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Partridge FA, Poulton BC, Lake MAI, Lees RA, Mann HJ, Lycett GJ, Sattelle DB. Actions of Camptothecin Derivatives on Larvae and Adults of the Arboviral Vector Aedes aegypti. Molecules 2021; 26:6226. [PMID: 34684807 PMCID: PMC8540655 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viruses including dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses, and parasites such as malaria and Onchocerca volvulus endanger health and economic security around the globe, and emerging mosquito-borne pathogens have pandemic potential. However, the rapid spread of insecticide resistance threatens our ability to control mosquito vectors. Larvae of Aedes aegypti were screened with the Medicines for Malaria Venture Pandemic Response Box, an open-source compound library, using INVAPP, an invertebrate automated phenotyping platform suited to high-throughput chemical screening of larval motility. We identified rubitecan (a synthetic derivative of camptothecin) as a hit compound that reduced A. aegypti larval motility. Both rubitecan and camptothecin displayed concentration dependent reduction in larval motility with estimated EC50 of 25.5 ± 5.0 µM and 22.3 ± 5.4 µM, respectively. We extended our investigation to adult mosquitoes and found that camptothecin increased lethality when delivered in a blood meal to A. aegypti adults at 100 µM and 10 µM, and completely blocked egg laying when fed at 100 µM. Camptothecin and its derivatives are inhibitors of topoisomerase I, have known activity against several agricultural pests, and are also approved for the treatment of several cancers. Crucially, they can inhibit Zika virus replication in human cells, so there is potential for dual targeting of both the vector and an important arbovirus that it carries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A. Partridge
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (F.A.P.); (M.A.I.L.); (H.-J.M.)
| | - Beth C. Poulton
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (B.C.P.); (R.A.L.)
| | - Milly A. I. Lake
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (F.A.P.); (M.A.I.L.); (H.-J.M.)
| | - Rebecca A. Lees
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (B.C.P.); (R.A.L.)
| | - Harry-Jack Mann
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (F.A.P.); (M.A.I.L.); (H.-J.M.)
| | - Gareth J. Lycett
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (B.C.P.); (R.A.L.)
| | - David B. Sattelle
- Centre for Respiratory Biology, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (F.A.P.); (M.A.I.L.); (H.-J.M.)
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Namias A, Jobe NB, Paaijmans KP, Huijben S. The need for practical insecticide-resistance guidelines to effectively inform mosquito-borne disease control programs. eLife 2021; 10:e65655. [PMID: 34355693 PMCID: PMC8346280 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring local mosquito populations for insecticide resistance is critical for effective vector-borne disease control. However, widely used phenotypic assays, which are designed to monitor the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance (technical resistance), do not translate well to the efficacy of vector control products to suppress mosquito numbers in the field (practical resistance). This is because standard testing conditions such as environmental conditions, exposure dose, and type of substrate differ dramatically from those experienced by mosquitoes under field conditions. In addition, field mosquitoes have considerably different physiological characteristics such as age and blood-feeding status. Beyond this, indirect impacts of insecticide resistance and/or exposure on mosquito longevity, pathogen development, host-seeking behavior, and blood-feeding success impact disease transmission. Given the limited number of active ingredients currently available and the observed discordance between resistance and disease transmission, we conclude that additional testing guidelines are needed to determine practical resistance-the efficacy of vector control tools under relevant local conditions- in order to obtain programmatic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Namias
- Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Ndey Bassin Jobe
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences C, Tempe, United States
| | - Krijn Petrus Paaijmans
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences C, Tempe, United States
- The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Biodesign Institute, Tempe, United States
- ISGlobal, Carrer del Rosselló, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Distrito da Manhiça, Mozambique
| | - Silvie Huijben
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences C, Tempe, United States
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Blouquy L, Mottet C, Olivares J, Plantamp C, Siegwart M, Barrès B. How varying parameters impact insecticide resistance bioassay: An example on the worldwide invasive pest Drosophila suzukii. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247756. [PMID: 33667239 PMCID: PMC7935283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring pesticide resistance is essential for effective and sustainable agricultural practices. Bioassays are the basis for pesticide-resistance testing, but devising a reliable and reproducible method can be challenging because these tests are carried out on living organisms. Here, we investigated five critical parameters and how they affected the evaluation of resistance to the organophosphate phosmet or the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin using a tarsal-contact protocol on Drosophila suzukii, a worldwide invasive pest. Three of the parameters were related to insect biology: (i) sex, (ii) age of the imago (adult stage) and (iii) genetic diversity of the tested population. The two remaining parameters were linked to the experimental setup: (iv) the number of individuals tested per dose and (v) the duration of exposure to the active ingredient. Results showed that response to insecticide differed depending on sex, males being twice as