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Eriksen NT. Metabolic performance and feed efficiency of black soldier fly larvae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1397108. [PMID: 38745846 PMCID: PMC11091318 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1397108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens, is used in entomoremediation processes because its larvae can use a variety of organic residues with high efficiency. However, feed efficiencies are variable and characterized by uncertainties. Recently developed growth and metabolic performance models have predicted across different studies that BSF larvae have used 53%-58% of the feed components they have assimilated, in terms of carbon equivalents, for growth throughout their lifetime when reared on chicken feed. This is termed their average net growth efficiency. The remainder of the carbon has been lost as CO2. However, mass balances made under similar conditions show that the weight gained by BSF larvae corresponds to only 14%-48% of the feed substrates removed, indicating substrate conversion efficiency. Both performance indicators show even greater variability if more feed substrates are considered. Feed assimilation and growth rates, costs of growth, maintenance, and larval lifespan have been shown to affect how efficiently BSF larvae convert feed into growth. The differences between average net growth efficiencies and substrate conversion efficiencies further indicate that feed is often not used optimally in entomoremediation processes and that the overall yield of such processes is not determined by larval performance alone but is the result of processes and interactions between larvae, substrates, microbes, and their physical environment. The purpose of this study is to illustrate how quantification of the metabolic performance of BSF larvae can help improve our understanding of the role of the larvae in entomoremediation processes.
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Deguerry A, Preteseille N, Kovitvadhi A, Allan DJ, Nampanya S, Newman S. From the heart of the animal feed industry: a Southeast Asian perspective on insects for feed in Asia. Anim Front 2023; 13:41-49. [PMID: 37583803 PMCID: PMC10425143 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
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A Review Unveiling Various Machine Learning Algorithms Adopted for Biohydrogen Productions from Microalgae. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Biohydrogen production from microalgae is a potential alternative energy source that is now intensively being researched. The complex natures of the biological processes involved have afflicted the accuracy of traditional modelling and optimization, besides being costly. Accordingly, machine learning algorithms have been employed to overcome setbacks, as these approaches have the capability to predict nonlinear interactions and handle multivariate data from microalgal biohydrogen studies. Thus, the review focuses on revealing the recent applications of machine learning techniques in microalgal biohydrogen production. The working principles of random forests, artificial neural networks, support vector machines, and regression algorithms are covered. The applications of these techniques are analyzed and compared for their effectiveness, advantages and disadvantages in the relationship studies, classification of results, and prediction of microalgal hydrogen production. These techniques have shown great performance despite limited data sets that are complex and nonlinear. However, the current techniques are still susceptible to overfitting, which could potentially reduce prediction performance. These could be potentially resolved or mitigated by comparing the methods, should the input data be limited.
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Eriksen NT. Dynamic modelling of feed assimilation, growth, lipid accumulation, and CO2 production in black soldier fly larvae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276605. [PMID: 36288352 PMCID: PMC9605037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF) is becoming a novel farm animal. BSF larvae can be reared on different substrates. Their performance is important but highly variable and different models have been employed to analyze their growth, so far without considering that metabolic rates, growth, and biochemical composition of the larvae are interrelated. This work develops a dynamic model, which describes general growth patterns of BSF larvae and predicts observed variability in larval performances. The model was tested against data from literature, which combines kinetic growth data with measurements of lipid or dry weight content, and CO2 production. The model combines the kinetics of the logistic model with principles from differential energy budget models and considers key events in larval life history, moulting and metamorphosis. Larvae are compartmentised into structural biomass, storage lipids, and a pool of assimilates. Feed assimilation is considered the overall rate limiting process and is reduced in relation to larval weight by a logistic function. A second logistic function further reduces the specific growth rate of structural biomass, causes imbalance between and feed assimilation and growth rates, and leaves a surplus of assimilates to be stored as lipids. Fluxes between compartments consider cost of synthesis of structural biomass and lipids, as well as maintenance. When assimilation falls below maintenance needs, storage lipids are recycled. The model is able to describe growth and lipid contents of BSF larvae reared on chicken feed, growth of feed limited BSF larvae, as well as growth, dry weight content, and CO2 production of BSF larvae reared on different substrate qualities and moisture contents. The model may be used for the analysis of growth and performance of BSF larvae under variable rearing conditions. It can deepen the analyses of experimental data and provide insight into the causes of variability of larval performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Thomas Eriksen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Arnone S, De Mei M, Petrazzuolo F, Musmeci S, Tonelli L, Salvicchi A, Defilippo F, Curatolo M, Bonilauri P. