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Lu Z, Chen Z, Liu Y, Hua X, Gao C, Liu J. Morphological Engineering of Filamentous Fungi: Research Progress and Perspectives. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 34:1197-1205. [PMID: 38693049 PMCID: PMC11239417 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2402.02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are important cell factories for the production of high-value enzymes and chemicals for the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Under submerged fermentation, filamentous fungi exhibit diverse fungal morphologies that are influenced by environmental factors, which in turn affect the rheological properties and mass transfer of the fermentation system, and ultimately the synthesis of products. In this review, we first summarize the mechanisms of mycelial morphogenesis and then provide an overview of current developments in methods and strategies for morphological regulation, including physicochemical and metabolic engineering approaches. We also anticipate that rapid developments in synthetic biology and genetic manipulation tools will accelerate morphological engineering in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwu Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, P. R. China
| | - Yunguo Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, P. R. China
| | - Xuexue Hua
- Shandong Fufeng Fermentation Co., Ltd., Linyi 276600, P. R. China
| | - Cuijuan Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, P. R. China
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Chen Y, Wang J, Wang M, Han A, Zhao X, Wang W, Wei D. Engineering the metabolism and morphology of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei for efficient L-malic acid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 387:129629. [PMID: 37558099 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
L-malic acid (MA) is a vital platform chemical with huge market demand because of its broad industrial applications. A cell factory for MA production was engineered by strengthening the intrinsic pathway without inserting foreign genes into Trichoderma reesei. The native MA transporter gene in the T. reesei genome was characterized (trmae1), and its overexpression significantly improved MA production, which increased from 2 to 56.24 g/L. Native pyruvate carboxylase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and glucose transporter were overexpressed further to improve the titer and yield of MA production. Fungal morphology was adapted to produce MA in the fermenter by deleting gul1. A titer of 235.8 g/L MA was produced from the final engineered strain in a 5-L fermenter with a yield of 1.48 mol of MA per mol of glucose and productivity of 1.23 g/L/h. This study provides novel insights for understanding and remodeling the MA synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Chen
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, China; Luhua Suo, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, China; Luhua Suo, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ao Han
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wei Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, China; Luhua Suo, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, China; Luhua Suo, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Liu H, Luo Z, Rao Y. Manipulation of fungal cell wall integrity to improve production of fungal natural products. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2023; 125:49-78. [PMID: 38783724 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Fungi, as an important industrial microorganism, play an essential role in the production of natural products (NPs) due to their advantages of utilizing cheap raw materials as substrates and strong protein secretion ability. Although many metabolic engineering strategies have been adopted to enhance the biosynthetic pathway of NPs in fungi, the fungal cell wall as a natural barrier tissue is the final and key step that affects the efficiency of NPs synthesis. To date, many important progresses have been achieved in improving the synthesis of NPs by regulating the cell wall structure of fungi. In this review, we systematically summarize and discuss various strategies for modifying the cell wall structure of fungi to improve the synthesis of NPs. At first, the cell wall structure of different types of fungi is systematically described. Then, strategies to disrupt cell wall integrity (CWI) by regulating the synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and binding proteins are summarized, which have been applied to improve the synthesis of NPs. In addition, we also summarize the studies on the regulation of CWI-related signaling pathway and the addition of exogenous components for regulating CWI to improve the synthesis of NPs. Finally, we propose the current challenges and essential strategies to usher in an era of more extensive manipulation of fungal CWI to improve the production of fungal NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhengshan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.
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Korsa G, Konwarh R, Masi C, Ayele A, Haile S. Microbial cellulase production and its potential application for textile industries. ANN MICROBIOL 2023; 73:13. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-023-01715-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The textile industry’s previous chemical use resulted in thousands of practical particulate emissions, such as machine component damage and drainage system blockage, both of which have practical implications. Enzyme-based textile processing is cost-effective, environmentally friendly, non-hazardous, and water-saving. The purpose of this review is to give evidence on the potential activity of microbial cellulase in the textile industry, which is mostly confined to the realm of research.
Methods
This review was progressive by considering peer-reviewed papers linked to microbial cellulase production, and its prospective application for textile industries was appraised and produced to develop this assessment. Articles were divided into two categories based on the results of trustworthy educational journals: methods used to produce the diversity of microorganisms through fermentation processes and such approaches used to produce the diversity of microbes through microbial fermentation. Submerged fermentation (SMF) and solid-state fermentation (SSF) techniques are currently being used to meet industrial demand for microbial cellulase production in the bio textile industry.
