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Kotulak-Chrzaszcz A, Kiezun J, Czajkowski M, Matuszewski M, Klacz J, Krazinski BE, Godlewski J, Kmiec Z, Wierzbicki PM. The immunoreactivity of GLI1 and VEGFA is a potential prognostic factor in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:1110. [PMID: 37964226 PMCID: PMC10647108 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is the most common type of kidney cancer and its pathogenesis is strongly associated with VHL-HIF-VEGF signaling. SHH ligand is the upstream SHH pathway regulator, while GLI1 is its major effector that stimulates as a transcription factor, i.a. expression of VEGFA gene. The aim of present study was to assess the prognostic significance of SHH, GLI1 and VEGFA immunoreactivity in KIRC tissues. The analysis included paired tumor and normal samples from 34 patients with KIRC. The immunoreactivity of SHH, GLI1 and VEGFA proteins was determined by immunohistochemical (IHC) renal tissues staining. The IHC staining results were assessed using the immunoreactive score (IRS) method which takes into account the number of cells showing a positive reaction and the intensity of the reaction. Increased GLI1 protein immunoreactivity was observed in KIRC tissues, especially in early-stage tumors, according to the TNM classification. Elevated expression of the VEGFA protein was noted primarily in high-grade KIRC samples according to the Fuhrman/WHO/ISUP scale. Moreover, a directly proportional correlation was observed between SHH and VEGFA immunoreactivity in TNM 3 + 4 and Fuhrman/ISUP/WHO 3 + 4 tumor tissues as well as in samples of patients with shorter survival. We also observed an association between shorter patient survival as well as increased and decreased immunoreactivity, of the VEGFA and GLI1, respectively. The aforementioned findings suggest that the expression pattern of SHH, GLI1 and VEGFA demonstrates prognostic potential in KIRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kotulak-Chrzaszcz
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki Street, Gdansk, 80211, Poland.
| | - Jacek Kiezun
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, 10082, Poland
| | - Mateusz Czajkowski
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80402, Poland
| | - Marcin Matuszewski
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80402, Poland
| | - Jakub Klacz
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, 80402, Poland
| | - Bartlomiej E Krazinski
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, 10082, Poland
| | - Janusz Godlewski
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, 10082, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kmiec
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki Street, Gdansk, 80211, Poland
| | - Piotr M Wierzbicki
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki Street, Gdansk, 80211, Poland
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2
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Shin M, Gabriel T, Coffey RJ, Huh WJ. Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Claudin 18.2 as a Diagnostic Biomarker of Ménétrier's Disease and the Role of Hedgehog Signaling in Pathogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565570. [PMID: 37986961 PMCID: PMC10659353 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Both Ménétrier's disease (MD) and juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) are rare premalignant conditions that can lead to gastric cancer development. MD is an acquired disease without known causative mutations. MD patients are characterized by an increased expression of EGF receptor (EGFR) ligand and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) in the stomach. JPS is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and is caused by BMPR1A or SMAD4 mutations. It is characterized by multiple polyps throughout the gastrointestinal tract along with certain SMAD4 mutations that can result in gastric polyposis. Although there are many distinct clinico- endoscopic and histopathologic features that differ between the two diseases, they also share similar features that often lead to misdiagnosis. This study aimed to identify markers that can help distinguish MD from JPS and to better understand the pathogenesis of MD by comparing differential gene expression patterns. Upon examination of MD and JPS microscopically, we found almost all cases have patchy areas mimicking each other, making it difficult to make a correct diagnosis with histopathologic examination alone. Comparative analysis between MD and JPS using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) revealed both common and differential gene signatures. Common gene signatures included estrogen receptor signaling, integrin signaling, mTOR signaling, and others, which may be responsible for histopathologic similarities. Among differential gene signatures, we found that claudin 18 ( CLDN18 ) is upregulated in MD and confirmed that CLDN18.2 (isoform of CLDN18) protein expression is higher in MD than JPS by immunohistochemistry. Comparative analysis between MD and normal control revealed the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is upregulated in MD. Treatment with a hedgehog pathway inhibitor partially rescued the histopathologic phenotypes in a MD mouse model. The current study provides valuable insight into the potential underlying mechanism of why MD and JPS show similar clinico-pathologic features. We also identified a diagnostic marker CLDN18.2 that can help distinguish MD from JPS, genetically. Furthermore, it also shows that Hh signaling plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MD and can function as a potential therapeutic target.
