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Gil MF, Tano de la Hoz MF, Fassolari M, Battaglia ME, Berón CM. Neochloris aquatica induces larval mortality, molting defects, and unstable flightless adults in the Asian tiger mosquito. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 202:108041. [PMID: 38092085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, is a highly invasive and aggressive species capable of transmitting a large number of etiological agents of medical and veterinary importance, posing a high risk for the transmission of emerging viruses between animals and humans. In this work, we evaluated the mosquitocidal activity of Neochloris aquatica against A. albopictus throughout its development and analyzed whether this effect was potentiated when the microalga was cultivated under stress conditions due to nutrient deprivation. Our results suggest that N. aquatica produces metabolites that have negative effects on these insects, including larval mortality, interruption of pupal development, and incomplete emergence of adults when fed on microalgae in the larval stages. When microalgae were cultured under stress conditions, an increase in molting defects was recorded, and the number of healthy adults emerged drastically decreased. Histological studies revealed severe signs of total disintegration of different tissues and organs in the thorax and abdomen regions. The muscles and fat bodies in the midgut and foregut were severely distorted. In particular, larval intestinal tissue damage included vacuolization of the cytoplasm, destruction of brush border microvilli, and dilation of the intercellular space, which are distinctive morphological characteristics of apoptotic cells. Evidence suggests that N. aquatica produces metabolites with mosquitocidal effects that affect development and, therefore, the ability to vector etiological agents of medical and veterinary importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Gil
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC - CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Mar del Plata, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UNMdP), Argentina
| | - María Florencia Tano de la Hoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencia y Tecnología de Materiales (INTEMA - CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (UNMdP), Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UNMdP), Argentina
| | - Marisol Fassolari
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC - CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Marina E Battaglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC - CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Mar del Plata, Argentina.
| | - Corina M Berón
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC - CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Mar del Plata, Argentina; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (UNMdP), Argentina.
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2
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Lizuain AA, Maffey L, Leporace M, Garzón M, Schweigmann N, Santini MS. Culicidae assemblages of artificial containers and possible biotic interactions affecting Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Argentina. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:793-804. [PMID: 37540520 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
In Argentina, the distribution of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) is limited to two provinces with a subtropical climate and few records. This study aims to describe and compare assemblies of Culicidae that breed in artificial containers in two areas with different degrees of urbanisation where Ae. albopictus is present and to evaluate possible biotic interactions. We sampled container larval habitats of an urban (Eldorado city) and a rural environment (Colonia Aurora village). We performed generalized linear mixed models to evaluate which variables (containers characteristics or environment) are associated with the presence and abundance of Ae. albopictus, Aedes aegypti Linneaus and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and the presence of mosquito predators (Lutzia bigoti (Bellardi) and Toxorhynchites spp.). Also, the relationship between the most abundant species was quantified in each environment using Hurlbert's C8 association coefficient. Ae. aegypti was the most abundant species in the urban environment, while Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. albopictus were the most abundant in the rural area. Predators were more present in the rural environment and affected the abundance of Aedes mosquitoes. Regarding the C8 index, Ae. aegypti was negatively associated with Ae. albopictus in the urban area, whereas in the rural area these species presented a significantly positive relationship. These results show that in urban environments the high abundance of Ae. aegypti could be affecting the Asian tiger mosquito as evidenced by local studies of food larval competition. Also a greater presence of predators could be affecting Ae. albopictus in rural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Andrés Lizuain
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias (CeNDIE)-ANLIS, Malbrán-Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia Maffey
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Estudios de Mosquitos. Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, UBA e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Leporace
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación H. A. Barceló, Laboratorio de Control de Vectores Entomológicos de Importancia Sanitaria (LaCVEIS), Santo Tomé, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Garzón
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Estudios de Mosquitos. Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, UBA e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Schweigmann