Results
Microbial cellulase is vital for increasing day to day due to its no side effect on the environment and human health becoming increasingly important. In conventional textile processing, the gray cloth was subjected to a series of chemical treatments that involved breaking the dye molecule’s amino group with Cl − , which started and accelerated dye(-resistant) bond cracking. A cellulase enzyme is primarily derived from a variety of microbial species found in various ecological settings as a biotextile/bio-based product technology for future needs in industrial applications.
Conclusion
Cellulase has been produced for its advantages in cellulose-based textiles, as well as for quality enhancement and fabric maintenance over traditional approaches. Cellulase’s role in the industry was microbial fermentation processes in textile processing which was chosen as an appropriate and environmentally sound solution for a long and healthy lifestyle.
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Overproduction of Laccase by Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus sanguineus in Farnesol-Pineapple Waste Solid Fermentation. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of farnesol, a sesquiterpene alcohol, on the production of laccases by Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus sanguineus in pineapple waste solid-state fermentation was evaluated. Extracellular laccase production reached a maximum of 77.88 ± 5.62 U/g (236% above control) in farnesol-induced cultures of T. versicolor on the 17th day, whereas in a similar P. sanguineus culture, a maximal laccase activity of 130.95 ± 2.20 U/g (159% increase) was obtained on the 17th day. A single 45 KDa laccase was produced by both fungi under the influence of farnesol. These and other data allow us to conclude that farnesol acted as an inducer of the same form of laccase in both fungi. Farnesol disfavored fungal growth by increasing the lag phase, but it also clearly improved the oxidative state of the cultures. Contrary to the results obtained previously in submerged cultures, farnesol did not promote hyperbranching in the fungal mycelia. This is the first demonstration that farnesol is an excellent inducer of laccases in T. versicolor and P. sanguineus in solid-state cultivation. In quantitative terms, the results can be regarded as an excellent starting point for developing industrial or at least pre-industrial procedures to produce laccases using T. versicolor and P sanguineus under the stimulus of farnesol.
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Qin Y, Qin B, Zhang J, Fu Y, Li Q, Luo F, Luo Y, He H. Purification and enzymatic properties of a new thermostable endoglucanase from Aspergillus oryzae HML366. INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SPANISH SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s10123-023-00322-8. [PMID: 36705789 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae HML366 is a newly screened cellulase-producing strain. The endoglucanase HML ED1 from A. oryzae HML366 was quickly purified by a two-step method that combines ammonium sulfate precipitation and strong anion exchange column. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis indicated that the molecular weight of the enzyme was 68 kDa. The optimum temperature of the purified endoglucanase was 60 ℃ and the enzyme activity was stable below 70 ℃. The optimum pH was 6.5, and the enzyme activity was stable at pH between 4.5 and 9.0. The analysis indicated that additional Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Zn2+ reduced the catalytic ability of enzyme to the substrate, but Mn2+ enhanced its catalytic ability to the substrate.The Km and Vmax of the purified endoglucanase were 8.75 mg/mL and 60.24 μmol/min·mg, respectively. In this study, we report for the first time that A. oryzae HML366 can produce a heat-resistant and wide pH tolerant endoglucanase HML ED1, which has potential industrial application value in bioethanol, paper, food, textile, detergent, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Qin
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China. .,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China. .,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.
| | - Baoshan Qin
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Guangxi Medical College, Nanning, 530023, China
| | - Yue Fu
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Qiqian Li
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Fengfeng Luo
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China.,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Yanmei Luo
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China
| | - Haiyan He
- College of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China. .,Guangxi Colleges Universities Key Laboratory of Exploitation and Utilization of Microbial and Botanical Resources, Yizhou, 546300, China. .,Application and Research Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, Hechi University, Yizhou, 546300, China.
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Benatti ALT, Polizeli MDLTDM. Lignocellulolytic Biocatalysts: The Main Players Involved in Multiple Biotechnological Processes for Biomass Valorization. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11010162. [PMID: 36677454 PMCID: PMC9864444 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human population growth, industrialization, and globalization have caused several pressures on the planet's natural resources, culminating in the severe climate and environmental crisis which we are facing. Aiming to remedy and mitigate the impact of human activities on the environment, the use of lignocellulolytic enzymes for biofuel production, food, bioremediation, and other various industries, is presented as a more sustainable alternative. These enzymes are characterized as a group of enzymes capable of breaking down lignocellulosic biomass into its different monomer units, making it accessible for bioconversion into various products and applications in the most diverse industries. Among all the organisms that produce lignocellulolytic enzymes, microorganisms are seen as the primary sources for obtaining them. Therefore, this review proposes to discuss the fundamental aspects of the enzymes forming lignocellulolytic systems and the main microorganisms used to obtain them. In addition, different possible industrial applications for these enzymes will be discussed, as well as information about their production modes and considerations about recent advances and future perspectives in research in pursuit of expanding lignocellulolytic enzyme uses at an industrial scale.
