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Miller AP, Hornero-Méndez D, Bandara S, Parra-Rivero O, Limón MC, von Lintig J, Avalos J, Amengual J. Bioavailability and provitamin A activity of neurosporaxanthin in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1068. [PMID: 37864015 PMCID: PMC10589281 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Various species of ascomycete fungi synthesize the carboxylic carotenoid neurosporaxanthin. The unique chemical structure of this xanthophyll reveals that: (1) Its carboxylic end and shorter length increase the polarity of neurosporaxanthin in comparison to other carotenoids, and (2) it contains an unsubstituted β-ionone ring, conferring the potential to form vitamin A. Previously, neurosporaxanthin production was optimized in Fusarium fujikuroi, which allowed us to characterize its antioxidant properties in in vitro assays. In this study, we assessed the bioavailability of neurosporaxanthin compared to other provitamin A carotenoids in mice and examined whether it can be cleaved by the two carotenoid-cleaving enzymes: β-carotene-oxygenase 1 (BCO1) and 2 (BCO2). Using Bco1-/-Bco2-/- mice, we report that neurosporaxanthin displays greater bioavailability than β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin, as evidenced by higher accumulation and decreased fecal elimination. Enzymatic assays with purified BCO1 and BCO2, together with feeding studies in wild-type, Bco1-/-, Bco2-/-, and Bco1-/-Bco2-/- mice, revealed that neurosporaxanthin is a substrate for either carotenoid-cleaving enzyme. Wild-type mice fed neurosporaxanthin displayed comparable amounts of vitamin A to those fed β-carotene. Together, our study unveils neurosporaxanthin as a highly bioavailable fungal carotenoid with provitamin A activity, highlighting its potential as a novel food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Miller
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Sepalika Bandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Obdulia Parra-Rivero
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limón
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Jaume Amengual
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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2
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Duan X, Xie C, Hill DRA, Barrow CJ, Dunshea FR, Martin GJO, Suleria HA. Bioaccessibility, Bioavailability and Bioactivities of Carotenoids in Microalgae: A Review. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2023.2165095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Duan
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cundong Xie
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David R. A. Hill
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin J. Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gregory J. O. Martin
- Algal Processing Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hafiz A.R. Suleria
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
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3
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Zhu X, Shi M, Pang H, Cheang I, Zhu Q, Guo Q, Gao R, Liao S, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Li X, Yao W. Inverse association of serum carotenoid levels with prevalence of hypertension in the general adult population. Front Nutr 2022; 9:971879. [PMID: 36245540 PMCID: PMC9563225 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.971879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid levels are inversely associated with blood pressure (BP). This study focused on the effects of individual and combined serum carotenoids on BP and hypertension, which have not been established to date. Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2006 were analyzed in this cross-sectional study. Multivariate logistic, linear, and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analyses were applied to explore the associations of six serum carotenoids (α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, trans-lycopene, trans-β-carotene, and cis-β-carotene), individually and in combination, with BP/hypertension. The linearity of correlations was further assessed using restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression. A total of 11,336 adults were included for analysis. Data from multivariate models showed that all six carotenoids were independently and negatively associated with both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; all p < 0.05). Compared to the first quartile, the fourth quartile of α-carotene (odds ratio [OR] = 0.64 [0.52–0.77]), β-cryptoxanthin (OR = 0.74 [0.60–0.90]), trans-β-carotene (OR = 0.50 [0.40–0.61]), and cis-β-carotene (OR = 0.47 [0.35–0.64]) were significantly and inversely related to hypertension (all p < 0.05). Moreover, WQS analysis revealed that the combination of all six serum carotenoids was negatively associated with BP and hypertension (all P<0.001), among which trans-β-carotene was the most significant contributor to the protective effect against hypertension (weight, 59.50%). Dose-response analyses demonstrated a linear inverse association of all carotenoids with hypertension (p for non-linearity > 0.05). Our collective findings indicate that higher levels of all six mixed serum carotenoids are correlated with decreased prevalence of hypertension, among which β-carotene exerts the most significant effect, which may provide a basis and direction for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengshaw Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Pang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Iokfai Cheang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Qixin Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongrong Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shengen Liao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
- Haifeng Zhang,
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Xinli Li,
| | - Wenming Yao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Wenming Yao,
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4
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Lim YJ, Eom SH. The Different Contributors to Antioxidant Activity in Thermally Dried Flesh and Peel of Astringent Persimmon Fruit. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11030597. [PMID: 35326247 PMCID: PMC8945473 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the thermal-drying processing of astringent persimmon fruit, the tissue-specific changes in the key antioxidants have hardly been investigated, while they have been well investigated in the flesh. We report here the different patterns of the antioxidant activities in the thermally processed flesh and peel of astringent persimmon, with analyses of the carotenoids, the condensed and hydrolysable tannins, and the total phenolics and flavonoids. The persimmon powders presented different colors on the basis of the drying temperatures: brown in 30 °C; light yellow in 60 °C; and dark brown in 90 °C, respectively. Non-maillard reaction and reduction of carotenoids caused the light-yellow color of 60 °C dried persimmon. Thermal drying reduced the antioxidant activities of the flesh in a temperature-dependent manner, with decreases in the carotenoids, the condensed and hydrolysable tannins, and the total phenolics and flavonoids, whereas it enhanced the antioxidant activities of the peel. The increase in the antioxidant activities in the peel were mainly the result of the increase in the total phenolics by the thermal effect, and especially in the content of the hydrolysable tannins, although the thermal processing decreased the other components. The heat-induced increase of antioxidant activity in the peel showed a strong significant correlation only with the contents of total phenolics (r2 = 0.9493) and total hydrolysable tannins (r2 = 0.9288), suggesting that the main antioxidant contributors differ from the flesh.
