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Ii S. Quantitative Characterization by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Its Application to Interfacial Phenomena in Crystalline Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:578. [PMID: 38591374 PMCID: PMC10856096 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
This paper reviews quantitative characterization via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and its application to interfacial phenomena based on the results obtained through the studies. Several signals generated by the interaction between the specimen and the electron beam with a probe size of less than 1 nm are utilized for a quantitative analysis, which yields considerable chemical and physical information. This review describes several phenomena near the interfaces, e.g., clear solid-vapor interface (surface) segregation of yttria in the zirconia nanoparticles by an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, the evaluation of the local magnetic moment at the grain boundary in terms of electron energy loss spectroscopy equipped with TEM, and grain boundary character dependence of the magnetism. The direct measurement of the stress to the dislocation transferred across the grain boundary and the microstructure evolution focused on the grain boundary formation caused by plastic deformation are discussed as examples of material dynamics associated with the grain boundary. Finally, the outlook for future investigations of interface studies, including the recent progress, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Ii
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
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2
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Chen X, Xu S, Shabani S, Zhao Y, Fu M, Millis AJ, Fogler MM, Pasupathy AN, Liu M, Basov DN. Machine Learning for Optical Scanning Probe Nanoscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2109171. [PMID: 36333118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perform nanometer-scale optical imaging and spectroscopy is key to deciphering the low-energy effects in quantum materials, as well as vibrational fingerprints in planetary and extraterrestrial particles, catalytic substances, and aqueous biological samples. These tasks can be accomplished by the scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) technique that has recently spread to many research fields and enabled notable discoveries. Herein, it is shown that the s-SNOM, together with scanning probe research in general, can benefit in many ways from artificial-intelligence (AI) and machine-learning (ML) algorithms. Augmented with AI- and ML-enhanced data acquisition and analysis, scanning probe optical nanoscopy is poised to become more efficient, accurate, and intelligent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Suheng Xu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sara Shabani
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yueqi Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0319, USA
| | - Matthew Fu
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Andrew J Millis
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Michael M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0319, USA
| | - Abhay N Pasupathy
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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3
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Hsu CY, Stodolna J, Todeschini P, Delabrouille F, Radiguet B, Christien F. Accurate quantification of phosphorus intergranular segregation in iron by STEM-EDX. Micron 2021; 153:103175. [PMID: 34826758 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a method to quantify phosphorus grain boundary segregation by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy in Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM-EDX). A "box-type method" is employed, removing the long-discussed problems of interaction volume and the beam broadening effect. The proposed methodology also introduces a novel way of subtracting the spectrum background to remove the influence of coherent Bremsstrahlung and spurious peaks. A Fe-P model alloy was used to compare the box method to the quantification results previously obtained by atom probe tomography on two high angle grain boundaries. The results are specifically reported in surface concentration (atom/nm2) to avoid additional hypotheses and allow the results between the two techniques to be directly compared. The measurements show that the box-type method can accurately measure phosphorus intergranular segregation in iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-Y Hsu
- EDF R&D, MMC Department, F-77250 Ecuelles, France; Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5307 LGF, Centre SMS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - J Stodolna
- EDF R&D, MMC Department, F-77250 Ecuelles, France
| | - P Todeschini
- EDF R&D, MMC Department, F-77250 Ecuelles, France
| | | | - B Radiguet
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - F Christien
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5307 LGF, Centre SMS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
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Lee SW, Qiu L, Yoon JC, Kim Y, Li D, Oh I, Lee GH, Yoo JW, Shin HJ, Ding F, Lee Z. Anisotropic Angstrom-Wide Conductive Channels in Black Phosphorus by Top-down Cu Intercalation. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:6336-6342. [PMID: 33950692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intercalation in black phosphorus (BP) can induce and modulate a variety of the properties including superconductivity like other two-dimensional (2D) materials. In this perspective, spatially controlled intercalation has the possibility to incorporate different properties into a single crystal of BP. We demonstrate anisotropic angstrom-wide (∼4.3 Å) Cu intercalation in BP, where Cu atoms are intercalated along a zigzag direction of BP because of its inherent anisotropy. With atomic structure, its microstructural effects, arising from the angstrom-wide Cu intercalation, were investigated and extended to relation with macrostructure. As the intercalation mechanism, it was revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy and theoretical calculation that Cu atoms are intercalated through top-down direction of BP. The Cu intercalation anisotropically induces transition of angstrom-wide electronic channels from semiconductor to semimetal in BP. Our findings throw light on the fundamental relationship between microstructure changes and properties in intercalated BP, and tailoring anisotropic 2D materials at angstrom scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Woo Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Lu Qiu
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Yoon
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Li
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseon Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Ho Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Joon Shin
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Ding
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Zonghoon Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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Watanabe M, Egerton RF. Evolution in X-ray Analysis from Micro to Atomic Scales in Aberration- Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopes. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 71:i132-i147. [PMID: 34265060 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray analysis is one of the most robust approaches to extract quantitative information from various materials, and is widely used in various fields ever since Raimond Castaing established procedures to analyze electron-induced X-ray signals for materials characterization 70 years ago. The recent development of aberration-correction technology in a (scanning) transmission electron microscopes (S/TEM) offers refined electron probes below the Å level, making atomic-resolution X-ray analysis possible. In addition, the latest silicon drift detectors (SDDs) allow complex detector arrangements and new configurational designs to maximize the collection efficiency of X-ray signals, which make it feasible to acquire X-ray signals from single atoms. In this review paper, recent progress and advantages related to S/TEM-based X-ray analysis will be discussed: (1) progress in quantification for materials characterization including the recent applications to light element analysis, (2) progress in analytical spatial resolution for atomic-resolution analysis and (3) progress in analytical sensitivity toward single atom detection and analysis in materials. Both atomic resolution analysis and single atom analysis are evaluated theoretically through multislice-based calculation for electron propagation in oriented crystalline specimen in combination with X-ray spectrum simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Dept. of Mater. Sci. & Eng., Lehigh University, Bethlehem PA 18015-3195, USA