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3
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Lei ZN, Teng QX, Tian Q, Chen W, Xie Y, Wu K, Zeng Q, Zeng L, Pan Y, Chen ZS, He Y. Signaling pathways and therapeutic interventions in gastric cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:358. [PMID: 36209270 PMCID: PMC9547882 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01190-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks fifth in global cancer diagnosis and fourth in cancer-related death. Despite tremendous progress in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies and significant improvements in patient survival, the low malignancy stage is relatively asymptomatic and many GC cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, which leads to unsatisfactory prognosis and high recurrence rates. With the recent advances in genome analysis, biomarkers have been identified that have clinical importance for GC diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Modern molecular classifications have uncovered the vital roles that signaling pathways, including EGFR/HER2, p53, PI3K, immune checkpoint pathways, and cell adhesion signaling molecules, play in GC tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic responsiveness. These biomarkers and molecular classifications open the way for more precise diagnoses and treatments for GC patients. Nevertheless, the relative significance, temporal activation, interaction with GC risk factors, and crosstalk between these signaling pathways in GC are not well understood. Here, we review the regulatory roles of signaling pathways in GC potential biomarkers, and therapeutic targets with an emphasis on recent discoveries. Current therapies, including signaling-based and immunotherapies exploited in the past decade, and the development of treatment for GC, particularly the challenges in developing precision medications, are discussed. These advances provide a direction for the integration of clinical, molecular, and genomic profiles to improve GC diagnosis and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ning Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Qiu-Xu Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Qin Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhao Xie
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Kaiming Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianlin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Leli Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yihang Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Yulong He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Razmi M, Ghods R, Vafaei S, Sahlolbei M, Saeednejad Zanjani L, Madjd Z. Clinical and prognostic significances of cancer stem cell markers in gastric cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:139. [PMID: 33639931 PMCID: PMC7912890 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is considered one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide, which is accompanied by a poor prognosis. Although reports regarding the importance of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers in gastric cancer progression have rapidly developed over the last few decades, their clinicopathological and prognostic values in gastric cancer still remain inconclusive. Therefore, the current meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively re-evaluate the association of CSC markers expression, overall and individually, with GC patients’ clinical and survival outcomes. Methods Literature databases including PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Embase were searched to identify the eligible articles. Hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were recorded or calculated to determine the relationships between CSC markers expression positivity and overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS)/relapse-free survival (RFS), disease-specific survival (DSS)/ cancer-specific survival (CSS), and clinicopathological features. Results We initially retrieved 4,425 articles, of which a total of 66 articles with 89 studies were considered as eligible for this meta-analysis, comprising of 11,274 GC patients. Overall data analyses indicated that the overexpression of CSC markers is associated with TNM stage (OR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.84–2.61, P = 0.013), lymph node metastasis (OR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.54–2.02, P < 0.001), worse OS (HR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.54–1.77, P < 0.001), poor CSS/DSS (HR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.33–2.15, P < 0.001), and unfavorable DFS/RFS (HR = 2.35, 95% CI 1.90–2.89, P < 0.001) in GC patients. However, CSC markers expression was found to be slightly linked to tumor differentiation (OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.01–1.55, P = 0.035). Sub-analysis demonstrated a significant positive relationship between most of the individual markers, specially Gli-1, Oct-4, CD44, CD44V6, and CD133, and clinical outcomes as well as the reduced survival, whereas overexpression of Lgr-5, Nanog, and sonic hedgehog (Shh) was not found to be related to the majority of clinical outcomes in GC patients. Conclusion The expression of CSC markers is mostly associated with worse outcomes in patients with GC, both overall and individual. The detection of a combined panel of CSC markers might be appropriate as a prognostic stratification marker to predict tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis in patients with GC, which probably results in identifying novel potential targets for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Razmi
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Roya Ghods