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5
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Supercritical fluid (CO2+ethanol) extraction of chlorophylls and carotenoids from Chlorella sorokiniana: COSMO-SAC assisted prediction of properties and experimental approach. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Honda M, Kawashima Y, Hirasawa K, Uemura T, Sun J, Hayashi Y. Astaxanthin Z-isomer-rich diets enhance egg yolk pigmentation in laying hens compared to that in all-E-isomer-rich diets. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13512. [PMID: 33522058 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of feeding diets containing astaxanthin with different Z-isomer ratios to laying hens on egg qualities, such as astaxanthin concentration in egg yolk and yolk color, were investigated. As the astaxanthin source, a natural microorganism Paracoccus carotinifaciens was used. Astaxanthin with different Z-isomer ratios was prepared by thermal treatment with different conditions and then added to the basal diet at a final astaxanthin concentration of 8 mg/kg. We found that, as the Z-isomer ratios of astaxanthin in the diet increased, the astaxanthin concentration in egg yolk and the yolk color fan score also increased significantly. Importantly, feeding a 50.6% Z-isomer ratio diet increased astaxanthin concentration in egg yolk by approximately fivefold and the color fan score by approximately 2 compared to that in hens fed an all-E-isomer-rich diet. Moreover, we showed that feeding Z-isomer-rich astaxanthin to laying hens increased plasma astaxanthin concentration by more than five times in comparison to that in hens fed an all-E-isomer-rich diet. These results indicate that Z-isomers of astaxanthin have higher bioavailability than that of the all-E-isomer and thus they exhibit greater egg yolk-accumulation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Honda
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawashima
- Biotechnology R&D Group, ENEOS Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Uemura
- Biotechnology R&D Group, ENEOS Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jinkun Sun
- Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hayashi
- Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, Kasugai, Japan
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7
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Laarman AH, Watts JS, Foroudi F, Rezamand P. Low dietary protein increases vitamin A absorption and deposition into milk in periparturient rats. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2021:1-7. [PMID: 34013777 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to study the effect of differing dietary crude protein and vitamin A on retinoid metabolism in a periparturient rat model. Sixty female rats, approximately 21 d before parturition, were fed rations containing either low protein (13%; LP) or high protein (22%; HP) crude protein and either low vitamin A (3 IU/g; LA) or high vitamin A (5 IU/g; HA), yielding treatments HPHA, HPLA, LPHA, and LPLA. Samples were collected at d -14, d +3, and +10 relative to parturition and analyzed for all-trans retinoid acid (RA), 13-Cis RA, and retinol. At d -14, serum all-trans RA concentrations decreased compared to baseline. At both d +3 and d +10, serum retinol increased and liver 13-Cis RA decreased. In the small intestine, 13-cis RA was higher in HPHA than HPLA pre-partum (0.93±0.12 vs. 0.40±0.12 ng/ml, P=0.04). Post-partum, 13-cis RA was lower in high vitamin HPHA and LPHA groups (0.35±0.06 and 0.38±0.06 ng/ml) than in low vitamin A HPLA and LPLA treatments (0.50±0.06 and 1.32±0.06 ng/ml, P<0.01). In rats fed LA diets, TNF-alpha expression tended to be lower in HPLA than LPLA groups on day +3 (0.69±0.34 vs 1.00±0.52, P=0.08), but not day +10 (0.56±0.25 vs. 1.00±0.49 Fold Change, P>0.10). Retinoids accumulated during pregnancy and were mobilized during lactation. The sequestration of retinoids was increased when dietary protein content was low. Further studies are needed to investigate how retinoid metabolism could be manipulated to improve vitamin A delivery to milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne H Laarman
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA.,Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason S Watts
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Farhad Foroudi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Varamin Pishva Branch, Varamin, Iran
| | - Pedram Rezamand
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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8
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Honda M, Murakami K, Osawa Y, Kawashima Y, Hirasawa K, Kuroda I. Z-Isomers of Astaxanthin Exhibit Greater Bioavailability and Tissue Accumulation Efficiency than the All- E-Isomer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:3489-3495. [PMID: 33689342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to clarify the differences in the bioavailability and tissue accumulation efficiency between (all-E)- and (Z)-astaxanthin. Astaxanthin with a high proportion of the Z-isomer (especially rich in the 9Z- and 13Z-isomers) was prepared from (all-E)-astaxanthin by thermal treatment and solid-liquid separation. The all-E-isomer- or Z-isomer-rich diet was fed to male rats for 2 weeks. After the feeding period, blood and tissue samples were collected, and their astaxanthin levels were evaluated. The Z-isomer-rich astaxanthin diet resulted in higher levels of astaxanthin in blood and many tissues (in particular, skin, lung, prostate, and eye) compared to the all-E-isomer-rich diet. Moreover, the Z-isomer-rich diet enhanced the level of the 13Z-isomer in blood and tissues rather than that of the 9Z-isomer. These results strongly supported that astaxanthin Z-isomers have greater bioavailability and tissue accumulation efficiency than the all-E-isomer. Moreover, (13Z)-astaxanthin would have higher bioavailability and tissue accumulation than the other isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuya Murakami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yukiko Osawa
- Biotechnology R&D Group, ENEOS Corporation, Chidoricho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0815, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawashima
- Biotechnology R&D Group, ENEOS Corporation, Chidoricho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0815, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Hirasawa
- Biotechnology R&D Group, ENEOS Corporation, Chidoricho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0815, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kuroda
- Biotechnology R&D Group, ENEOS Corporation, Chidoricho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231-0815, Japan
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9
