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Cottrell TE, Tillman G, Grabarczyk EE, Toews M, Sial A, Lahiri S. Habitat and vertical stratification affect capture of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and biological control of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:593-605. [PMID: 37417538 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal distribution of stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and their natural enemies across farmscapes has been studied in more detail recently. However, the impact of plant height on vertical stratification of stink bugs and their natural enemies is rarely addressed across these diverse habitats. In this study, we examined capture of native stink bugs, the invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål)(Hemiptera:Pentatomidae), and a predaceous wasp, Astata occidentalis Cresson (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) in pheromone-baited traps, in 2 habitats, woodlands of mostly deciduous trees mixed with some conifers and pecan orchards, in addition to their vertical stratification (0-13.7 m) at increasing heights. Furthermore, the effects of canopy height and habitat on H. halys egg mass predation and parasitism were evaluated. Adult H. halys were abundant in both habitats, but more nymphs were captured in pecan orchards. The same pattern was found for adult Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae), Thyanta custator McAtee (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae), and A. occidentalis. In contrast, adult E. tristigmus (Say) (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae) and Chinavia hilaris (Say) (Hemiptera:Pentatomidae) were more abundant in woodlands. More nymphal H. halys and adults of E. servus, T. custator, and A. occidentalis were captured in ground traps than canopy traps in pecan. More adult and nymphal H. halys were captured at varying heights in the woodland canopy compared to near the ground as were adult E. tristigmus and C. hilaris. Both parasitism and predation occurred in woodland and pecan canopies. However, in one test we found that parasitism of H. halys egg masses occurred more often in the upper tree canopy, and more parasitism was detected in woodland than orchard habitat. In 2 tests, predation was higher in woodlands than pecan orchards. These results will aid in optimizing conservation biological control tactics in these habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted E Cottrell
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeastern Fruit and Nut Tree Research Laboratory, 21 Dunbar Road, Byron, GA, USA
| | - Glynn Tillman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Watershed Research Unit, PO Box 748, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Erin E Grabarczyk
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southeast Watershed Research Unit, PO Box 748, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Michael Toews
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, USA
| | - Ashfaq Sial
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sriyanka Lahiri
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, USA
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Ademokoya B, Athey K, Ruberson J. Natural Enemies and Biological Control of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in North America. INSECTS 2022; 13:932. [PMID: 36292880 PMCID: PMC9604258 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stink bugs comprise a significant and costly pest complex for numerous crops in the US, including row crops, vegetables, and tree fruits and nuts. Most management relies on the use of broad-spectrum and disruptive insecticides with high human and environmental risks associated with them. Growing concerns about pesticide resistance in stink bugs are forcing pest managers to explore safer and more sustainable options. Here, we review the diverse suite of natural enemies of stink bugs in the US, noting that the egg and the late nymphal and adult stages of stink bugs are the most commonly attacked by parasitoids, whereas eggs and young nymphs are the stages most commonly attacked by predators. The effectiveness of stink bugs' natural enemies varies widely with stink bug species and habitats, influencing the biological control of stink bugs across crops. Historically, biological control of stink bugs has focused on introduction of exotic natural enemies against exotic stink bugs. Conservation and augmentation methods of biological control have received less attention in the US, although there may be good opportunities to utilize these approaches. We identify some considerations for the current and future use of biological control for stink bugs, including the potential for area-wide management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing Ademokoya
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, West Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Jay, FL 32565, USA
| | - Kacie Athey
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John Ruberson