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Vafaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Sahlolbei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Zhang X, Zhang C, Ren Z, Zhang F, Xu J, Zhang X, Zheng H. Curcumin Affects Gastric Cancer Cell Migration, Invasion and Cytoskeletal Remodeling Through Gli1-β-Catenin. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:3795-3806. [PMID: 32547215 PMCID: PMC7247599 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s244384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The function of curcumin on the gastric cancer cell line, SGC-7901 is unknown. The present study aimed to observe the effects of curcumin on gastric cancer cells through the Shh and Wnt signaling pathways. Methods SGC-7901 cells were transfected with si-Gli1 and si-β-catenin siRNA, then cells were stimulated with curcumin and its effects on cell migration, invasion, cytoskeleton remodeling, EMT, apoptosis and cell cycle were investigated by transwell assays, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry assays. The interaction between Gli1 and β-catenin was observed by co-immunoprecipitation. Results We show that curcumin suppressed the expression of Shh, Gli1 and Foxm1 in the Shh signaling pathway, and the expression of β-catenin in the Wnt signaling pathway in SGC-7901 cells, both in mRNA and protein. As a result, cellular migration, invasion and cytoskeletal remodeling ability decreased. Our results revealed that when stimulated with curcumin, cells showed decreased cellular migration and invasion, while enhanced apoptosis. In addition, curcumin induced cytoskeletal remodeling and S phase cell cycle arrest. The inhibition of Shh and Wnt signaling pathway and the addition of curcumin also inhibited the epithelial–mesenchymal transition process. Furthermore, a physical interaction was observed between Gli1 of the Shh signaling and β-catenin of the Wnt signaling in these cells, but curcumin inhibited the interaction of these two proteins. Conclusion The present study indicated that curcumin plays an anti-tumor role through Gli1-β-catenin pathway in gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenli Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiheng Ren
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
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6
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Belciug S. Remission and recurrence. What do to next? Artif Intell Cancer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820201-2.00008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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7
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Jeong SH, Kim RB, Park SY, Park J, Jung EJ, Ju YT, Jeong CY, Park M, Ko GH, Song DH, Koh HM, Kim WH, Yang HK, Lee YJ, Hong SC. Nomogram for predicting gastric cancer recurrence using biomarker gene expression. Eur J Surg Oncol 2020; 46:195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2019.09.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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8
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Wang YY, Xiao LY, Wu PC, Chen YK, Lo S, Hu SCS, Chen YH, Chiu CCC, Yuan SSF. Orabase-formulated gentian violet effectively improved oral potentially malignant disorder in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 171:113713. [PMID: 31733192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral cancer is a prevalent cancer in male worldwide. Oral potentially malignant disorders (OMPDs) are the oral mucosa lesions that have high malignant transformation rate to oral cancer. The mainstay for OMPDs treatment includes carbon dioxide (CO2) laser and surgery, which may lead to the side effects of scarring and impaired function of oral cavity in the patients and reduced their willingness to receive curative therapy. Therefore, developing a non-invasive and function-preserving therapy is clinically important. Since development of a novel chemotherapeutic drug requires a lot of time and cost, we applied the high-throughput screening (HTS) approach to identify new bioactivities for FDA-approved drugs, known as drug repurposing. Through this drug repurposing approach, we discovered that gentian violet (GV), which is well known for its antibacterial, antifungal, antihelminthic, antitrypanosomal and antiviral activities, was able to induce significant cell death in DOK oral precancerous cells through ROS production. Moreover, decreased phosphorylation of p53(Ser15) and NFκB(Ser536) was required for GV-induced cell death. In vivo, 3% GV orabase effectively suppressed the progression of DMBA-induced oral precancerous lesions. In conclusion, this new formulation of GV through drug repurposing has the potential to be further developed as a therapeutic drug for OPMD clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Yun Wang
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ling Yi Xiao
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pao Chu Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yuk Kwan Chen
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Oral Pathology & Maxillofacial Radiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung,Taiwan; Oral & Maxillofacial Imaging Center, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Steven Lo
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Stephen Chu Sung Hu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yi Hua Chen
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Shyng Shiou F Yuan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Translational Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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9
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Expression Undercurrents of Sonic Hedgehog in Colorectal and Pancreatic Cancers. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Zhang F, Ren CC, Liu L, Chen YN, Yang L, Zhang XA, Wang XM, Yu FJ. SHH gene silencing suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition, proliferation, invasion, and migration of cervical cancer cells by repressing the hedgehog signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:3829-3842. [PMID: 28941302 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which the sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene silencing acts upon epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), proliferation, invasion, and migration of cervical cancer (CC) cells via the Hedgehog signaling pathway. RT-qPCR and Western blotting were all employed to detect the SHH mRNA and protein expressions. HeLa and CasKi cells were cultured and subsequently divided into the blank, negative control (NC), and SHH-RNAi groups. A cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was utilized for cell proliferation. Cell migration and invasion ability were evaluated through scratching test and Transwell assay. The mRNA and protein expressions of the Hedgehog signaling pathway-related factors were detected using RT-qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. After tumor xenograft in nude mice, tumor growth was subsequently observed. SHH mRNA and protein expressions were greater in the SHH-RNAi group than in the blank and NC groups. Compared with the blank group and NC groups, the SHH-RNAi group displayed inhibited levels of proliferation, migration, invasion abilities, as well as a decreased in the Hh signaling pathway-related factors, as well as a reduction in the mRNA and protein expressions of N-cadherin and Vimentin, however, on the contrary increased expressions of E-cadherin were observed. Following tumor xenograft in nude mice, tumor growth was exhibited vast levels of inhibition, particularly in the SHH-RNAi group in comparison to the blank and the NC groups. During the study it was well established that SHH gene silencing suppresses EMT, proliferation, invasion, and migration of CC cells through the repression of the Hedgehog signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Chen Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Nan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-An Zhang