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Sakemi Y, Sato K, Hara K, Honda M, Shindo K. Biological Activities of Z-Lycopenes Contained in Food. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:1509-1516. [PMID: 33055449 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mono-(5Z)-, -(9Z)-, and -(13Z)-lycopenes are found in food containing processed tomato products, while tetra-Z-(7Z, 9Z, 7'Z, 9'Z)-lycopene (prolycopene) is found in tangerine-strain tomatoes. We prepared pure mono-Z-lycopenes from all-E-lycopene via chemical reaction (heating in CH2Cl2 at 80℃ for 1 h) followed by purification using preparative silica gel HPLC, while prolycopene was isolated from tangerine tomatoes by partitioning with n-hexane and 90% MeOH followed by silica gel column chromatography. A simple method of distinguishing the mono-Z-lycopenes using the 13C NMR chemical shifts of their Z-methyl carbons is proposed. Additionally, the 1O2 quenching and 3T3-L1 cell differentiation activities of the compounds were then compared with all-E-lycopene for the first time. All the evaluated Z-isomers showed 1O2 quenching activities that were equal to or slightly lower than that of all-E-lycopene, with the IC50 values for the 1O2 quenching activities of (all-E)-, (5Z)-, (9Z)-, (13Z)-, and (7Z, 9Z, 7'Z, 9'Z)-lycopene being 4.4±0.36, 4.0±1.44, 5.3±1.08, 6.9±1.67, and 8.7±0.34 µM, respectively. The mouse 3T3-L1 cell differentiation activities followed the order: (all-E) > (9Z) > (5Z) ≈ (9Z) ≈ (13Z) ≈ (7Z, 9Z, 7'Z, 9'Z).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sakemi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University
| | - Kana Sato
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University
| | - Kurumi Hara
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University
| | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University
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10
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Sowa M, Mourao L, Sheftel J, Kaeppler M, Simons G, Grahn M, Davis CR, von Lintig J, Simon PW, Pixley KV, Tanumihardjo SA. Overlapping Vitamin A Interventions with Provitamin A Carotenoids and Preformed Vitamin A Cause Excessive Liver Retinol Stores in Male Mongolian Gerbils. J Nutr 2020; 150:2912-2923. [PMID: 32455433 PMCID: PMC8023580 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is a public health problem in some countries. Fortification, supplementation, and increased provitamin A consumption through biofortification are efficacious, but monitoring is needed due to risk of excessive VA intake when interventions overlap. OBJECTIVES Two studies in 28-36-d-old male Mongolian gerbils simulated exposure to multiple VA interventions to determine the effects of provitamin A carotenoid consumption from biofortified maize and carrots and preformed VA fortificant on status. METHODS Study 1 was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 85) with high-β-carotene maize, orange carrots, and VA fortification at 50% estimated gerbil needs, compared with white maize and white carrot controls. Study 2 was a 2 × 3 factorial design (n = 66) evaluating orange carrot and VA consumption through fortification at 100% and 200% estimated needs. Both studies utilized 2-wk VA depletion, baseline evaluation, 9-wk treatments, and liver VA stores by HPLC. Intestinal scavenger receptor class B member 1 (Scarb1), β-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (Bco1), β-carotene 9',10'-oxygenase (Bco2), intestine-specific homeobox (Isx), and cytochrome P450 26A1 isoform α1 (Cyp26a1) expression was analyzed by qRT-PCR in study 2. RESULTS In study 1, liver VA concentrations were significantly higher in orange carrot (0.69 ± 0.12 μmol/g) and orange maize groups (0.52 ± 0.21 μmol/g) compared with baseline (0.23 ± 0.069 μmol/g) and controls. Liver VA concentrations from VA fortificant alone (0.11 ± 0.053 μmol/g) did not differ from negative control. In study 2, orange carrot significantly enhanced liver VA concentrations (0.85 ± 0.24 μmol/g) relative to baseline (0.43 ± 0.14 μmol/g), but VA fortificant alone (0.42 ± 0.21 μmol/g) did not. Intestinal Scarb1 and Bco1 were negatively correlated with increasing liver VA concentrations (P < 0.01, r2 = 0.25-0.27). Serum retinol concentrations did not differ. CONCLUSIONS Biofortified carrots and maize without fortification prevented VA deficiency in gerbils. During adequate provitamin A dietary intake, preformed VA intake resulted in excessive liver stores in gerbils, despite downregulation of carotenoid absorption and cleavage gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Sowa
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luciana Mourao
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jesse Sheftel
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mikayla Kaeppler
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gabrielle Simons
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael Grahn
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christopher R Davis
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Philipp W Simon
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kevin V Pixley
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Texcoco, Mexico,Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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11
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Widomska J, SanGiovanni JP, Subczynski WK. Why is Zeaxanthin the Most Concentrated Xanthophyll in the Central Fovea? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051333. [PMID: 32392888 PMCID: PMC7284714 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-based xanthophylls (zeaxanthin and lutein) are conditionally essential polar carotenoids preferentially accreted in high concentrations (1 mM) to the central retina, where they have the capacity to impart unique physiologically significant biophysical biochemical properties implicated in cell function, rescue, and survival. Macular xanthophylls interact with membrane-bound proteins and lipids to absorb/attenuate light energy, modulate oxidative stress and redox balance, and influence signal transduction cascades implicated in the pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration. There is exclusive transport, sequestration, and appreciable bioamplification of macular xanthophylls from the circulating carotenoid pool to the retina and within the retina to regions required for high-resolution sensory processing. The distribution of diet-based macular xanthophylls and the lutein metabolite meso-zeaxanthin varies considerably by retinal eccentricity. Zeaxanthin concentrations are 2.5-fold higher than lutein in the cone-dense central fovea. This is an ~20-fold increase in the molar ratio relative to eccentric retinal regions with biochemically detectable macular xanthophylls. In this review, we discuss how the differences in the specific properties of lutein and zeaxanthin could help explain the preferential accumulation of zeaxanthin in the most vulnerable region of the macula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Widomska
- Department of Biophysics, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (J.P.S.); Tel.: 48-81448-6333 (J.W.)
| | - John Paul SanGiovanni
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1657 East Helen Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (J.P.S.); Tel.: 48-81448-6333 (J.W.)