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Estudios de Mosquitos. Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, UBA e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Santini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología (INP)-ANLIS, Malbrán-Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Martín ME, Alonso AC, Faraone J, Stein M, Estallo EL. Satellite observation to assess dengue risk due to Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in a subtropical city of Argentina. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:27-36. [PMID: 36070184 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Earth observation environmental features measured through remote sensing and models of vector mosquitoes species Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus provide an advancement with regards to dengue risk in urban environments of subtropical areas of Argentina. The authors aim to estimate the effect of landscape coverage and spectral indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI], Normalized Difference Water Index [NDWI] and Normalized Difference Built-up Index [NDBI]) on the larvae abundance of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Eldorado, Misiones, Argentina using remote satellite sensors. Larvae of these species were collected monthly (June 2016 to April 2018), in four environments: tire repair shops, cemeteries, dwellings and an urban natural park. The proportion of landscape coverage (water, urban areas, bare soil, low vegetation and high vegetation) was determined from the supervised classification of Sentinel-2 images and spectral indices, calculated. The authors developed spatial models of both vector species by generalized linear mixed models. The model's results showed that Ae. aegypti larvae abundance was better modelled by NDVI minimum values, NDBI maximum values and the interaction between them. For Ae. albopictus proportion of bare soil, low vegetation and the interaction between both variables explained better the abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mía Elisa Martín
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba (CIEC), FCEFyN, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ana Carolina Alonso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina (CONICET), Argentina
- Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Energía no Convencional (INENCO-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta, Argentina
| | - Janinna Faraone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina (CONICET), Argentina
- Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Marina Stein
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina (CONICET), Argentina
- Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Elizabet Lilia Estallo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas (IIByT), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CONICET, Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba (CIEC), FCEFyN, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina (CONICET), Argentina
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Cano ME, Marti GA, Alencar J, Silva SOF, Micieli MV. Categorization by Score of Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) Related to Yellow Fever Epizootics in Argentina. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1766-1777. [PMID: 35820022 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mosquito-borne yellow fever virus (YFV) is the cause of a zoonotic disease, with both sylvatic and urban cycles. Some mosquito species have been associated directly with transmission of the virus in South America, although the importance given to each species varies depending on the bibliography, geographical location, or year of publication. For Argentina, few publications have assessed the involvement of mosquito species, especially those included in the sylvatic cycle. Therefore, the goal of our paper was to gather all the information available in South America and categorize all mosquito species potentially involved in the YFV transmission cycle in Argentina according to incriminating vector criteria. Based on three main characteristics ('Hosts', 'Mosquito vector', and 'YF outbreak'), we generated scales of importance by species, one exclusively for Argentina and another for all of South America, Sabethes albiprivus Theobald, 1903 was the most important species in Argentina; whereas the most important species in South America were Haemagogus janthinomys Dyar 1921, Hg. leucocelaenus Dyar and Shannon, 1924, and Sa. chloropterus Von Humboldt, 1819. Our review highlights the lack of research that evaluates the importance of these species for YFV transmission in Argentina, while serving as a starting point to establish priorities for research on the bionomics and vector status of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Cano
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), Boulevard 120 e/61 y 62, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gerardo Anibal Marti
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), Boulevard 120 e/61 y 62, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jeronimo Alencar
- Laboratório de Diptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Shayenne Olsson Freitas Silva
- Laboratório de Diptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brasil 4365, CEP: 21040-360 Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Maria Victoria Micieli
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CCT-La Plata-CONICET-UNLP), Boulevard 120 e/61 y 62, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Lizuain AA, Maffey L, Garzón M, Leporace M, Soto D, Diaz P, Salomón OD, Santini MS, Schweigmann N. Larval Competition Between Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Argentina: Coexistence and Implications in the Distribution of the Asian Tiger Mosquito. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1636-1645. [PMID: 35899788 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) are worldwide vectors of dengue and yellow fever viruses. These species coexist in many countries and the biotic interactions between them can influence their abundances and distributions. In Argentina, Ae. aegypti is widely distributed in the north and center regions of the country, with temperate and subtropical climate, while both are sympatric only in the northeastern area of the subtropical region. Interspecific and intraspecific larval competition for food was evaluated to assess if their interaction influences on patterns of abundance and distribution. Finite rates of increase and survivorship for each species were estimated and the effects of mosquito density ratio and detritus availability were determined. The Lambda (λ´) index of population performance of both showed there is no competitive exclusion pattern. However, survival of Ae. albopictus was negatively affected by the presence of Ae. aegypti. These results suggest one possible explanation for the codominance pattern of both species display in rural regions of the southernmost distribution of Ae. albopictus in South America. They also show Ae. aegypti as a potential biotic barrier for the expansion of Ae. albopictus as was reported in regions of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Andrés Lizuain
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias (CeNDIE)-ANLIS, Malbrán-Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucia Maffey
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Estudios de Mosquitos. Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, UBA e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Garzón
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Estudios de Mosquitos. Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, UBA e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Leporace
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Fundación H. A. Barceló, Laboratorio de Control de Vectores Entomológicos de Importancia Sanitaria (LaCVEIS), Santo Tomé, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Danny Soto