- Department of Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Wang
- Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Jing Yu
- Department of Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
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11
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Abstract
Gastric cancer represents a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide despite a declining incidence. New molecular classification schemes developed from genomic and molecular analyses of gastric cancer have provided a framework for understanding this heterogenous disease, and early findings suggest these classifications will be relevant for designing and implementing new targeted therapies. The success of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in breast cancer and melanoma, respectively, has not been duplicated in gastric cancer, but trastuzumab and ramucirumab have demonstrated efficacy in select populations. New markers that predict therapeutic response are needed to improve patient selection for both targeted and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Strand
- Department of Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8109, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Albert Craig Lockhart
- Department of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8056, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ryan C Fields
- Department of Surgery, Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8109, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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12
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Riquelme I, Saavedra K, Espinoza JA, Weber H, García P, Nervi B, Garrido M, Corvalán AH, Roa JC, Bizama C. Molecular classification of gastric cancer: Towards a pathway-driven targeted therapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24750-79. [PMID: 26267324 PMCID: PMC4694793 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Although surgical resection is a potentially curative approach for localized cases of GC, most cases of GC are diagnosed in an advanced, non-curable stage and the response to traditional chemotherapy is limited. Fortunately, recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that mediate GC hold great promise for the development of more effective treatment strategies. In this review, an overview of the morphological classification, current treatment approaches, and molecular alterations that have been characterized for GC are provided. In particular, the most recent molecular classification of GC and alterations identified in relevant signaling pathways, including ErbB, VEGF, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and HGF/MET signaling pathways, are described, as well as inhibitors of these pathways. An overview of the completed and active clinical trials related to these signaling pathways are also summarized. Finally, insights regarding emerging stem cell pathways are described, and may provide additional novel markers for the development of therapeutic agents against GC. The development of more effective agents and the identification of biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis, prognosis, and individualized therapy for GC patients, have the potential to improve the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness for GC treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Riquelme
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, CEGIN-BIOREN, Temuco, Chile
| | - Kathleen Saavedra
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, CEGIN-BIOREN, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jaime A Espinoza
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Helga Weber
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, CEGIN-BIOREN, Temuco, Chile
| | - Patricia García
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruno Nervi
- UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Garrido
- UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H Corvalán
- UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDIS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDIS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,UC-Center for Investigational Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Ertao Z, Jianhui C, Chuangqi C, Changjiang Q, Sile C, Yulong H, Hui W, Shirong C. Autocrine Sonic hedgehog signaling promotes gastric cancer proliferation through induction of phospholipase Cγ1 and the ERK1/2 pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:63. [PMID: 27039174 PMCID: PMC4818860 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Sonic hedgehog (SHH) plays critical roles in cell growth and development. Tumor cells express SHH, which can promote cell proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. However, the autocrine SHH pathway has not been described in gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to explore molecular mechanisms underlying autocrine SHH signaling in gastric cancer cells. Methods SHH expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry and the results were compared with clinicopathologic parameters, including survival. Using gastric cancer cell lines, we measured SHH mRNA and protein expression, and studied the effects of SHH signaling on cell proliferation and SHH secretion. We also studied the effects of an inhibitor of PLC-γ1 on phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2. Results SHH protein expression in gastric cancer tissue was significantly higher compared with that in normal gastric tissue (P < 0.001), and the increased expression was significantly associated with pT staging (P = 0.004), pN staging (P = 0.018), pM staging (P = 0.006), and pTNM staging (P < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, overall survival in gastric cancer was significantly shorter in cases with high SHH expression (HR = 1.734, 95 % CI: 1.109–2.713, P = 0.016). The AGS and SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell lines expressed SHH mRNA and protein. In these cell lines, SHH promoted carcinogenesis through activation of the PLCγ1-ERK1/2 pathway, resulting in increased cell proliferation and survival. Conclusions Increased SHH expression is associated with shorter survival in gastric cancer patients, and SHH could represent a useful biomarker or therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhai Ertao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Chen Jianhui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Chen Chuangqi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Qin Changjiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Chen Sile