| | - Witold K. Subczynski
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA;
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12
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Honda M, Kageyama H, Hibino T, Ichihashi K, Takada W, Goto M. Isomerization of Commercially Important Carotenoids (Lycopene, β-Carotene, and Astaxanthin) by Natural Catalysts: Isothiocyanates and Polysulfides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3228-3237. [PMID: 32074447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effects of natural catalysts, isothiocyanates and polysulfides, on Z-isomerization and decomposition of (all-E)-carotenoids (lycopene, β-carotene, and astaxanthin) after heat treatment were investigated. When isothiocyanates were added to (all-E)-carotenoid solutions and heated, Z-isomerization and decomposition of carotenoids were enhanced and the degree differed depending on the isothiocyanate type. Interestingly, when polysulfides were applied in the same manner, in addition to promoting the Z-isomerization reaction, they markedly improved the thermal stability of carotenoids. Successively, we investigated the reaction characteristics of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and diallyl disulfide (DADS) using (all-E)-lycopene; that is, effects of the amount added, solvent used, and reaction temperature and time, as well as the combination use on Z-isomerization and decomposition of lycopene, were investigated. With increases in the amount added and reaction temperature and time, Z-isomerization of lycopene was promoted for both catalysts. The high-temperature treatment tests clearly showed that AITC induced thermal decomposition of lycopene, whereas DADS improved the lycopene stability. Moreover, the simultaneous use of AITC and DADS resulted in a synergetic effect on the Z-isomerization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Honda
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Hakuto Kageyama
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Hibino
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Kohei Ichihashi
- Innovation Division, Kagome Company, Ltd., Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara 329-2762, Japan
| | - Wataru Takada
- Innovation Division, Kagome Company, Ltd., Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara 329-2762, Japan
| | - Motonobu Goto
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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Honda M, Ishikawa H, Hayashi Y. Alterations in lycopene concentration and
Z
‐isomer content in egg yolk of hens fed all‐
E
‐isomer‐rich and
Z
‐isomer‐rich lycopene. Anim Sci J 2019; 90:1261-1269. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Honda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Technology Meijo University Nagoya Japan
| | - Hiroto Ishikawa
- Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture Meijo University Kasugai Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hayashi
- Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture Meijo University Kasugai Japan
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Honda M, Kageyama H, Hibino T, Zhang Y, Diono W, Kanda H, Yamaguchi R, Takemura R, Fukaya T, Goto M. Improved Carotenoid Processing with Sustainable Solvents Utilizing Z-Isomerization-Induced Alteration in Physicochemical Properties: A Review and Future Directions. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112149. [PMID: 31181605 PMCID: PMC6600244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids—natural fat-soluble pigments—have attracted considerable attention because of their potential to prevent of various diseases, such as cancer and arteriosclerosis, and their strong antioxidant capacity. They have many geometric isomers due to the presence of numerous conjugated double bonds in the molecule. However, in plants, most carotenoids are present in the all-E-configuration. (all-E)-Carotenoids are characterized by high crystallinity as well as low solubility in safe and sustainable solvents, such as ethanol and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2). Thus, these properties result in the decreased efficiency of carotenoid processing, such as extraction and emulsification, using such sustainable solvents. On the other hand, Z-isomerization of carotenoids induces alteration in physicochemical properties, i.e., the solubility of carotenoids dramatically improves and they change from a “crystalline state” to an “oily (amorphous) state”. For example, the solubility in ethanol of lycopene Z-isomers is more than 4000 times higher than the all-E-isomer. Recently, improvement of carotenoid processing efficiency utilizing these changes has attracted attention. Namely, it is possible to markedly improve carotenoid processing using safe and sustainable solvents, which had previously been difficult to put into practical use due to the low efficiency. The objective of this paper is to review the effect of Z-isomerization on the physicochemical properties of carotenoids and its application to carotenoid processing, such as extraction, micronization, and emulsification, using sustainable solvents. Moreover, aspects of Z-isomerization methods for carotenoids and functional difference, such as bioavailability and antioxidant capacity, between isomers are also included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Honda
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Hakuto Kageyama
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hibino
- Faculty of Science & Technology, Meijo University, Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan.
| | - Yelin Zhang
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Wahyu Diono
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Hideki Kanda
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Ryusei Yamaguchi
- Technical Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Ryota Takemura
- Innovation Division, Kagome Company, Limited, Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara 329-2762, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Fukaya
- Innovation Division, Kagome Company, Limited, Nishitomiyama, Nasushiobara 329-2762, Japan.
- Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Motonobu Goto
- Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
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Penugonda K, Fiorentino NM, Alavi S, Lindshield BL. Bioavailable Iron and Vitamin A in Newly Formulated, Extruded Corn, Soybean, Sorghum, and Cowpea Fortified-Blended Foods in the In Vitro Digestion/Caco-2 Cell Model. Curr Dev Nutr 2018; 2:nzy021. [PMID: 30046768 PMCID: PMC6054154 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzy021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fortified-blended foods (FBFs), particularly corn-soybean blend (CSB), are food aid products distributed in developing countries. The US Agency for International Development food aid quality review recommended developing extruded FBFs with the use of alternative commodities such as sorghum. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine bioavailable iron and vitamin A content from newly developed extruded corn, soybean, sorghum, and cowpea FBFs compared with the nonextruded traditional food aid FBFs, corn-soy blend 13 (CSB13) and corn-soy blend plus (CSB+). METHODS Eleven extruded FBFs-sorghum-cowpea (n = 7), sorghum-soy (n = 3), and corn-soy (n = 1)-along with 2 nonextruded FBFs-CSB13 and CSB+, and Cerelac (Nestlé), a commercially available fortified infant food, were prepared. Bioavailable iron and vitamin A contents were assessed by using the in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model. Dry FBFs, aqueous fractions, and Caco-2 cell pellet vitamin A contents were analyzed by HPLC. Dry FBF and aqueous fraction iron contents were measured by atomic absorptiometry, and bioavailable iron was assessed by measuring Caco-2 ferritin contents via ELISA. RESULTS Iron and vitamin A concentrations in Cerelac and dry FBFs ranged from 8.0 to 31.8 mg/100 g and 0.3 to 1.67 mg/100 g, respectively. All of the extruded FBFs contained 4- to 7-fold significantly higher (P < 0.05) aqueous fraction iron concentrations compared with CSB13 and CSB+. However, there were no significant differences in Caco-2 cell ferritin and vitamin A concentrations between extruded FBFs, nonextruded FBFs, and or the basal salt solution negative control. CONCLUSION Results support the theory that the consumption of newly developed extruded sorghum-cowpea, sorghum-soy, and corn-soy FBFs would result in iron and vitamin A concentrations comparable to traditional nonextruded CSB13 and CSB+ FBFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Penugonda
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Nicole M Fiorentino
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Sajid Alavi
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Brian L Lindshield