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) as a high-potential agent for bioconversion of municipal primary sewage sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:64886-64901. [PMID: 35474429 PMCID: PMC9481477 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20250-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of municipal wastewater produces clean water and sewage sludge (MSS), the management of which has become a serious problem in Europe. The typical destination of MSS is to spread it on land, but the presence of heavy metals and pollutants raises environmental and health concerns. Bioconversion mediated by larvae of black soldier fly (BSFL) Hermetia illucens (Diptera, Stratiomyidae: Hermetiinae) may be a strategy for managing MSS. The process adds value by generating larvae which contain proteins and lipids that are suitable for feed and/or for industrial or energy applications, and a residue as soil conditioner. MSS from the treatment plant of Ladispoli (Rome province) was mixed with an artificial fly diet at 50% and 75% (fresh weight basis) to feed BSFL. Larval performance, substrate reduction, and the concentrations of 12 metals in the initial and residual substrates and in larval bodies at the end of the experiments were assessed. Larval survival (> 96%) was not affected. Larval weight, larval development, larval protein and lipid content, and waste reduction increased in proportion the increase of the co-substrate (fly diet). The concentration of most of the 12 elements in the residue was reduced and, in the cases of Cu and Zn, the quantities dropped under the Italian national maximum permissible content for fertilizers. The content of metals in mature larvae did not exceed the maximum allowed concentration in raw material for feed for the European Directive. This study contributes to highlight the potential of BSF for MSS recovery and its valorization. The proportion of fly diet in the mixture influenced the process, and the one with the highest co-substrate percentage performed best. Future research using other wastes or by-products as co-substrate of MSS should be explored to determine their suitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Arnone
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - TERIN-BBC - Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, S. Maria Di Galeria, Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano De Mei
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - TERIN-BBC - Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, S. Maria Di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Petrazzuolo
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - TERIN-BBC - Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, S. Maria Di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Musmeci
- ENEA - Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development - SSPT-BIOAG - Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123, S. Maria Di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Defilippo
- IZSLER - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi, 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Curatolo
- IZSLER - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi, 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- IZSLER - Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna, Via A. Bianchi, 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
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Liew CS, Mong GR, Abdelfattah EA, Raksasat R, Rawindran H, Kiatkittipong W, Mohamad M, Ramli A, Yunus NM, Lam MK, Da Oh W, Lim JW. Correlating black soldier fly larvae growths with soluble nutrients derived from thermally pre-treated waste activated sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112923. [PMID: 35150716 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been deployed to valorize various organic wastes. Nonetheless, its growth rate whilst being offered with waste activated sludge (WAS) is not promising, likely by virtue of the presence of extracellular polymeric substances' structure in WAS. In this work, the WAS were first thermally pre-treated under different treatment temperatures and durations before being administered as the feeding substrates for BSFL. The results showed the thermal pre-treatment could improve WAS palatability and subsequently, enhance the growth of BSFL especially after the pre-treatments at 75 °C and above. The highest larva weight gained was recorded at 2.16 mg/larva for the WAS sample being pre-treated at 90 °C and 16 h. Furthermore, the samples pre-treated above 75 °C also achieved higher degradation rates, indicating that the 75 °C was a threshold temperature to effectively hydrolyze the WAS. The changes of WAS characteristics, namely, (i) soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), (ii) soluble carbohydrate, (iii) soluble protein, (iv) humic substances and (v) total soluble protein and humic substances, after the thermal pre-treatments were also studied in correlating with the BSFL growth. Accordingly, a model was successfully developed with the highest R2 value attained at 0.95, evidencing the SCOD was the most suitable WAS characteristic to accurately predict the BSFL growth behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Seng Liew
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Guo Ren Mong
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Ratchaprapa Raksasat
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Hemamalini Rawindran
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Worapon Kiatkittipong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
| | - Mardawani Mohamad
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Anita Ramli
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Normawati M Yunus
- Centre of Research in Ionic Liquids (CORIL), Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
| | - Wen Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia.