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Grabarczyk EE, Cottrell TE, Tillman PG. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Across a Fruit and Tree Nut Agricultural Ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:824-835. [PMID: 35640237 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The invasive brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a mobile, polyphagous agricultural pest that feeds on a variety of plants. In orchard systems, seasonal monitoring of adults and nymphs in fruit and nut trees and noncrop host plants in surrounding habitat can be used to identify, in time and space, areas of high-density aggregations to develop targeted pest management strategies. We explored the spatiotemporal distribution of H. halys adults and nymphs and assessed whether seasonal distribution patterns varied according to habitat. From 2018 to 2021, pheromone-baited traps were placed in orchard and noncrop plants to first document the establishment of H. halys at this site and to describe seasonal development. In addition, stink bugs were monitored weekly during 2019-2020 across a grid of baited traps placed within the orchard ecosystem. Based on grid data, we used Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (SADIE) to identify significant clusters of H. halys and visualized aggregations with interpolated maps. Overall, the distribution of H. halys adults and nymphs were similar; both aggregated primarily in peach and adjacent woodlands followed by pecan. Timing of aggregations was consistent across years and reached the highest levels in July and August. Moreover, we document that H. halys is an established pest within this orchard ecosystem, and that noncrop host plants likely play an important role in maintaining populations of H. halys. To manage H. halys in southeastern orchard systems, growers may need to account for host plants in habitats that surround fruiting trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Grabarczyk
- USDA-ARS, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, 2316 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA, 37193, USA
| | - Ted E Cottrell
- USDA-ARS, Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, 21 Dunbar Road, Byron, GA, 31008, USA
| | - P Glynn Tillman
- USDA-ARS, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, 2316 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA, 37193, USA
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Grabarczyk EE, Cottrell TE, Tillman G. Characterizing the Spatiotemporal Distribution of Three Native Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) across an Agricultural Landscape. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12100854. [PMID: 34680623 PMCID: PMC8540503 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are highly mobile pests that forage on, and damage, a variety of crops. Habitats that surround farms, such as forests, wetlands, and pastures may play a role in the location of stink bugs and their movement into crop fields. Here, stink bugs were trapped weekly across an 18 km2 agricultural landscape, and we characterized their distribution, as well as patterns of aggregation by habitat. Brown stink bugs (Euschistus servus) were most often captured in crop fields and the timing of aggregations often corresponded to food availability. Dusky stink bugs (Euschistus tristigmus) were primarily captured in forest, and only occasionally in crop fields. Green stink bugs (Chinavia hilaris) were found in both crop fields and non-crop habitat. Control of stink bugs may require management plans that consider movement not only within crop fields, but also the surrounding habitat. Abstract Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are polyphagous pests that cause significant economic losses to a variety of crops. Although many species have been documented to aggregate within agricultural fields, much less is known regarding the timing and distribution of adults and nymphs within and between surrounding non-crop habitat. Therefore, we explored the spatiotemporal distribution of Euschistus servus (Say), Euschistus tristigmus (Say), and Chinavia hilaris (Say), three species of North American origin, and examined whether distribution patterns varied between species according to habitat. Stink bugs were monitored weekly for three years within an 18 km2 grid of pheromone-baited traps. We tested whether habitat affected distribution patterns, used spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE) to identify aggregations, and visualized distributions with interpolated maps. Overall, E. servus adults were captured in crops, whereas E. tristigmus adults and nymphs were mainly captured in forests. Accordingly, distribution patterns of E. tristigmus were relatively stable over time, whereas aggregations of adult E. servus varied over space, and the timing of aggregations reflected the phenology of major crops. Chinavia hilaris was most often captured in forest, followed by crop habitat. Pest management strategies for stink bugs may require an area-based management approach that accounts for movement in agricultural fields and surrounding habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Grabarczyk
- Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
- Correspondence: (E.E.G.); (G.T.)
| | - Ted E. Cottrell
- Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Byron, GA 31008, USA;
| | - Glynn Tillman
- Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
- Correspondence: (E.E.G.); (G.T.)
