increase were highest at 24 ± 6 °C. These findings reveal that fluctuating temperatures have a positive influence on the life history traits of R. pedestris and indicate that observations made under constant temperatures may not explain sufficiently enough the temperature dependent biological performances of pests in the field.
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Flight and Reproduction Variations of Rice Leaf Roller, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis in Response to Different Rearing Temperatures. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121083. [PMID: 34940171 PMCID: PMC8706861 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Temperature directly affects the development, adult reproduction, and flight capacity in migratory insects. However, the adaptive strategies applied by some migratory insects to cope with stressful temperatures throughout their life cycles are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the effects of rearing temperatures in the immature stage (from egg to pupae stage) on the immature development, adult reproduction flight ability, and migratory behavior of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, one major facultative long-distance migratory pest feeding on rice. Our data suggest that immature C. medinalis that experienced different rearing temperatures had different developmental, reproductive, and migration patterns. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis reared under high temperatures had weaker reproductive capacity and stronger flight potentiality, which might be more likely to trigger the migration. However, those reared at low temperatures in the immature stage had an accelerated reproduction but relative weaker flight ability, which might weaken the migratory motivation of adults. Abstract Understanding how species that follow different life-history strategies respond to stressful temperature can be essential for efficient treatments of agricultural pests. Here, we focused on how the development, reproduction, flight, and reproductive consequences of migration of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis were influenced by exposure to different rearing temperatures in the immature stage. We found that the immature rice leaf roller that were reared at low temperatures (18 and 22 °C) developed more slowly than the normal temperature 26 °C, while those reared at high temperatures (34 °C) grew faster. Female adults from low immature stage rearing temperatures showed stronger reproductive ability than those at 26 and 34 °C, such as the preoviposition period (POP) significantly decreased, while the total lifetime fecundity obviously increased. However, 34 °C did not significantly reduce the reproductive performances of females compared to 26 °C. On the contrary, one relative decreased tendency of flight capacity was found in the lower immature temperature treatments. Furthermore, flight is a costly strategy for reproduction output to compete for limited internal resources. In the lower temperature treatments, after d1-tethered flight treatment, negative reproductive consequences were found that flight significantly decreased the lifetime fecundity and mating frequency of females from low rearing temperatures in the immature stage compared to the controls (no tethered-flight). However, in the 26 and 34 °C treatments, the same flight treatment induced a positive influence on reproduction, which significantly reduced the POP and period of first oviposition (PFO). The results suggest that the experience of relative high temperatures in the immature stage is more likely to trigger the onset of migration, but lower temperatures in the immature stage may induce adults to have a greater resident propensity with stronger reproductive ability.
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The Fitness of Mass Rearing Food on the Establishment of Chrysopa pallens in a Banker Plant System under Fluctuating Temperature Conditions. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12111014. [PMID: 34821814 PMCID: PMC8619634 DOI: 10.3390/insects12111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Banker plant systems can be used to sustain a reproducing population of biological control agents (BCAs) within a crop, thus providing long-term pest suppression. The founder population of natural enemies in banker plant systems is usually mass-reared on factitious hosts. Thus, a better understanding of the population fitness and pest control performance of mass-reared BCAs in the field is crucial when developing integrated pest management (IPM) strategies. In this study, we determined the fitness of the generalist predator, Chrysopa pallens (Hemiptera: Chrysopidae) ever cultured on different food sources (i.e., mass rearing food, Corcyra cephalonica eggs, and aphid food, Megoura japonica) preying on Aphis craccivora in a banker plant system in a greenhouse based on Chi's age-stage, two-sex life table analysis method. The life tables and predation rate parameters of C. pallens were not significantly different between both treatments under fluctuating temperature conditions. Corcyracephalonica eggs did not significantly weaken the performances of C. pallens in a Vicia faba-A. craccivora banker plant system compared to aphids. In conclusion, C. cephalonica eggs can be used for the mass production of C. pallens as the founder population in a banker plant system. Moreover, linking the life table data with the predation rate is an effective strategy for evaluating mass rearing programs in establishing banker plant systems.