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Deng B, Zhu J, Wang G, Xu C, Zhang X, Wang P, Yuan Q. Effects of three major nutrient contents, compost thickness and treatment time on larval weight, process performance and residue component in black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 307:114610. [PMID: 35093757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose content in vegetable waste (VW) is high and cannot be directly digested by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). In this study, in order to treat VW using BSFL composting, kitchen waste (KW) is used as the only nutritional supplement for VW to analyze the effects of the different contents of crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), carbohydrate (3C), compost thickness (CT), and treatment time on the larval weight (LW), survival rate (SR), dry matter reduction rate (DMR), bioconversion rate (BCR), physical and chemical properties of BSFL sand and changes in the microbial community. Our results showed that when the average 3C content increased by 40%, the average LW increased by 47.6%, and the SR, DMR, BCR, and organic matter (OM) content increased by 16.82%, 8.5%, 4.77%, and 3.86%, respectively. In contrast, when the average compost thickness increased by 5 cm, the average weight of BSFL decreased by 22.64%, while the SR of larvae, DMR, BCR, OM, and total nutrients (TN + P2O5 + K2O) decreased by 5%, 5.2%, 4.42%, 9.6%, and 0.78%, respectively. Germination test showed that BSFL sand alone could not be used as soilless culture substrate. After BSFL treatment, we found that the dominant phyla in BSFL sand were Firmicutes (95.77%), Proteobacteria (2.54%), Actinobacteria (0.74%), and Chloroflexi (0.6%). Our results indicate that BSFL composting is an effective method of treating VW, and 3C content and CT have a significant effect on BSFL composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junyu Zhu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiaoxia Yuan
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Li Z, Yang Z, Li Y. Effects of Fruit Sizes of Two Camellia Trees on the Larval Sizes of Curculio styracis (Roelofs, 1875): Testing the Endoparasitoid Body Size Hypothesis. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030246. [PMID: 35323545 PMCID: PMC8955991 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In endoparasitoids that feed within small discrete resource patches, such as seeds or fruits, body size could be subject to a trade-off: larger size could lead to increased overall fitness but could simultaneously increase the risk of resource depletion and starvation, resulting in a body size just below the host holding capacity. We analyzed the relationship of the larval size of the within-fruits-developing curculionid beetle Curculio styracis (Roelofs, 1875) and the size of the fruits of its two congeneric host species of Camellia to test this hypothesis. A logistic model can most accurately describe larval size in association with host-fruit size after a series of models were tested. Based on the characteristics of the optimal model, the hypothesis seemed to be confirmed because larvae that developed in host plant with larger fruits had a larger size, and larval size in both host species remained only a little below the host-fruit capacity. The novelty of the study is that this hypothesis is being tested in a more formal way using appropriate mathematical models. Abstract The endoparasitoid body size hypothesis suggests that the size of larvae that develop in a single host should be subject to a trade-off: larger size could lead to increase overall fitness but could simultaneously increase the risk of resource depletion and starvation, resulting in a body size just below the host holding capacity. However, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested using mathematical models thus far. The camellia weevil, C.styracis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a notorious pest attacking fruits of Camellia oleifera Abel. and C. meiocarpa Hu., in which the larvae develop within a single fruit and larval development is limited by the available food resources. We developed a feasible method to test this hypothesis. First, five models were used to describe the relationship between larval mass and host size. Then, the minimum fruit threshold that had to be met for ad libitum larval development and the corresponding larval size (Wa) of this threshold were calculated based on the characteristics of the optimal model. Finally, the difference between the measured larval size and the predicted larval size (Wa) was determined. The results showed that (1) the data were better described by a logistic function than any other equation; (2) larval size in both host plants increased with increasing fruit size until leveling off when the fruits were large enough to allow unconstrained larval development; (3) larval size remained just below the host-fruit holding capacity, as there was no difference between the measured and predicted larval sizes (Wa); and (4) larvae developed in host plant with larger fruits had a larger size. These results confirmed the endoparasitoid body size hypothesis.