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Ranjbar F, Reitz S, Esmaeili Sardary A, Jalali MA, Ziaaddini M, Izadi H. Assessment of Toxicity Risk of Selected Insecticides Used in Pistachio Ecosystem on Two Egg Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 114:1588-1596. [PMID: 34240149 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Psix saccharicola (Mani) and Trissolcus semistriatus (Nees) are the most abundant eggs parasitoids of the stink bug, Acrosternum arabicum Wagner, in pistachio orchards and have the potential to contribute to their suppression. However, treatment of orchards with broad-spectrum insecticides may greatly reduce populations of these beneficial natural enemies. Therefore, we conducted risk assessments and evaluated sublethal impacts of two insecticides routinely used in pistachio orchards: the organophosphate fenitrothion and a formulated mixture of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam and the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin on parasitism success, emergence and sex ratio of P. saccharicola and T. semistriatus. Based on the values of their risk quotients (RQ), which are derived from toxicity data, the two insecticide products would be classified as slightly-to-moderately toxic although an alternative metric, the safety factor (SF), showed them to be highly risky. Assessments of sublethal effects on adult wasps showed that insecticide exposure significantly reduced their ability to successfully parasitize stink bug eggs, and exposure of adult females reduced the emergence, survival, and proportion of females of their progeny, which could disrupt biological control for an extended period of time. Analysis of the decreased emergence and parasitism for P. saccharicola and T. semistriatus in accordance with the standards of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) indicate that fenitrothion is slightly harmful to both parasitoid species whereas the mixture of thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin is moderately harmful. These findings will be useful for integrating insecticides and egg parasitoids into a comprehensive integrated pest management program for managing stink bugs populations in pistachio orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Ranjbar
- Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Stuart Reitz
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Ontario, OR, USA
| | - Abbas Esmaeili Sardary
- Department of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - M Amin Jalali
- Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Department of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ziaaddini
- Department of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Izadi
- Department of Crop Protection, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Tillman PG, Cottrell TE. Influence of Pheromone-Baited Traps on Stink Bugs in Cotton. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5341924. [PMID: 30794727 PMCID: PMC6380218 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are economic pests in fruit, vegetable, grain, and row crops worldwide. Pyramid traps baited with lures of stink bug aggregation pheromones capture these pests in the field, but stink bugs can congregate on plants near traps. Our specific objective was to examine the area of arrestment of stink bugs based on their density on cotton at different distances from pheromone-baited traps. We used lures of the aggregation pheromone of Euschistus spp., methyl (2E,4Z)-2,4-decadienoate (MDD), and Plautia stali Scott, methyl [2E,4E,6Z]-2,4,6-decatrienoate (MDT). Overall, Euschistus servus (Say), Euschistus tristigmus (Say), Chinavia hilaris (Say), and Nezara viridula (L.) were the main stink bug species on cotton. Over the 3-yr study, adult stink bug density was significantly higher on the row of cotton immediately adjacent to a pheromone-baited trap than on the second and third row from the trap. Stink bug density was significantly lower on the seventh cotton row beyond the trap in 2015, on the fourth, eighth, and 16th rows in 2017, and on the fourth and eighth rows in 2018 compared to the two or three rows nearest the trap. These results indicate that adult stink bugs congregated mainly on the three cotton rows (2.73 m in width) nearest a trap. Management strategies utilizing pheromone-baited traps for stink bug control, such as trap cropping in combination with traps, should take into consideration this area of arrestment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Glynn Tillman
- Crop Protection and Management Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Tifton, GA
| | - Ted E Cottrell
- Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Byron, GA
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Weber AC, Degrande PE, Souza EPDE, Azambuja R, Fernandes MG. Spatial Distribution of Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum Linnaeus). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:3483-3491. [PMID: 30427389 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the Neotropical brown stink bug, Euschistus heros (Pentatomidae: Hemiptera), has been detected in cotton in the Brazilian Cerrado. Several reliable surveys have been conducted on the spatial distribution of stink bugs in soybean; however, few studies have examined the behavior of this insect in cotton in Brazil. Thus, this study examined the spatial distribution of E. heros in cotton using aggregation indices based on the variance-to-mean ratio, Morisita index, exponent k, Poisson and negative binomial distributions. Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation maps were also used to represent insect density. The study was conducted in a 1.1 hectare experimental cotton field in which 64 equally-sized plots were sampled on a weekly basis. Our findings revealed that stink bugs presented an aggregate distribution in 2 sampling weeks based on aggregation indices, and this pattern was best described by a negative binomial distribution. Maps showing the density of pests can be an important tool for sampling pests in crops and control measures in early stages of infestation, when there is an edge effect on the distribution of E. heros, can be an efficient strategy in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson C Weber
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Dourados/Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 364, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Paulo E Degrande