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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16
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Moran NE, Mohn ES, Hason N, Erdman JW, Johnson EJ. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Impacting Absorption, Metabolism, and Health Effects of Dietary Carotenoids. Adv Nutr 2018; 9:465-492. [PMID: 30032230 PMCID: PMC6054194 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are orange, yellow, and red lipophilic pigments present in many fruit and vegetables, as well as other food groups. Some carotenoids contribute to vitamin A requirements. The consumption and blood concentrations of specific carotenoids have been associated with reduced risks of a number of chronic conditions. However, the interpretation of large, population-based observational and prospective clinical trials is often complicated by the many extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect the physiologic response to carotenoids. Extrinsic factors affecting carotenoid bioavailability include food-based factors, such as co-consumed lipid, food processing, and molecular structure, as well as environmental factors, such as interactions with prescription drugs, smoking, or alcohol consumption. Intrinsic, physiologic factors associated with blood and tissue carotenoid concentrations include age, body composition, hormonal fluctuations, and variation in genes associated with carotenoid absorption and metabolism. To most effectively investigate carotenoid bioactivity and to utilize blood or tissue carotenoid concentrations as biomarkers of intake, investigators should either experimentally or statistically control for confounding variables affecting the bioavailability, tissue distribution, and metabolism of carotene and xanthophyll species. Although much remains to be investigated, recent advances have highlighted that lipid co-consumption, baseline vitamin A status, smoking, body mass and body fat distribution, and genetics are relevant covariates for interpreting blood serum or plasma carotenoid responses. These and other intrinsic and extrinsic factors are discussed, highlighting remaining gaps in knowledge and opportunities for future research. To provide context, we review the state of knowledge with regard to the prominent health effects of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Moran
- USDA–Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Emily S Mohn
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Noor Hason
- USDA–Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - John W Erdman
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Elizabeth J Johnson
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA
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17
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Factors affecting the bioaccessibility of β-carotene in lipid-based microcapsules: Digestive conditions, the composition, structure and physical state of microcapsules. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Yang C, Fischer M, Kirby C, Liu R, Zhu H, Zhang H, Chen Y, Sun Y, Zhang L, Tsao R. Bioaccessibility, cellular uptake and transport of luteins and assessment of their antioxidant activities. Food Chem 2017; 249:66-76. [PMID: 29407933 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A rapid method for producing 9Z- and 13'Z-isomers from all-E-lutein was developed using I-TiO2 as catalyst. In a simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model, both trans-cis isomerization of all-E-lutein and cis-trans isomerization of Z-luteins occurred during the intestinal phase. The bioaccessibility of all isomers was between 14 and 23%, and it was higher for Z-luteins. In a Caco-2 cell monolayer model, all isomers were relatively stable during cellular uptake and transport across the membrane as no significant isomerization and degradation was detected, but all-E-lutein exhibited significantly higher cellular uptake and transport efficiencies. These results suggest that Z-luteins found in human plasma may likely be formed before intestinal absorption. 13'Z-Lutein also exhibited highest antioxidant activity in FRAP, DPPH and ORAC-L assays, but no significant difference in cell-based antioxidant assay compared with other isomers. Future studies on the different antioxidant activities of cis isomers of lutein in vivo will provide further explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Maike Fischer
- Charlottetown Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4N6, Canada
| | - Chris Kirby
- Charlottetown Research & Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 440 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4N6, Canada
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Honghui Zhu
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Hua Zhang
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Yuhuan Chen
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Lianfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Rong Tsao
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.
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19
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Newly formulated, protein quality-enhanced, extruded sorghum-, cowpea-, corn-, soya-, sugar- and oil-containing fortified-blended foods lead to adequate vitamin A and iron outcomes and improved growth compared with non-extruded CSB+ in rats. J Nutr Sci 2017. [PMID: 28630695 PMCID: PMC5468745 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn and soyabean micronutrient-fortified-blended foods (FBF) are commonly used for food aid. Sorghum and cowpeas have been suggested as alternative commodities because they are drought tolerant, can be grown in many localities, and are not genetically modified. Change in formulation of blends may improve protein quality, vitamin A and Fe availability of FBF. The primary objective of this study was to compare protein efficiency, Fe and vitamin A availability of newly formulated extruded sorghum-, cowpea-, soya- and corn-based FBF, along with a current, non-extruded United States Agency for International Development (USAID) corn and soya blend FBF (CSB+). A second objective was to compare protein efficiency of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and soya protein isolate (SPI) containing FBF to determine whether WPC inclusion improved outcomes. Eight groups of growing rats (n 10) consumed two white and one red sorghum–cowpea (WSC1 + WPC, WSC2 + WPC, RSC + WPC), white sorghum–soya (WSS + WPC) and corn–soya (CSB14 + WPC) extruded WPC-containing FBF, an extruded white sorghum–cowpea with SPI (WSC1 + SPI), non-extruded CSB+, and American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G, a weanling rat diet, for 4 weeks. There were no significant differences in protein efficiency, Fe or vitamin A outcomes between WPC FBF groups. The CSB+ group consumed significantly less food, gained significantly less weight, and had significantly lower energy efficiency, protein efficiency and length, compared with all other groups. Compared with WSC1 + WPC, the WSC1 + SPI FBF group had significantly lower energy efficiency, protein efficiency and weight gain. These results suggest that a variety of commodities can be used in the formulation of FBF, and that newly formulated extruded FBF are of better nutritional quality than non-extruded CSB+.
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Key Words
- AIN, American Institute of Nutrition
- CSB, corn–soya blend
- Complementary feeding
- Corn–soya blends
- DIAAS, digestible indispensable amino acid score
- FBF, fortified-blended food
- Fortified blended foods
- Iron
- NRC, National Research Council
- Protein quality
- RSC, red sorghum with cowpea
- SPI, soya protein isolate
- Sorghum
- USAID, United States Agency for International Development
- USDA, United States Department of Agriculture
- Vitamin A
- WPC, whey protein concentrate
- WSC, white sorghum with cowpea
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Green AS, Fascetti AJ. Meeting the Vitamin A Requirement: The Efficacy and Importance of β-Carotene in Animal Species. ScientificWorldJournal 2016; 2016:7393620. [PMID: 27833936 PMCID: PMC5090096 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7393620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is essential for life in all vertebrate animals. Vitamin A requirement can be met from dietary preformed vitamin A or provitamin A carotenoids, the most important of which is β-carotene. The metabolism of β-carotene, including its intestinal absorption, accumulation in tissues, and conversion to vitamin A, varies widely across animal species and determines the role that β-carotene plays in meeting vitamin A requirement. This review begins with a brief discussion of vitamin A, with an emphasis on species differences in metabolism. A more detailed discussion of β-carotene follows, with a focus on factors impacting bioavailability and its conversion to vitamin A. Finally, the literature on how animals utilize β-carotene is reviewed individually for several species and classes of animals. We conclude that β-carotene conversion to vitamin A is variable and dependent on a number of factors, which are important to consider in the formulation and assessment of diets. Omnivores and herbivores are more efficient at converting β-carotene to vitamin A than carnivores. Absorption and accumulation of β-carotene in tissues vary with species and are poorly understood. More comparative and mechanistic studies are required in this area to improve the understanding of β-carotene metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice S. Green