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Miner LP, Fernandez-Bayo J, Putri F, Niemeier D, Bischel H, VanderGheynst JS. Predicting black soldier fly larvae biomass and methionine accumulation using a kinetic model for batch cultivation and improving system performance using semi-batch cultivation. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2021; 45:333-344. [PMID: 34862916 PMCID: PMC8807430 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02663-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Global demand for poultry and associated feed are projected to double over the next 30 years. Insect meal is a sustainable alternative to traditional feeds when produced on low-value high-volume agricultural byproducts. Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) are high in protein and contain methionine, an essential amino acid that is critical to poultry health. BSF larvae can be grown on many organic residues, however, larvae growth and quality vary based on feedstock and cultivation processes. Experiments were completed to monitor temporal changes in BSF larvae growth and composition using almond hulls as a growth substrate under batch and semi-batch processes and with varying substrate carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N). A logistic kinetic growth model was developed to predict larval biomass and methionine accumulations during batch production. Estimated ranges of model parameters for larvae maximum specific growth rate and carrying capacity were 0.017–0.021 h−1 and 9.7–10.7 g larvae kg−1 hulls dry weight, respectively. Methionine content in larvae increased from 11.1 to 17.1 g kg−1 dry weight over a 30-day batch incubation period. Larvae-specific growth and yield increased by 168% and 268%, respectively, when cultivated in a semi-batch compared to a batch process. Increasing C/N ratio from 26 to 40 increased density of methionine content in larvae per unit feedstock by 25%. The findings demonstrate a logistic model can predict larvae biomass accumulation, harvest time can achieve specific methionine contents, and a semi-batch process is more favorable for larvae biomass accumulation compared to a batch process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Palma Miner
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jesus Fernandez-Bayo
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ferisca Putri
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Deb Niemeier
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Heather Bischel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jean S VanderGheynst
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA, USA.
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Bekker NS, Heidelbach S, Vestergaard SZ, Nielsen ME, Riisgaard-Jensen M, Zeuner EJ, Bahrndorff S, Eriksen NT. Impact of substrate moisture content on growth and metabolic performance of black soldier fly larvae. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 127:73-79. [PMID: 33932852 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Substrate moisture content is an important but not well-understood variable in production and waste reduction processes that involves black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. The purpose of this paper is to characterise growth and metabolic performance of BSF larvae on substrate moisture contents from 45 to 85%. Larvae developed into prepupae only at 45-75% substrate moisture content. Within this interval, the maximal specific growth rate was highest (0.73 day-1), the growth period shortest (13 days), and the maximal dry weight lowest (88 mg) at 45% moisture content. Differences in cost of growth and maintenance were not observed at the different substrate moisture contents, and differences in larval performance were likely associated to differences in co-occurring microbial activities. As much as 22% of the substrate carbon was emitted as CO2 at 45% moisture content by microorganisms, measured as the difference between total respiration and larval respiration, whereas microbial CO2 production amounted to only 3% of the substrate carbon at 75% moisture content. As consequence of the high specific growth rate and short growth phase, the overall net growth efficiency was higher at 45% moisture content (0.62) than at 75% moisture content (0.52). Overall, the metabolic performance of the BSF larvae was insensitive to differences in substrate moisture content. Their performance was, however indirectly affected by the substrate moisture content due to differences in co-occurring microbial processes in the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Sundgaard Bekker
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Heidelbach
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Sofie Zacho Vestergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Morten Eneberg Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Marie Riisgaard-Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Emil Juel Zeuner
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Simon Bahrndorff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Niels Thomas Eriksen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark.
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Padmanabha M, Kobelski A, Hempel AJ, Streif S. A comprehensive dynamic growth and development model of Hermetia illucens larvae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239084. [PMID: 32946462 PMCID: PMC7500678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of Hermetia illucens, also commonly known as black soldier fly (BSF) have gained significant importance in the feed industry, primarily used as feed for aquaculture and other livestock farming. Mathematical models such as the Von Bertalanffy growth model and dynamic energy budget models are available for modelling the growth of various organisms but have their demerits for their application to the growth and development of BSF. Also, such dynamic models were not yet applied to the growth of the BSF larvae despite models proven to be useful for automation of industrial production process (e.g. feeding, heating/cooling, ventilation, harvesting, etc.). This work primarily focuses on developing a model based on the principles of the afore mentioned models from literature that can provide accurate mathematical description of the dry mass changes throughout the life cycle and the transition of development phases of the larvae. To further improve the accuracy of these models, various factors affecting the growth and development such as temperature, feed quality, feeding rate, moisture content in feed, and airflow rate are developed and integrated into the dynamic growth model. An extensive set of data was aggregated from various literature and used for the model development, parameter estimation and validation. Models describing the environmental factors were individually validated based on the data sets collected. In addition, the dynamic growth model was also validated for dry mass evolution and development stage transition of larvae reared on different substrate feeding rates. The developed models with the estimated parameters performed well, highlighting their potential application in decision-support systems and automation for large scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Padmanabha
- Automatic Control and System Dynamics Lab, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Alexander Kobelski
- Automatic Control and System Dynamics Lab, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Arne-Jens Hempel
- Automatic Control and System Dynamics Lab, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stefan Streif
- Automatic Control and System Dynamics Lab, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
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