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Rodovia Dourados/Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 364, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Ellen P DE Souza
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Rodovia Dourados/Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 364, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Rosalia Azambuja
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Rodovia Dourados/Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 364, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
| | - Marcos G Fernandes
- Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e Ambientais, Rodovia Dourados/Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 364, 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil
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Gariepy TD, Bruin A, Konopka J, Scott‐Dupree C, Fraser H, Bon M, Talamas E. A modified
DNA
barcode approach to define trophic interactions between native and exotic pentatomids and their parasitoids. Mol Ecol 2018; 28:456-470. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara D. Gariepy
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada London Research and Development Centre London Ontario Canada
| | - Allison Bruin
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada London Research and Development Centre London Ontario Canada
| | - Joanna Konopka
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada London Research and Development Centre London Ontario Canada
| | | | - Hannah Fraser
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Marie‐Claude Bon
- USDA‐ARS European Biological Control Lab Campus International de Baillarguet St. Gely du Fesc France
| | - Elijah Talamas
- Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Plant Industry Gainsville Florida
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Olson DM, Prescott KK, Zeilinger AR, Hou S, Coffin AW, Smith CM, Ruberson JR, Andow DA. Landscape Effects on Reproduction of Euschistus servus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a Mobile, Polyphagous, Multivoltine Arthropod Herbivore. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 47:660-668. [PMID: 29635326 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Landscape factors can significantly influence arthropod populations. The economically important brown stink bug, Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a native mobile, polyphagous and multivoltine pest of many crops in southeastern United States and understanding the relative influence of local and landscape factors on their reproduction may facilitate population management. Finite rate of population increase (λ) was estimated in four major crop hosts-maize, peanut, cotton, and soybean-over 3 yr in 16 landscapes of southern Georgia. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to characterize the surrounding landscape structure. LASSO regression was used to identify the subset of local and landscape characteristics and predator densities that account for variation in λ. The percentage area of maize, peanut and woodland and pasture in the landscape and the connectivity of cropland had no influence on E. servus λ. The best model for explaining variation in λ included only four predictor variables: whether or not the sampled field was a soybean field, mean natural enemy density in the field, percentage area of cotton in the landscape and the percentage area of soybean in the landscape. Soybean was the single most important variable for determining E. servus λ, with much greater reproduction in soybean fields than in other crop species. Penalized regression and post-selection inference provide conservative estimates of the landscape-scale determinants of E. servus reproduction and indicate that a relatively simple set of in-field and landscape variables influences reproduction in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Olson
- Crop Protection, Research, and Management Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA
| | - Kristina K Prescott
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Adam R Zeilinger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Suqin Hou
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Alisa W Coffin
- Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA
| | - Coby M Smith
- Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA
| | - John R Ruberson
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - David A Andow
- Department of Entomology and Center for Community Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
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Ecosystem-Based Incorporation of Nectar-Producing Plants for Stink Bug Parasitoids. INSECTS 2017; 8:insects8030065. [PMID: 28672808 PMCID: PMC5620685 DOI: 10.3390/insects8030065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adult parasitoids of pest insects rely on floral resources for survival and reproduction, but can be food-deprived in intensively managed agricultural systems lacking these resources. Stink bugs are serious pests for crops in southwest Georgia. Provisioning nectar-producing plants for parasitoids of stink bugs potentially can enhance biocontrol of these pests. Knowledge of spatial and temporal availability and distribution of stink bugs in host plants is necessary for appropriate timing and placement of flowering plants in agroecosystems. Stink bugs move between closely associated host plants throughout the growing season in response to deteriorating suitability of their host plants. In peanut-cotton farmscapes, stink bugs develop in peanut, and subsequently the adults disperse into adjacent cotton. Parasitism of Nezara viridula (L.) adults by Trichopoda pennipes (F.) at the peanut-cotton interface was significantly higher in cotton with a strip of milkweed or buckwheat between the two crops than in cotton alone. Milkweed and buckwheat also provided nectar to a wide range of insect pollinators. Monarch butterflies fed on milkweed. When placed between peanut and cotton, a strip of soybean was an effective trap crop for cotton, reducing economic damage. Incorporation of buckwheat near soybean enhanced parasitism of Euschistus servus (Say) eggs by Telenomus podisi Ashmead in cotton. In conclusion, nectar provision enhances biocontrol of stink bugs, acts together with other management tactics for stink bug control, and aids in conservation of natural enemies, insect pollinators, and the monarch butterfly.
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