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Enomoto H, Elliot BA, Petritz OA, Crespo R, Yeatts J, Sheela FF, Fricke I, Singleton A, Thomson A, Baynes RE. Residue, distribution and depletion of fluralaner in egg following a single intravenous and transdermal administration in healthy shaver hens: fluralaner residue in egg. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103843. [PMID: 38806001 PMCID: PMC11154701 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The demand for the use of fluralaner in an extra label manner is increasing due to lack of efficacious treatment to combat mites and bed bugs in the poultry industry in the United States. Fluralaner residue data in eggs is lacking and residues might cause risks to human health. The present study aimed to determine the depletion profiles of fluralaner in eggs and estimate the drug withdrawal interval in whole eggs by adopting the US Food and Drug administration tolerance limit method with single intravenous (0.5 mg/kg) or transdermal administration (average 58.7 mg/kg) in healthy shaver hens. Hens were treated intravenously or trans-dermally with fluralaner. The eggs were collected daily for 28 d for intravenous treated and for 40 d from the transdermal route group. Fluralaner concentrations in yolk and albumen were determined by mass spectrometry. The greater percentage of fluralaner was observed in yolk when compared to the albumen for both administration routes. Noncompartmental analysis was used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters in yolk, albumen and whole egg. The longest apparent half-life confirmed in yolk was 3.7 d for intravenous and 14.3 d for the transdermal route. The withdrawal intervals in whole egg for fluralaner following the intravenous and transdermal administration were 7 d and 81 d, respectively, with maximum residue limits (1.3 µg/g) at 13 d and 171 d, respectively, based on the limit of quantification (0.4 µg/g) from the analytical assay reported by EMA and APVMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Enomoto
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Baxter A Elliot
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Olivia A Petritz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Rocio Crespo
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - James Yeatts
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Farha Ferdous Sheela
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Isabel Fricke
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Abby Singleton
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Andrea Thomson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Elliot BA, Enomoto H, Petritz O, Crespo R, Yeatts J, Fricke I, Singleton A, Thomson A, Baynes RE. Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and trans-dermally administered fluralaner in healthy laying shaver hens: fluralaner in chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103362. [PMID: 38218115 PMCID: PMC10823124 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Ectoparasite infestations negatively affect both backyard and commercial chicken flocks in the United States. Fluralaner is an isoxazoline shown to be efficacious in treating mite and bed bug infestations in poultry. Fluralaner is approved to treat fleas and ticks in dogs and cats in the United States and to treat mite infestations of chickens in Europe and Australia; however, the use of fluralaner in poultry is not yet approved in the United States. This study aimed to investigate the plasma fluralaner pharmacokinetic profile of intravenous and transdermal routes and apparent bioavailability of fluralaner administered trans-dermally in healthy shaver hens. A total of 12 individually housed healthy shaver hens received a single dose of either intravenous technical grade fluralaner at 0.5 mg/kg, or transdermal fluralaner (Bravecto (fluralaner transdermal solution) for dogs, 280 mg/mL, Merck Animal Health) at mean 58.7 mg/kg. Plasma from each hen was collected from the jugular, ulnar, or medial metatarsal vein at multiple intervals. Fluralaner concentrations in plasma were determined using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry (UPLC/MS). Noncompartmental analysis revealed that the geometric mean elimination half-life for intravenous and transdermal routes were 80.5 and 179.6 h, respectively. The geometric mean apparent bioavailability of transdermal routes was estimated as 3.4%. Prolonged fluralaner concentration in plasma above minimum inhibitory concentration of bed bugs following the single dose was observed in healthy shaver hens for both routes. It is important to understand the pharmacokinetic profile could be useful in determining the appropriate treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baxter A Elliot
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Hiroko Enomoto
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Olivia Petritz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Rocio Crespo
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - James Yeatts
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Isabel Fricke
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Abby Singleton
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Andrea Thomson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA.
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Win SY, Murata S, Fujisawa S, Seo H, Sato J, Motai Y, Sato T, Oishi E, Taneno A, Htun LL, Bawm S, Okagawa T, Maekawa N, Konnai S, Ohashi K. Characterization of cysteine proteases from poultry red mite, tropical fowl mite, and northern fowl mite to assess the feasibility of developing a broadly efficacious vaccine against multiple mite species. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288565. [PMID: 37440547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infestation with poultry red mites (PRM, Dermanyssus gallinae) causes anemia, reduced egg production, and death in serious cases, resulting in significant economic losses to the poultry industry. As a novel strategy for controlling PRMs, vaccine approaches have been focused upon and several candidate vaccine antigens against PRMs have been reported. Tropical (TFM, Ornithonyssus bursa) and northern (NFM, Ornithonyssus sylviarum) fowl mites are also hematophagous and cause poultry industry problems similar to those caused by PRM. Therefore, ideal antigens for anti-PRM vaccines are molecules that cross-react with TFMs and NFMs, producing pesticidal effects similar to those against PRMs. In this study, to investigate the potential feasibility of developing vaccines with broad efficacy across mite species, we identified and characterized cysteine proteases (CPs) of TFMs and NFMs, which were previously reported to be effective vaccine antigens of PRMs. The open reading frames of CPs from TFMs and NFMs had the same sequences, which was 73.0% similar to that of PRMs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CPs of TFMs and NFMs clustered in the same clade as CPs of PRMs. To assess protein functionality, we generated recombinant peptidase domains of CPs (rCP-PDs), revealing all rCP-PDs showed CP-like activities. Importantly, the plasma obtained from chickens immunized with each rCP-PD cross-reacted with rCP-PDs of different mites. Finally, all immune plasma of rCP-PDs reduced the survival rate of PRMs, even when the plasma was collected from chickens immunized with rCP-PDs derived from TFM and NFM. Therefore, CP antigen is a promising, broadly efficacious vaccine candidate against different avian mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwe Yee Win
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sotaro Fujisawa
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hikari Seo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sato
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshinosuke Motai
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takumi Sato
- Vaxxinova Japan K.K., Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Oishi
- Vaxxinova Japan K.K., Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Lat Lat Htun
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Saw Bawm
- Department of Pharmacology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
- Department of Livestock and Aquaculture Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
- International Affairs Office, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Sparagano O, Song B, Aziz U, Hussain S, Yang G, George D, Zeb J. Poultry Mites: Ubiquitous, Spreading, and Still a Growing Threat. Avian Dis 2022; 66:1-7. [PMID: 36198007 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poultry mites continue to be a major threat to poultry meat and egg production all over the world, with some species being blood-feeding arthropods that spend most of their time off-host and others burrowing under the bird's skin. Regardless of feeding strategy, these mites create welfare issues and production losses in poultry production systems in terms of bird growth, egg quality, and egg quantity. Furthermore, some species are able to transmit pathogens, introducing secondary infections that affect the birds' development and survival. Because of national restrictions on acaricide use and the development of mite resistance to available control products, the eradication of poultry mites is far from being achieved. However, new drugs and a better understanding of mite genetic and transcriptomic factors should aid the development of new control and treatment strategies. This review focuses on the main poultry mite species, their significance, and their current and future control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Sparagano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Jockey Club College of Life Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,
| | - Baolin Song
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Jockey Club College of Life Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Umair Aziz
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Jockey Club College of Life Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sabir Hussain
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Jockey Club College of Life Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Jockey Club College of Life Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David George
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Jehan Zeb
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Jockey Club College of Life Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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