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - He Yulong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Wu Hui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Cai Shirong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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14
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Abdel-Rahman O. Hedgehog pathway aberrations and gastric cancer; evaluation of prognostic impact and exploration of therapeutic potentials. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:1367-74. [PMID: 25680409 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is an important cause for mortality and morbidity worldwide; it lies in the fourt rank as a cause of cancer-related death in males and in the fifth rank of cancer-related death in women. The prognosis of advanced/metastatic gastric cancer cases looks poor with the majority of available therapeutics. Thus, novel therapeutic strategies in this setting have been considered a priority for leading cooperative oncology groups. Hedgehog(Hh) pathway aberrations have sparked particular interest as prognostic markers with data from multiple studies showing consistent evidence of a poor prognostic value of Gli over expression in gastric cancer while on the other hand the prognostic significance of Hh protein over expression (particularly SHH) was not consistent among different studies. This review article revises the prognostic and potential therapeutic opportunities in the targeting of hedgehog pathway in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Abdel-Rahman
- Clinical Oncology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain shams University, Cairo, Egypt,
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15
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Jeng KS, Sheen IS, Jeng WJ, Yu MC, Hsiau HI, Chang FY. High expression of Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway genes indicates a risk of recurrence of breast carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2013; 7:79-86. [PMID: 24403838 PMCID: PMC3883580 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s54702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal activation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway contributing to carcinogenesis of some organs has been reported in the literature. We hypothesize that activation of the SHH pathway contributes to the recurrence of breast carcinoma. METHODS Fifty consecutive patients with invasive breast carcinoma following curative resection were enrolled in this prospective study. The ratios of messenger RNA (mRNA) expression for Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), patched homolog-1 (PTCH-1), glioma-associated oncogene-1 (GLI-1), and smoothened (SMOH) were measured between breast carcinoma tissue and paired noncancerous breast tissue. These ratios were compared with their clinicopathologic characteristics. These factors and the mRNA ratios were compared between patients with recurrence and those without recurrence. RESULTS The size of the invasive cancer correlated significantly with the ratio of SHH mRNA (P=0.001), that of PTCH-1 mRNA (P=0.005), and that of SMOH mRNA (P=0.021). Lymph node involvement correlated significantly with the ratio of SMOH mRNA (P=0.041). The correlation between Her-2 neu and the ratio of GLI-1 mRNA was statistically significant (P=0.012). Each ratio of mRNA of SHH, PTCH-1, GLI-1, and SMOH correlated significantly with cancer recurrence (P<0.001 for each). CONCLUSION We suggest that high expression of SHH mRNA, PTCH-1 mRNA, GLI-1 mRNA, and SMOH mRNA in breast cancer tissue correlates with invasiveness and is a potential biomarker to predict postoperative recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Shyang Jeng
- Department of Surgery, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Shyan Sheen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Juei Jeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Chang-Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Yu
- Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Hsiau
- Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Wang ZS, Shen Y, Li X, Zhou CZ, Wen YG, Jin YB, Li JK. Significance and prognostic value of Gli-1 and Snail/E-cadherin expression in progressive gastric cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1357-63. [PMID: 24081672 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal activation of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been found to be involved in the occurrence, invasion, and metastasis of cancers. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) also plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of cancers. However, the significance of the Hh signaling pathway and EMT in the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the significance and prognostic value of the Hh signaling pathway and EMT in progressive gastric cancer. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of the Hh-induced transcriptional factor Gli-1 and the EMT-related molecules Snail and E-cadherin in 121 patients with progressive gastric cancer. Histological type, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and pTNM stage were also recorded. In progressive gastric cancer, Gli-1 expression increased markedly, and was closely associated with increased Snail expression and decreased E-cadherin expression. Diffuse type cancer, lymph node metastasis, and abnormal expression of E-cadherin were independent factors influencing the prognosis of patients with progressive gastric cancer. These findings suggest that abnormal activation of the Hh signaling pathway is closely related to the presence of EMT and is an important factor influencing the prognosis of patients with diffuse progressive gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-shan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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