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrea J. Fascetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Effects of High-Pressure Processing with or without Blanching on the Antioxidant and Physicochemical Properties of Mango Pulp. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-016-1718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Yi J, Fan Y, Yokoyama W, Zhang Y, Zhao L. Thermal Degradation and Isomerization of β-Carotene in Oil-in-Water Nanoemulsions Supplemented with Natural Antioxidants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:1970-1976. [PMID: 26881704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to see the impact on the retention and isomerization of encapsulated β-carotene (BC) in nanoemulsions fortified with natural antioxidants (α-tocopherol (AT) and l-ascorbic acid (AA)). The physical stability of nanoemulsion, oxidative stability, and isomerization of all-trans-β-carotene (BC) in oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions were determined in the presence or absence of natural antioxidants at 25 and 50 °C at certain intervals of time by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sodium caseinate was used as the emulsifier, and corn oil (CO) was more protective than medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) and used for isomerization studies. Mean diameters of control (without antioxidants) and AA- and AT-fortified particles were similar. Mean particle diameter of nanoemulsions increased from 10 to 25 nm at 25 °C and from 40 to 50 nm at 50 °C during 30 days of storage. The isomerization from all-trans-BC to cis-BC isomers was inhibited by antioxidants. The isomerization rates were in the following order: 13-cis-BC > 15-cis-BC > 9-cis-BC. AT had better antioxidant activities than AA in inhibiting BC degradation in O/W nanoemulsions. The results indicated that BC encapsulated in nanoemulsions supplemented with antioxidants could significantly improve BC's chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuting Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wallace Yokoyama
- Western Regional Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Yuzhu Zhang
- Western Regional Research Center, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , Albany, California 94710, United States
| | - Liqing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
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23
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Guan Y, Wu J, Zhong Q. Eugenol improves physical and chemical stabilities of nanoemulsions loaded with β-carotene. Food Chem 2016; 194:787-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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24
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Phan-Thi H, Durand P, Prost M, Prost E, Waché Y. Effect of heat-processing on the antioxidant and prooxidant activities of β-carotene from natural and synthetic origins on red blood cells. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Combination of β-carotene and quercetin against benzo[a]pyrene-induced pro-inflammatory reaction accompanied by the regulation of antioxidant enzyme activity and NF-κB translocation in Mongolian gerbils. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:397-406. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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26
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In Vivoandin VitroStudies on the Absorption Characteristics of β-Cryptoxanthin in the Intestine. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:2124-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Relative vitamin A values of 9-cis- and 13-cis-β-carotene do not differ when fed at physiological levels during vitamin A depletion in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Br J Nutr 2014; 112:162-9. [PMID: 24709067 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Provitamin A biofortification of staple crops may decrease the prevalence of vitamin A (VA) deficiency if widely adopted in target countries. To assess the impact of processing methods on the VA value of plant foods, the unique bioefficacies of cis-βC isomers (formed during cooking) compared with all-trans (at) β-carotene (βC) must be determined. The bioefficacies of 9-cis (9c)- and 13-cis (13c)-βC isomers were compared with those of the at-βC isomer and VA positive (VA+) and negative (VA - ) controls in VA-depleted Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) in two experimental studies (study 1, n 56; study 2, n 57). A 3- or 4-week depletion period was followed by a 3- or 4-week treatment period in which the groups received oral doses of the 9c-, 13c- or at-βC isomers in cottonseed oil (study 1, 15 nmol/d; study 2, 30 nmol/d). In study 1, the βC isomers did not maintain baseline liver VA stores in all groups (0.69 (SD 0.20) μmol/liver) except in the VA+group (0.56 (SD 0.10) μmol/liver) (P= 0.0026). The βC groups were similar to the VA+group, but the 9c- and 13c-βC groups did not differ from the VA - group (0.39 (SD 0.09) μmol/liver). In study 2, the βC isomers maintained baseline liver VA stores in all the βC groups (0.35 (SD 0.13) μmol/liver), and in the VA+group, the VA supplement (0.54 (SD 0.19) μmol/liver) exceeded the baseline VA status (0.38 (SD 0.15) μmol/liver) (P< 0.0001); however, the 9c-βC group did not differ from the VA - group (0.20 (SD 0.07) μmol/liver). In vivo isomerisation of βC was confirmed in both experimental studies. Lower VA bioconversion factor values were obtained for the cis-βC isomers in study 2 when compared with study 1, but higher values were obtained for the at-βC isomer. Dose and VA status clearly affect bioconversion factors. In conclusion, the cis-βC isomers yielded similar liver VA stores to the at-βC isomer in Mongolian gerbils, and liver VA stores of the 9c- and 13c-βC groups did not differ when the doses were provided at physiological levels over time in two studies.
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La Frano MR, de Moura FF, Boy E, Lönnerdal B, Burri BJ. Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and provitamin A carotenoids in biofortified staple crops. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:289-307. [PMID: 24689451 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
International research efforts, including those funded by HarvestPlus, a Challenge Program of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), are focusing on conventional plant breeding to biofortify staple crops such as maize, rice, cassava, beans, wheat, sweet potatoes, and pearl millet to increase the concentrations of micronutrients that are commonly deficient in specific population groups of developing countries. The bioavailability of micronutrients in unfortified staple crops in developing regions is typically low, which raises questions about the efficacy of these crops to improve population micronutrient status. This review of recent studies of biofortified crops aims to assess the micronutrient bioavailability of biofortified staple crops in order to derive lessons that may help direct plant breeding and to infer the potential efficacy of food-based nutrition interventions. Although reducing the amounts of antinutrients and the conduction of food processing generally increases the bioavailability of micronutrients, antinutrients still possess important benefits, and food processing results in micronutrient loss. In general, biofortified foods with relatively higher micronutrient density have higher total absorption rates than nonbiofortified varieties. Thus, evidence supports the focus on efforts to breed plants with increased micronutrient concentrations in order to decrease the influence of inhibitors and to offset losses from processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R La Frano
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Davis, California, USA
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29