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT)-ANLIS, Malbrán-Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Paula Diaz
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT)-ANLIS, Malbrán-Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Oscar Daniel Salomón
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical (INMeT)-ANLIS, Malbrán-Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - María Soledad Santini
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología (INP)-ANLIS, Malbrán-Ministerio de Salud de la Nación, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Schweigmann
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Grupo de Estudios de Mosquitos. Dto. de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, FCEN, UBA e Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wang J, Fan P, Wei Y, Wang J, Zou W, Zhou G, Zhong D, Zheng X. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification-based proteomic analysis of host-pathogen protein interactions in the midgut of Aedes albopictus during dengue virus infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:990978. [PMID: 36187964 PMCID: PMC9515977 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.990978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes albopictus (Ae. albopictus), an important vector of dengue virus (DENV), is distributed worldwide. Identifying host proteins involved in flavivirus replication in Ae. albopictus and determining their natural antiviral mechanisms are critical to control virus transmission. Revealing the key proteins related to virus replication and exploring the host-pathogen interaction are of great significance in finding new pathways of the natural immune response in Ae. albopictus. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) was used to perform a comparative proteomic analysis between the midgut of Ae. albopictus infected with DENV and the control. 3,419 proteins were detected, of which 162 were ≥ 1.2-fold differentially upregulated or ≤ 0.8-fold differentially downregulated (p < 0.05) during DENV infections. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were mainly enriched in ubiquitin ligase complex, structural constituent of cuticle, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism pathways. We found that one of the DEPs, a putative pupal cuticle (PC) protein could inhibit the replication of DENV and interact with the DENV-E protein. In addition, the result of immunofluorescence (IF) test showed that there was co-localization between ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (UCH) protein and the DENV-E protein, and virus infection reduced the level of this protein. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis of the Ae. albopictus midgut identified dengue infection-induced upregulated and downregulated proteins. The interaction between the PC and UCH proteins in the midgut of Ae. albopictus might exert a natural antiviral mechanism in mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiatian Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyang Fan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihao Zou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Xueli Zheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xueli Zheng,
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Faraone J, Fischer S, Aponte CA, Etchepare E, Stechina OS, Stein M. Hatching pattern and coexistence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Culicidae) in a subtropical city, Argentina, after three decades of coexistence. Acta Trop 2021; 218:105885. [PMID: 33713628 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are mosquito vectors of numerous arboviruses of sanitary importance. Presently in Argentina, neither Ae. aegypti nor Ae. albopictus, have displaced the other species in the places where they coexist, since the introduction of the latter in 1998. In this study, we evaluated whether these species coexist at different scales (ovitrap, microhabitat and habitat) in the city of Eldorado, Misiones province, northeast Argentina. We also analyzed the seasonal variation and climate variables related to the delay in egg hatching of both species. Mosquitoes were collected weekly, from June 2017 to May 2018, using ovitraps placed in urban areas. We conclude that Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus coexist in the study area, at the ovitrap, microhabitat and habitat scales. Furthermore, no pronounced pattern of delayed hatching has been observed for either species; however, eggs of Ae. albopictus laid during colder weeks and less rainfall needed a greater number of immersions to hatch, while for Ae. aegypti those laid during weeks with low rainfall and high temperatures showed the longest delay in hatching response.
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Ruggerio CA, Querejeta GA, Conicelli KB, Lombardo RJ. Integration of municipal state, society and university efforts for sanitary risk prevention associated with Aedes aegypti mosquito in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Trop Med Int Health 2021; 26:789-799. [PMID: 33813766 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The sanitary problem of Aedes aegypti mosquito acquires relevance around the world because it is the vector of dengue, zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. The vector is adapting to southern regions faster, and the propagation of these diseases in urban areas is a complex problem for society. We aimed to contribute to the risk prevention of disease transmission in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, through monitoring Aedes aegypti population levels and developing education campaigns with government agencies and society participation. Monitoring activities aimed to diagnose the presence of the vector and its ecology behaviour, and to generate education and prevention politics to avoid its propagation. The results show that (1) the mosquito is in the territory and it is spreading, (2) prevention activities of the municipalities are insufficient to generate an effective sanitary response and (3) it is necessary to improve the education programmes to the population about the life cycle of the vector. The integration of university, government and society improved the work of the team because it combined knowledge about vector ecology, diseases and territory characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Ruggerio
- Área de Ecología, Instituto del Conurbano, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, México
| | - Giselle Andrea Querejeta
- Área de Ecología, Instituto del Conurbano, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Katherine Belen Conicelli
- Área de Ecología, Instituto del Conurbano, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rubén Jorge Lombardo
- Área de Ecología, Instituto del Conurbano, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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