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Ramos Aguila LC, Atlihan R, Ashraf HJ, Keppanan R, Lei L, Bamisile BS, Cerda H, Wang L. Temperature-Dependent Biological Control Effectiveness of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidea) Under Laboratory Conditions. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:2009-2017. [PMID: 34297068 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The parasitism rate and host-feeding rate of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an ectoparasitoid of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), were evaluated at 20, 27.5, 30, and 35°C, at 70 ± 5% RH, and 14 h of photoperiod. The biological control efficacy of T. radiata was evaluated by linking the age-stage predation rate with the two-sex life table. The net host-feeding rate (C0) by T. radiata was 32.05, 54.40, 17.25, and 1.92 nymphs per female parasitoid at 20, 27.5, 30, and 35°C, respectively. The total net nymphs killing rate (Z0) was 103.02, 223.82, 72.95, and 6.60 nymphs per female parasitoid at 20, 27.5, 30, and 35°C, respectively. Noneffective parasitism rate was observed at 35°C because of high mortality at this temperature. Our results indicated that temperature had meaningful effects on parasitism and host-feeding rate parameters in the laboratory, and may affect biological control efficiency of the parasitoid in the field. The highest host-feeding rate and total biological control efficiency of T. radiata were recorded at 27.5°C. Most importantly, we found that host-feeding activity of the parasitoid is temperature-dependent, and changed across temperature regimes: the host-feeding rate increased as the temperature increased up to 30°C, started to decrease after this temperature and declined to its minimum level at 35°C. This information is valuable for developing biological control and integrated pest management techniques for Asian citrus psyllid management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Carlos Ramos Aguila
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Remzi Atlihan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Protection Department, Yuzuncu Yil University, 65080 Van, Turkey
| | - Hafiza Javaria Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ravindran Keppanan
- Department of Entomology and the Nematology and Chemistry Units, Agriculture Research Organization (ARO), Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Lijin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Bamisope Steve Bamisile
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hugo Cerda
- Department of Entomology, College of Agroecology, Universidad Nacional Experimental Simon Rodriguez (UNESR) 5130, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Liande Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Manenti T, Kjærsgaard A, Schou TM, Pertoldi C, Moghadam NN, Loeschcke V. Responses to Developmental Temperature Fluctuation in Life History Traits of Five Drosophila Species (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from Different Thermal Niches. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100925. [PMID: 34680694 PMCID: PMC8540664 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Temperature has profound effects on biochemical processes as suggested by the extensive variation in performance of organisms across temperatures. Nonetheless, the use of fluctuating temperature (FT) regimes in laboratory experiments compared to constant temperature (CT) regimes is still mainly applied in studies of model organisms. We investigated how two amplitudes of developmental temperature fluctuation (22.5/27.5 °C and 20/30 °C, 12/12 h) affected several fitness-related traits in five Drosophila species with markedly different thermal resistance. Egg-to-adult viability did not change much with temperature except in the cold-adapted D. immigrans. Developmental time increased with FT among all species compared to the same mean CT. The impact of FT on wing size was quite diverse among species. Whereas wing size decreased quasi-linearly with CT in all species, there were large qualitative differences with FT. Changes in wing aspect ratio due to FT were large compared to the other traits and presumably a consequence of thermal stress. These results demonstrate that species of the same genus but with different thermal resistance can show substantial differences in responses to fluctuating developmental temperatures not predictable by constant developmental temperatures. Testing multiple traits facilitated the interpretation of responses to FT in a broader context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Manenti
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (V.L.)
- Laboratori Biokyma srl, Loc.Mocaia 44b, 52031 Anghiari, AR, Italy
- Correspondence: or
| | - Anders Kjærsgaard
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (V.L.)
| | - Toke Munk Schou
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (V.L.)
| | - Cino Pertoldi
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (N.N.M.)
- Aalborg Zoo, Mølleparkvej 63, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Neda N. Moghadam
- Section of Biology and Environmental Science, Aalborg University, Frederik Bajers vej 7H, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark; (C.P.); (N.N.M.)
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.K.); (T.M.S.); (V.L.)