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The effect of domestic processing on the content and bioaccessibility of carotenoids from chili peppers (Capsicum species). Food Chem 2013; 141:2606-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Knockaert G, Pulissery SK, Lemmens L, Van Buggenhout S, Hendrickx M, Van Loey A. Isomerisation of carrot β-carotene in presence of oil during thermal and combined thermal/high pressure processing. Food Chem 2013; 138:1515-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Knockaert G, Pulissery SK, Lemmens L, Van Buggenhout S, Hendrickx M, Van Loey A. Carrot β-carotene degradation and isomerization kinetics during thermal processing in the presence of oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:10312-10319. [PMID: 22998670 DOI: 10.1021/jf3025776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The effect of thermal processing (85-130 °C) on the stability and isomerization of β-carotene in both an olive oil/carrot emulsion and an olive oil phase enriched with carrot β-carotene was studied. During processing, degradation of total β-carotene took place. Initially, total β-carotene concentration decreased quickly, after which a plateau value was reached, which was dependent on the applied temperature. In the oil/carrot emulsion, the total β-carotene concentration could be modeled by a fractional conversion model. The temperature dependence of the degradation rate constants was described by the activation energy and was estimated to be 45.0 kJ/mol. In the enriched oil phase, less degradation took place and the results could not be modeled. Besides degradation, β-carotene isomerization was studied. In both matrices, a fractional conversion model could be used to model total isomerization and formation of 13-Z- and 15-Z-β-carotene. β-Carotene isomerization was similar in both the oil/carrot emulsion and enriched oil phase as the simultaneously estimated kinetic parameters (isomerization reaction rate constant and activation energy) of both matrices did not differ significantly. The activation energies of isomerization were estimated to be 70.5 and 75.0 kJ/mol in the oil/carrot emulsion and enriched oil phase, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griet Knockaert
- Laboratory of Food Technology and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Siriamornpun S, Kaisoon O, Meeso N. Changes in colour, antioxidant activities and carotenoids (lycopene, β-carotene, lutein) of marigold flower (Tagetes erecta L.) resulting from different drying processes. J Funct Foods 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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33
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Kao FJ, Chiu YS, Tsou MJ, Chiang WD. Effects of Chinese domestic cooking methods on the carotenoid composition of vegetables in Taiwan. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Quercetin supplementation suppresses the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs of Mongolian gerbils and in A549 cells exposed to benzo[a]pyrene alone or in combination with β-carotene: in vivo and ex vivo studies. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 23:179-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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35
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Carotenoid content, its stability during drying and the antioxidant activity of commercial coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) varieties. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Biehler E, Kaulmann A, Hoffmann L, Krause E, Bohn T. Dietary and host-related factors influencing carotenoid bioaccessibility from spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Food Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Tumuhimbise GA, Namutebi A, Muyonga JH. Microstructure and in vitro beta carotene bioaccessibility of heat processed orange fleshed sweet potato. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 64:312-8. [PMID: 19908145 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-009-0142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) has been identified as a good source of beta-carotene but the beta-carotene bioaccessibility is affected by processing. In this study, the effect of traditional heat processing methods on the microstructure and in vitro bioaccessibility of beta-carotene from OFSP were investigated. Bioaccessibility was determined using simulated in vitro digestion model followed by membrane filtration to separate the micellar fraction containing bioaccessible beta-carotene. Processing led to decrease in the amount of all-trans-beta-carotene and increase in 13-cis-beta-carotene. Processed OFSP had significantly higher (P < 0.05) bioaccessible beta-carotene compared to the raw forms. Bioaccessibility varied with processing treatments in the order; raw < baked < steamed/boiled < deep fried. Light microscopy showed that the microstructure of OFSP was disrupted by the processing methods employed. The cell walls of OFSP were sloughed by the traditional heat processing methods applied. The findings show that heat processing improves bioaccessibility of beta-carotene in OFSP and this was probably due to disruption of the tissue microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaston A Tumuhimbise
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Makerere University, P.O Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
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Gichuhi P, Mortley D, Bromfield E, Bovell-Benjamin A. Nutritional, Physical, and Sensory Evaluation of Hydroponic Carrots (Daucus carota L.) from Different Nutrient Delivery Systems. J Food Sci 2009; 74:S403-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Chamberlain SM, Hall JD, Patel J, Lee JR, Marcus DM, Sridhar S, Romero MJ, Labazi M, Caldwell RW, Bartoli M. Protective effects of the carotenoid zeaxanthin in experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:1460-4. [PMID: 19424798 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Fat infiltration and inflammation cause liver injury and fibrosis and may progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and end-stage liver disease. Currently, there are no effective treatments for NASH. Zeaxanthin is a carotenoid which has been shown to be preferentially accumulated in the adipose tissue and liver. We hypothesized that treatment with zeaxanthin may decrease oxidative stress in the liver and, possibly, halt the inflammation and fibrosis associated with NASH. Here we tested zeaxanthin effects in preventing progression of liver injury in a model of NASH. Mongolian gerbils, fed a methionine-choline-deficient diet, were treated with different doses of zeaxanthin. We assessed histopathological changes by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson trichrome staining and determined oxidative stress by measuring lipid peroxidation. The obtained results show that zeaxanthin significantly prevented NASH progression by decreasing oxidative stress and liver fibrosis, thus suggesting a potential therapeutic application for this carotenoid in the management of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherman M Chamberlain
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, BBR-2538, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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40
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Lindshield BL, King JL, Wyss A, Goralczyk R, Lu CH, Ford NA, Erdman JW. Lycopene biodistribution is altered in 15,15'-carotenoid monooxygenase knockout mice. J Nutr 2008; 138:2367-71. [PMID: 19022959 PMCID: PMC3415862 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.099663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
15,15'-carotenoid monooxygenase (CMO I) is generally recognized as the central carotenoid cleavage enzyme responsible for converting provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A, while having little affinity for nonprovitamin A carotenoids, such as lycopene. To investigate the role of CMO I in carotenoid metabolism, approximately 90-d-old C57BL/6 x 129/SvJ [CMO I wild-type (WT)] and B6;129S6-Bcmo1tm1Dnp [CMO I knockout (KO)] mice were fed a high-fat, moderate vitamin A, cholesterol-containing diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg diet of beta-carotene, lycopene, or placebo beadlets for 60 d (n = 12-14). CMO I KO mice fed lycopene (Lyc-KO) exhibited significant decreases in hepatic, spleen, and thymus lycopene concentrations and significant increases in prostate, seminal vesicles, testes, and brain lycopene concentrations compared with WT mice fed lycopene (Lyc-WT). Furthermore, in the serum and all tissues analyzed, excluding the testes, there was a significant increase in the percent lycopene cis isomers in Lyc-KO mice compared with Lyc-WT mice. CMO I KO mice fed beta-carotene (betaC-KO) had significantly lower hepatic vitamin A concentrations (17% of WT mice fed beta-carotene [betaC-WT]). Concordantly, betaC-KO mice had higher serum and tissue beta-carotene concentrations than betaC-WT mice. In addition, phenotypically CMO I KO mice had significantly higher final body weights and CMO I KO female mice had significantly lower uterus weights than CMO I WT mice. In conclusion, CMO I KO mice fed low levels of vitamin A have altered lycopene biodistribution and isomer patterns and do not cleave beta-carotene to vitamin A at appreciable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L. Lindshield