susceptible to phosmet as females. Age principally affected young females' susceptibility to phosmet, because 0-24 hour-old flies were twice as susceptible as 24-48 hour-old and 72-96 hour-old females. Genetic diversity had no observable effect on resistance levels. The precision and accuracy of the median lethal dose (LD50) were greatly affected by the number of individuals tested per dose with a threshold effect. Finally, optimal duration of exposure to the active ingredient was 24 h, as we found an underestimation of mortality when assessed between 1 and 5 h after exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin. None of the main known point mutations on the para sodium channel gene associated with a knockdown effect were observed. Our study demonstrates the importance of calibrating the various parameters of a bioassay to develop a reliable method. It also provides a valuable and transferable protocol for monitoring D. suzukii resistance worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Blouquy
- Université de Lyon, Anses, INRAE, USC CASPER, Lyon, France
- PSH - Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRAE, Avignon, France
| | - Claire Mottet
- Université de Lyon, Anses, INRAE, USC CASPER, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Olivares
- PSH - Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRAE, Avignon, France
| | | | - Myriam Siegwart
- PSH - Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRAE, Avignon, France
| | - Benoit Barrès
- Université de Lyon, Anses, INRAE, USC CASPER, Lyon, France
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Benedict MQ, Bascuñán P, Hunt CM, Aviles EI, Rotenberry RD, Dotson EM. Trials of the Automated Particle Counter for laboratory rearing of mosquito larvae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241492. [PMID: 33170865 PMCID: PMC7654806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a means of obtaining reproducible and accurate numbers of larvae for laboratory rearing, we tested a large-particle flow-cytometer type device called the ‘Automated Particle Counter’ (APC). The APC is a gravity-fed, self-contained unit that detects changes in light intensity caused by larvae passing the detector in a water stream and controls dispensing by stopping the flow when the desired number has been reached. We determined the accuracy (number dispensed compared to the target value) and precision (distribution of number dispensed) of dispensing at a variety of counting sensitivity thresholds and larva throughput rates (larvae per second) using < 1-day old Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti larvae. All measures were made using an APC algorithm called the ‘Smoothed Z-Score’ which allows the user to define how many standard deviations (Z scores) from the baseline light intensity a particle’s absorbance must exceed to register a count. We dispensed a target number of 100 An. gambiae larvae using Z scores from 2.5–8 and observed no difference among them in the numbers dispensed for scores from 2.5–6, however, scores of 7 and 8 under-counted (over-dispensed) larvae. Using a Z score ≤ 6, we determined the effect of throughput rate on the accuracy of the device to dispense An. gambiae larvae. For rates ≤ 98 larvae per second, the accuracy of dispensing a target of 100 larvae was - 2.29% ± 0.72 (95% CI of the mean) with a mode of 99 (49 of 348 samples). When using a Z score of 3.5 and rates ≤ 100 larvae per second, the accuracy of dispensing a target of 100 Ae. aegypti was - 2.43% ± 1.26 (95% CI of the mean) with a mode of 100 (6 of 42 samples). No effect on survival was observed on the number of An. gambiae first stage larvae that reached adulthood as a function of dispensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Q. Benedict
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Priscila Bascuñán
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Hunt
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Erica I. Aviles
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Rachel D. Rotenberry
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ellen M. Dotson
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Pires S, Alves J, Dia I, Gómez LF. Susceptibility of mosquito vectors of the city of Praia, Cabo Verde, to Temephos and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234242. [PMID: 32520941 PMCID: PMC7286513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many vector-borne diseases circulate in the Republic of Cabo Verde. These include malaria during the colonization of the archipelago by the Portuguese explorers and several arboviruses such as yellow fever (now eradicated), dengue and zika. To control these vector-borne diseases, an integrated vector control program was implemented. The main targeted mosquito vectors are Aedes aegypti and Anopheles arabiensis, and in a lesser extent the potential arbovirus vector Culex pipiens s.l. The main control strategy is focused on mosquito aquatic stages using diesel oil and Temephos. This latter has been applied in Cabo Verde since 1979. Its continuous use was followed by the emergence of resistance in mosquito populations. We investigated the current susceptibility to Temephos of the three potential mosquito vectors of Cabo Verde through bioassays tests. Our results showed various degrees of susceptibility with 24h post-exposure mortality rates ranging from 43.1% to 90.9% using WHO diagnostic doses. A full susceptibility was however observed with Bacillus thurigiensis var israelensis with mortality rates from 99.6% to 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Pires
- Unidade de Ciências da Natureza, da Vida e do Ambiente, Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Joana Alves
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Pública, Ministério da Saúde, Praia, Cabo Verde
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Unité d’entomologie médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Lara F. Gómez
- Unidade de Ciências da Natureza, da Vida e do Ambiente, Universidade Jean Piaget de Cabo Verde, Praia, Cabo Verde
- * E-mail:
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