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Prasad TV, Srinivasa Rao M, Rao KV, Bal SK, Muttapa Y, Choudhary JS, Singh VK. Temperature-based phenology model for predicting the present and future establishment and distribution of recently invasive Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in India. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 112:1-15. [PMID: 34629126 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485321000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is a polyphagous and highly destructive invasive insect pest of many crops. It was recently introduced into India and widely reported in almost all parts of India. Development of a temperature-based phenology model for predicting its rate of development and distribution will help in understanding the establishment and further spread of introduced invasive insect pests. Development, survival and reproduction parameters of S. frugiperda at six constant temperature conditions (15, 20, 25, 27, 30 and 35°C) were investigated and further validated with data generated under fluctuating temperature conditions. The estimated lower developmental threshold temperatures were 12.1°C for eggs, 11°C for larvae, 12.2°C for pupae, 15.13°C for males and 12.66°C for females. Degree-day (DD) requirements for the development of the different stages of S. frugiperda were 50, 250 and 200 DD for egg, larva and pupa, respectively. The best-fitted functions were compiled for each life stage to yield a phenology model, which was stochastically simulated to estimate the life table parameters. The developed phenology model predicted temperature ranges between 27 and 30°C as favourable for S. frugiperda development, survival and reproduction. The results revealed that maximum net reproductive rate (215.66 females/female/generation) and total fecundity (981.08 individuals/female/generation) were attained at 30°C constant temperature. The mean length of generations decreased from 74.29 days at 15°C to 38.74 days at 30°C. The maximum intrinsic rate of increase (0.138 females/female/day) and shortest doubling time (4.9 days) were also observed at 30°C. Results of simulated life table parameters showed high temperature-dependent development of S. frugiperda and complete development within all the tested constant temperature ranges (15-35°C). Simulated life table parameters for predicting risk indices of S. frugiperda in India indicated a significant increase in activity indices and establishment risk indices with a higher number of generations during future (2050 and 2070) climatic change scenarios compared to present conditions. Our results indicate that India will be highly suitable for the establishment and survival of S. frugiperda in future time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Prasad
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad-500 059, Telangana, India
| | - M Srinivasa Rao
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad-500 059, Telangana, India
| | - K V Rao
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad-500 059, Telangana, India
| | - S K Bal
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad-500 059, Telangana, India
| | - Y Muttapa
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad-500 059, Telangana, India
| | - J S Choudhary
- ICAR-RCER, Farming System Research Centre for Hill and Plateau Region, Plandu, Ranchi-834 010, Jharkhand, India
| | - V K Singh
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad-500 059, Telangana, India
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Chaves VF, Pereira FF, Torres JB, da Silva IF, Pastori PL, de Oliveira HN, Costa VA, Cardoso CRG. Thermal Requirements of Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Hym.: Encyrtidae) and Telenomus podisi (Hym.: Platygastridae) Parasitizing Euschistus heros Eggs (Hem.: Pentatomidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100924. [PMID: 34680693 PMCID: PMC8539598 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The brown stink bug, Euschistus heros, is the most abundant species infesting Brazilian soybean crops, causing significant yield losses. This stink bug is controlled with chemical insecticides, although the use of biological control with the egg parasitoids Ooencyrtus submetallicus and Telenomus podisi is increasing. Our objective in this study was to evaluate the development of O. submetallicus and T. podisi in E. heros eggs at different temperatures, and to estimate the number of annual generations for seven representative soybean-producing regions in Brazil. In the comparative biology study, the sex ratio and individuals per egg were higher for O. submetallicus in all regions. In the study of thermal requirements, the temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 33 °C were tested. The base temperature (Tb) for O. submetallicus and T. podisi was found to be 9.3 and 6.7 °C, and the thermal constant (K) was 336.9 and 272.7 degree-days, respectively. The average number of annual generations was estimated from the average temperatures of the last ten years in each region; based on these results, both parasitoids presented a higher number of generations than the host in all regions. O. submetallicus and T. podisi have the same ability to parasitize and develop in the eggs of E. heros under the conditions studied; in addition, both exhibited development and satisfactory parasitism at temperatures