| | - R F Egerton
- Physics Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
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Inamoto S, Otsuka Y. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for an atomic-scale quantitative analysis of Pd-Pt core-shell nanoparticles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:26-30. [PMID: 31977045 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfz113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The properties of core-shell nanoparticles, which are used for many catalytic processes as an alternative to platinum, depend on the size of both the particle and the shell. It is thus necessary to develop a quantitative method to determine the shell thickness. Pd-Pt core-shell particles were analyzed using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Quantitative EDX line profiles acquired from the core-shell particle were compared to four core-shell models. The results indicate that the thickness of the Pt shell corresponds to two atomic layers. Meanwhile, high-angle annular dark-field STEM images from the same particle were analyzed and compared to simulated images. Again, this experiment demonstrates that the shell thickness was of two atomic layers. Our results indicate that, in small particles, it is possible to use EDX for a precise atomic-scale quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Inamoto
- Morphological Research Laboratory, Toray Research Center, Inc., 3-7, Sonoyama 3-chome, Otsu, Shiga, 520-8567 Japan
| | - Yuji Otsuka
- Morphological Research Laboratory, Toray Research Center, Inc., 3-7, Sonoyama 3-chome, Otsu, Shiga, 520-8567 Japan
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Marvel C, Behler K, LaSalvia J, Domnich V, Haber R, Watanabe M, Harmer M. Extending ζ-factor microanalysis to boron-rich ceramics: Quantification of bulk stoichiometry and grain boundary composition. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 202:163-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Manzella M, Geiss R, Hall EK. Evaluating the stoichiometric trait distributions of cultured bacterial populations and uncultured microbial communities. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3613-3626. [PMID: 31090973 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We measured the stoichiometric trait distribution of cultured freshwater bacterial populations under different resource conditions and compared them to natural microbial communities sampled from three lakes. Trait distributions showed population differences among growth phases and community differences among lakes that would have been masked by only reporting the mean biomass value. The stoichiometric trait distribution of the environmental isolates changed with P availability, growth phase and genotype, with P availability having the strongest effect. The distribution of biomass ratios within each isolate growth experiment were the most constrained during the stages of rapid growth and commonly had unimodal distributions. In contrast to the population distributions, the distribution of N:P and C:P for a similar number of cells from each of the lake communities had narrower stoichiometric distributions and more commonly exhibited multiple modes. © 2019 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Manzella
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Roy Geiss
- Central Instrument Facility, Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ed K Hall
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Xu W, Dycus J, Sang X, LeBeau J. A numerical model for multiple detector energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in the transmission electron microscope. Ultramicroscopy 2016; 164:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Cretu O, Lin YC, Koshino M, Tizei LHG, Liu Z, Suenaga K. Structure and local chemical properties of boron-terminated tetravacancies in hexagonal boron nitride. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:075502. [PMID: 25763963 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.075502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Imaging and spectroscopy performed in a low-voltage scanning transmission electron microscope are used to characterize the structure and chemical properties of boron-terminated tetravacancies in hexagonal boron nitride. We confirm earlier theoretical predictions about the structure of these defects and identify new features in the electron energy-loss spectra of B atoms using high resolution chemical maps, highlighting differences between these areas and pristine sample regions. We correlate our experimental data with calculations which help explain our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Cretu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nanotube Research Center, Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yung-Chang Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nanotube Research Center, Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masanori Koshino
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nanotube Research Center, Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Luiz H G Tizei
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nanotube Research Center, Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Zheng Liu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nanotube Research Center, Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nanotube Research Center, Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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11
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Hansen TW, Wagner JB. Catalysts under Controlled Atmospheres in the Transmission Electron Microscope. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs401148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Hansen
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob B. Wagner
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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12
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Ootsuki S, Ikeno H, Umeda Y, Yonezawa Y, Moriwake H, Kuwabara A, Kido O, Ueda S, Tanaka I, Fujikawa Y, Mizoguchi T. Impact of local strain on Ti-L2,3electron energy-loss near-edge structures of BaTiO3: a first-principles multiplet study. Microscopy (Oxf) 2014; 63:249-54. [PMID: 24737830 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfu011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shirou Ootsuki
- Advanced Technology Development Center, TDK Corporation, 2-15-7 Higashi-Ohwada, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8558, Japan Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Ikeno
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, Research Organization for 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Yuji Umeda
- Advanced Technology Development Center, TDK Corporation, 2-15-7 Higashi-Ohwada, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8558, Japan
| | - Yu Yonezawa
- Advanced Technology Development Center, TDK Corporation, 2-15-7 Higashi-Ohwada, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroki Moriwake
- Nanostructure Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
| | - Akihide Kuwabara
- Nanostructure Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
| | - Osamu Kido
- Advanced Technology Development Center, TDK Corporation, 2-15-7 Higashi-Ohwada, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8558, Japan
| | - Satoko Ueda
- Advanced Technology Development Center, TDK Corporation, 2-15-7 Higashi-Ohwada, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8558, Japan
| | - Isao Tanaka
- Nanostructure Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fujikawa
- Advanced Technology Development Center, TDK Corporation, 2-15-7 Higashi-Ohwada, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba 272-8558, Japan
| | - Teruyasu Mizoguchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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