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Adsul MG, Dixit P, Saini JK, Gupta RP, Ramakumar SSV, Mathur AS. Morphologically favorable mutant of Trichoderma reesei for low viscosity cellulase production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:2167-2181. [PMID: 35470437 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metabolite production by filamentous fungi hampered because of high viscosity generated during growth. Low viscosity fermentation by mold is one of the preferred ways of large scale enzymes production. Cellulolytic enzymes play a key role during the process of lignocellulosic biomass conversion. In this study a mutant RC-23-1 was isolated through mutagenesis (diethyl sulfate followed by UV) of T. reesei RUT-C30. RC-23-1 not only gave higher cellulase production but also generated lower viscosity during enzyme production. Viscosity of mutant growth was more than three times lower than parent strain. RC-23-1 shows unique, yeast like colony morphology on solid media and small pellet like growth in liquid media. This mutant did not spread like mold on solid media. This mutant produces cellulases constitutively when grown in sugars. Using only glucose, the cellulase production was 4.1 FPU/ml. Among polysaccharides (avicel, xylan and pectin), avicel gave maximum of 6.2 FPU/ml and pretreated biomass (rice straw, wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse) produced 5.1-5.8 FPU/ml. At 7L scale reactor, fed-batch process was designed for cellulase production using different carbon and nitrogen sources. Maximum yield of cellulases was 182 FPU/g of lactose consumed was observed in fed-batch process. The produced enzyme used for hydrolysis of acid pretreated rice straw (20% solid loading) and maximum of 60 % glucan conversion was observed. RC-23-1 mutant is good candidate for large scale cellulase production and could be a model strain to study mold to yeast-like transformation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukund G Adsul
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Pooja Dixit
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Jitendra K Saini
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Ravi P Gupta
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - S S V Ramakumar
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
| | - Anshu S Mathur
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad, 121007, India
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Liu M, Zhang J, Ye J, Qi Q, Hou J. Morphological and Metabolic Engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica to Increase β-Carotene Production. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:3551-3560. [PMID: 34762415 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica represents an environmentally friendly platform cell factory for β-carotene production. However, Y. lipolytica is a dimorphic species that can undergo a yeast-to-mycelium transition when exposed to stress. The mycelial form is unfavorable for industrial fermentation. In this study, β-carotene-producing Y. lipolytica strains were constructed via the integration of multiple copies of 13 genes related to the β-carotene biosynthesis pathway. The β-carotene content increased by 11.7-fold compared with the start strain T1. As the β-carotene content increased, the oval-shaped yeast form was gradually replaced by hyphae, implying that the accumulation of β-carotene in Y. lipolytica induces a morphological transition. To relieve this metabolic stress, the strains were morphologically engineered by deleting CLA4 and MHY1 genes to convert the mycelium back to the yeast form, which further increased the β-carotene production by 139%. In fed-batch fermentation, the engineered strain produced 7.6 g/L and 159 mg/g DCW β-carotene, which is the highest titer and content reported to date. The morphological engineering strategy developed here may be useful for enhancing chemical synthesis in dimorphic yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Jingrun Ye
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
| | - Jin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, P. R. China
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Yan S, Xu Y, Yu XW. From induction to secretion: a complicated route for cellulase production in Trichoderma reesei. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:107. [PMID: 38650205 PMCID: PMC10991602 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei has been widely used for cellulase production that has extensive applications in green and sustainable development. Increasing costs and depletion of fossil fuels provoke the demand for hyper-cellulase production in this cellulolytic fungus. To better manipulate T. reesei for enhanced cellulase production and to lower the cost for large-scale fermentation, it is wise to have a comprehensive understanding of the crucial factors and complicated biological network of cellulase production that could provide new perspectives for further exploration and modification. In this review, we summarize recent progress and give an overview of the cellular process of cellulase production in T. reesei, including the carbon source-dependent cellulase induction, complicated transcriptional regulation network, and efficient protein assembly and trafficking. Among that, the key factors involved in cellulase production were emphasized, shedding light on potential perspectives for further engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yan
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Wei Yu
- Lab of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
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