between 19 and 31 °C. The development of the two parasitoids was faster than E. heros, and the number of generations was higher for the seven studied localities. Abstract Temperature is one of the abiotic factors that strongly influences the biology and behavior of insects. In this study, we assessed the development of egg parasitoids Ooencyrtus submetallicus and Telenomus podisi parasitizing Euschistus heros eggs at different temperatures, and estimated the average number of generations for seven representative soybean-producing regions in Brazil. A comparative biology study was conducted, where the percentage of parasitism and emergence, life cycle duration (egg–adult), and longevity were found to be similar between O. submetallicus and T. podisi. The sex ratio and the number of individuals emerged from parasitized egg were higher in O. submetallicus in all regions. In the study of thermal requirements, temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 33 °C were tested. O. submetallicus and T. podisi developed at temperatures between 16 and 31 °C. The base temperature (Tb) for O. submetallicus and T. podisi was 9.3 and 6.7 °C, respectively; the thermal constant (K) was 336.9 and 272.7 degree-days, respectively. The estimated average number of annual generations of both parasitoids was higher than the host. O. submetallicus and T. podisi have the same ability to parasitize and develop in eggs of E. heros under the conditions studied. Both parasitoids exhibited satisfactory development and parasitism at temperatures between 19 and 31 °C. The development of both parasitoids was faster than their host, and the number of generations was higher for the seven studied localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Freitas Chaves
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados/Itahum, Km 12, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil;
| | - Fabricio Fagundes Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados/Itahum, Km 12, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (I.F.d.S.); (C.R.G.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-67-98134-5574 or +55-67-3410-2198
| | - Jorge Braz Torres
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, R. Dom Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Recife 52171-900, PE, Brazil;
| | - Ivana Fernandes da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados/Itahum, Km 12, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (I.F.d.S.); (C.R.G.C.)
| | - Patrik Luiz Pastori
- Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Mister Hull, Fortaleza 60356-001, CE, Brazil;
| | - Harley Nonato de Oliveira
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa-CPAO, Rodovia BR 163, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil;
| | - Valmir Antônio Costa
- Instituto Biológico, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento, Alameda dos Vidoeiros, 1097-Sítios de Recreio Gramado, Campinas 13101-680, SP, Brazil;
| | - Carlos Reinier Garcia Cardoso
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados/Itahum, Km 12, Dourados 79804-970, MS, Brazil; (I.F.d.S.); (C.R.G.C.)
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Jerbi-Elayed M, Foray V, Tougeron K, Grissa-Lebdi K, Hance T. Developmental Temperature Affects Life-History Traits and Heat Tolerance in the Aphid Parasitoid Aphidius colemani. INSECTS 2021; 12:852. [PMID: 34680621 PMCID: PMC8541483 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Developmental temperature plays important roles in the expression of insect traits through thermal developmental plasticity. We exposed the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani to different temperature regimes (10, 20, or 28 °C) throughout larval development and studied the expression of morphological and physiological traits indicator of fitness and heat tolerance in the adult. We showed that the mass decreased and the surface to volume ratio of parasitoids increased with the development temperature. Water content was not affected by rearing temperature, but parasitoids accumulated more lipids when reared at 20 °C. Egg content was not affected by developmental temperature, but adult survival was better for parasitoids reared at 20 °C. Finally, parasitoids developed at 20 °C showed the highest heat stupor threshold, whereas parasitoids developed at 28 °C showed the highest heat coma threshold (better heat tolerance CTmax1 and CTmax2, respectively), therefore only partly supporting the beneficial acclimation hypothesis. From a fundamental point of view, our study highlights the role of thermal plasticity (adaptive or not) on the expression of different life history traits in insects and the possible correlations that exist between these traits. From an applied perspective, these results are important in the context of biological control through mass release techniques of parasitoids in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mey Jerbi-Elayed
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (K.T.); (T.H.)
| | - Vincent Foray
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (K.T.); (T.H.)
- EDYSAN, UMR CNRS 7058 (Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80090 Amiens, France
| | - Kaouthar Grissa-Lebdi
- Department of Plant Protection, Institut Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Carthage 28327, Tunisia;
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (K.T.); (T.H.)
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Chen L, Enkegaard A, Sørensen JG. Temperature Affects Biological Control Efficacy: A Microcosm Study of Trichogramma achaeae. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020095. [PMID: 33499426 PMCID: PMC7912409 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The performance of biological control agents (BCAs) under field conditions is of importance to successfully suppress pests following release. However, the quality of BCAs is usually evaluated with laboratory measurements under controlled conditions, which has been shown unable to predict the performance in complex field conditions. In this study, we quantified the quality of the parasitoid Trichogramma achaeae in microcosms at four constant temperatures and evaluated its ability to locate and parasitise pest eggs. We also compared parasitisation efficiency with fecundity as determined under laboratory conditions. We found the biological control efficacy as determined in our microcosms was strongly regulated by temperature and was unlikely to be predicted by laboratory fecundity. These findings suggest that more complex assays, including behavioural responses, might be developed to demonstrate the field quality of BCAs. Abstract Current quality control of mass-reared biological control agents (BCAs) is usually performed in the laboratory and often fails to include behavioural aspects of the BCAs. As a result, the use of efficacy measurements determined solely under laboratory conditions to predict field efficacy can be questioned. In this study, microcosms were designed to estimate biological control efficacy (realised parasitisation efficiency) of Trichogramma achaeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) parasitising Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs across the operational temperature range (15–30 °C). Temperature greatly affected the success of females in finding and parasitising E. kuehniella eggs, with parasitisation being reduced at 15 and 20 °C, as both the percentage of parasitised host eggs and the percentage of leaves per plant with parasitised host eggs decreased sharply compared with higher temperatures. Graphing previous data on laboratory fecundity against parasitisation efficiency shows that the laboratory-measured fecundity of T. achaeae was unlikely to predict field efficacy across temperatures. Results also showed that leaf side had no effect on the preference of T. achaeae in parasitising E. kuehniella eggs; however, T. achaeae preferred to lay their eggs on the top tier of plants. These findings suggest that more complex assays, which include behavioural responses, might be developed for optimised quality control of BCAs intended for field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark; (L.C.); (A.E.)
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Annie Enkegaard
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark; (L.C.); (A.E.)
| | - Jesper Givskov Sørensen
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-87156532
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da Silva RS, Fidelis EG, Amaro G, Ramos RS, Junior PAS, Picanço MC. Climate-based seasonal dynamics of the invasive red palm mite Raoiella indica. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3849-3856. [PMID: 32476234 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae) is the most critical coconut and banana pest recently introduced in Brazil. Once the mite pests are introduced, it is essential to understand their dynamics in important crops under open-field climatic conditions to implement strategies for their management and determine the periods when species populations may increase in the field. Modelling tools have been used to determine the potential distribution of species and implications for the management of invasive species. Thus, our aim in this study was to determine the seasonal variation in R. indica and the influence of the monthly climate using CLIMEX modelling. We adjusted the CLIMEX model for R. indica based on distribution data, additional biological characteristics, and fluctuations in the R. indica population in a commercial coconut plantation. RESULTS The model for the current climate shows a good match between the ecoclimatic index and the global distribution of R. indica. The model results demonstrate that most states of Brazil and several regions worldwide include areas with highly suitable climatic conditions for R. indica. We observed variations in the density of R. indica in commercial coconut crops, with the highest incidence occurring during the first months of the year. CONCLUSION Our results showed different alterations in seasonal suitability for R. indica that may provide information for the implementation of methods for time management, such as strategies for sampling and control during periods with a high degree of suitability for R. indica. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Siqueira da Silva
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Elisângela Gomes Fidelis
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Pesquisa, Embrapa Cerrrados, Brasília, Brazil
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Waqas MS, Lin L, Shoaib AAZ, Cheng X, Zhang Q, Elabasy ASS, Shi Z. Effect of Constant and Fluctuating Temperature on the Development, Reproduction, Survival, and Sex Ratio of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:553-560. [PMID: 32198523 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effects of temperature on the development, survival, reproduction, longevity and sex ratio of the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, was assessed at five constant temperatures ranging from 20 to 35°C and five fluctuating temperatures ranging from 15 to 40°C under laboratory conditions. Results showed that nymphal development duration, preoviposition period, oviposition period, fecundity, and adult longevity were reduced significantly with increasing temperature until 30°C, but developmental duration of third female nymphal instar and female adult longevity was longer at 35°C than 30°C, and no males could emerge from pupae at the constant temperature 35°C. Fluctuating temperature, in general, significantly accelerated the nymphal developmental duration, prolonged preoviposition period, shortened oviposition period, reduced fecundity, lowered the survival rate of nymphs, and decreased adult longevity of males and females compared to their mean corresponding constant temperature. Overall, it is suggested that one should be prudent when applying the obtained results under constant and fluctuating temperatures under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Waqas
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Lin
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ali Ahmed Zaky Shoaib
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Asem Saad Saad Elabasy
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Zuhua Shi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Milosavljević I, McCalla KA, Morgan DJW, Hoddle MS. The Effects of Constant and Fluctuating Temperatures on Development of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae), the Asian Citrus Psyllid. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 113:633-645. [PMID: 31814024 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of six average daily temperatures, 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, and 35°C, that were either constant or fluctuating over 24 h on development times of California-sourced Diaphorina citri Kuwayama nymphs were examined. Thermal performance curves for immature stages of D. citri were characterized using one linear and six nonlinear models (i.e., Ratkowsky, Lobry-Rosso-Flandrois, Lactin-2, Brière-2, Beta, and Performance-2). Daily thermal fluctuations had significant effects on development times of D. citri nymphs, which differed across experimental temperatures. Diaphorina citri nymphs reared at constant temperatures completed development faster than those reared under fluctuating profiles with equivalent temperature means. Linear model estimates of degree-days required for completion of cumulative development of D. citri were 25% lower for constant temperatures when compared with fluctuating temperature regimens. Nonlinear model estimations of optimum developmental temperature and upper theoretical temperature bounds for development were similar for individuals reared under constant and fluctuating temperatures. Nevertheless, the estimated values of lower theoretical temperature limits above which development occurred were lower under fluctuating than constant temperatures. A meta-analysis of published D. citri temperature-dependent development literature, synthesizing datasets of five globally distributed populations (Brazil, California, China, Florida, and Japan) reared under different constant temperatures on six different host plants (i.e., Citrus limonia, C. sinensis cv Natal, C. sinensis cv. Pêra, C. reticulata, Fortunella margarita, and Murraya paniculata), together with the results of this study (C. volkameriana), revealed convergence in estimates of developmental parameters. These results have implications for predicting D. citri invasion and establishment risk and subsequent population performance across various climactic gradients and geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Milosavljević
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Ave. Riverside, CA
| | - Kelsey A McCalla
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Ave. Riverside, CA
| | - David J W Morgan
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, 4500 Glenwood Drive, Riverside, CA
| | - Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California, 900 University Ave. Riverside, CA
- Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California, Riverside, CA
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McCalla KA, Keçeci M, Milosavljević I, Ratkowsky DA, Hoddle MS. The Influence of Temperature Variation on Life History Parameters and Thermal Performance Curves of Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Parasitoid of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Liviidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 112:1560-1574. [PMID: 31053849 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of seven constant and fluctuating temperature profiles with corresponding averages of 12 to 38°C on the life history of the Punjab, Pakistan-sourced Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) released in California for biological control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. One linear and seven nonlinear regression functions were fit to egg-to-adult development rate data to characterize thermal performance curves. Temperature fluctuations significantly affected both development and longevity of T. radiata. Estimates of degree-days predicted by the linear model were 30% higher for the fluctuating regime than the constant regime. Nonlinear model estimations of theoretical minimum and maximum developmental thresholds were lower for the fluctuating regime when compared to the constant regime. These predictions align with experimental observations. Parasitoids reared under fluctuating profiles at low average temperatures developed faster (15°C) and survived longer (15-20°C) when compared to those reared under constant regimes with corresponding means. In contrast, high average fluctuating temperatures produced parasitoids with an extended developmental period (35°C) and reduced longevity (30-35°C). A meta-analysis of published T. radiata development datasets, together with the results of this study, indicated convergence in degree-days and theoretical minimum developmental thresholds among geographically distinct parasitoid populations. These findings demonstrate the significant effects of temperature on T. radiata life history and have important implications for optimization of mass-rearing and release efforts, improvement of predictions from climate modeling, and comparison of T. radiata population performance across climatic gradients and geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A McCalla
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Mehmet Keçeci
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Malatya Turgut Özal University, Malatya, Turkey
| | | | | | - Mark S Hoddle
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
- Center for Invasive Species Research, University of California, Riverside, CA
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