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; and DSM Nutritional Products, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst n. Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L. King
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; and DSM Nutritional Products, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst n. Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Wyss
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; and DSM Nutritional Products, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst n. Basel, Switzerland
| | - Regina Goralczyk
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; and DSM Nutritional Products, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst n. Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chi-Hua Lu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; and DSM Nutritional Products, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst n. Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nikki A. Ford
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; and DSM Nutritional Products, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst n. Basel, Switzerland
| | - John W. Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801; and DSM Nutritional Products, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst n. Basel, Switzerland,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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41
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Harari A, Harats D, Marko D, Cohen H, Barshack I, Kamari Y, Gonen A, Gerber Y, Ben-Amotz A, Shaish A. A 9-cis beta-carotene-enriched diet inhibits atherogenesis and fatty liver formation in LDL receptor knockout mice. J Nutr 2008; 138:1923-30. [PMID: 18806102 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.10.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to study the effect of 9-cis beta-carotene-rich powder of the alga Dunaliella bardawil on lipid profile, atherogenesis, and liver steatosis in high-fat diet-fed LDL receptor knockout mice. In 4 sets of experiments, mice were distributed into the following groups: control, fed an unfortified diet; Dunaliella 50, fed a diet composed of 50% 9-cis and 50% all-trans beta-carotene; Dunaliella 25, fed a diet containing 25% 9-cis and 75% all-trans beta-carotene; beta-carotene-deficient Dunaliella, fed beta-carotene-deficient Dunaliella powder; and all-trans beta-carotene, fed a synthetic all-trans beta-carotene. All fortified diets contained 0.6% total beta-carotene. Algal 9-cis beta-carotene was absorbed by the mice and accumulated in the liver. Synthetic all-trans beta-carotene was not converted to 9-cis beta-carotene. Dunaliella 50 inhibited high-fat diet-induced plasma cholesterol elevation by 40-63% and reduced cholesterol concentrations in the atherogenic VLDL and LDL. Atherosclerotic lesion area in mice treated with Dunaliella 50 was 60-83% lower compared with mice fed the high-fat diet alone. beta-Carotene-deficient Dunaliella did not influence plasma cholesterol and atherogenesis, suggesting that beta-carotene is essential for a Dunaliella protective effect. Moreover, by administrating Dunaliella powder containing different levels of 9-cis and all-trans beta-carotene isomers, we found that the effect on plasma cholesterol concentration and atherogenesis is 9-cis-dependent. Dunaliella 50 also inhibited fat accumulation and inflammation in the livers of mice fed a high-fat diet, which was accompanied by reduced mRNA levels of inflammatory genes. These results in mice suggest that 9-cis beta-carotene may have the potential to inhibit atherogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Harari
- The Bert W. Strassburger Lipid Center, Tel-Hashomer; Haifa, Israel
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42
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Thakkar SK, Maziya-Dixon B, Dixon AGO, Failla ML. Beta-carotene micellarization during in vitro digestion and uptake by Caco-2 cells is directly proportional to beta-carotene content in different genotypes of cassava. J Nutr 2007; 137:2229-33. [PMID: 17885003 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.10.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava, a staple food in sub-Saharan Africa, does not provide adequate amounts of pro-vitamin A (VA) carotenoids and has been targeted for biofortification (i.e. selectively breeding cultivars of increased nutrient density with agroeconomically acceptable characteristics). However, the accessibility of pro-VA carotenoids for absorption in different cultivars of cassava remains unknown. Here, we used the coupled in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell uptake model to screen the relative accessibility of beta-carotene (betaC) in 10 cultivars of cassava with varying concentrations of betaC. After cooking (boiled for 30 min), the betaC concentration in tubers from different cultivars ranged from less than detectable to 6.9 microg betaC/g cassava. Samples were subjected to simulated oral, gastric, and small intestinal digestion to determine stability and micellarization of betaC. All-trans betaC, 9-cis betaC, and 13-cis betaC were the most abundant carotenoids in cooked cassava and recoveries after digestion exceeded 70%. Efficiency of micellarization of total betaC was 30 +/- 2% for various cultivars with no significant difference in isomers and linearly proportional to concentration in cooked cassava (r = 0.87; P < 0.001). Accumulation of all-trans betaC by Caco-2 cells incubated with the diluted micelle fraction for 4 h was proportional (R(2) = 0.99; P < 0.001) to the quantity present in micelles. These results suggest that all-trans betaC content appears to provide the key selection marker for breeding cassava to improve VA status and that the more complicated screening procedure using in vitro digestion coupled to cell uptake does not provide additional information on potential bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar K Thakkar
- Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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43
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Impact of different cooking methods on food quality: Retention of lipophilic vitamins in fresh and frozen vegetables. J FOOD ENG 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2005.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Bhosale P, Bernstein PS. Vertebrate and invertebrate carotenoid-binding proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 458:121-7. [PMID: 17188641 PMCID: PMC1831825 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In invertebrates and vertebrates, carotenoids are ubiquitous colorants, antioxidants, and provitamin A compounds that must be absorbed from dietary sources and transported to target tissues where they are taken up and stabilized to perform their physiological functions. These processes occur in a specific and regulated manner mediated by high-affinity carotenoid-binding proteins. In this mini-review, we examine the published literature on carotenoid-binding proteins in vertebrate and invertebrate systems, and we report our initial purification and characterization of a novel lutein-binding protein isolated from liver of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica).
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Bhosale
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 65 Medical Drive, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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45
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Ben-Amotz A, Volkis B, Mokady S. Selective distribution of β-carotene stereoisomers in rat tissues. Nutr Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Occurrence of carotenoid cis-isomers in food: Technological, analytical, and nutritional implications. Trends Food Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2005.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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47
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Hels O, Larsen T, Christensen LP, Kidmose U, Hassan N, Thilsted SH. Contents of iron, calcium, zinc and β-carotene in commonly consumed vegetables in Bangladesh. J Food Compost Anal 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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48
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Boileau A, Erdman J. Impact of Food Processing on Content and Bioavailability of Carotenoids. OXIDATIVE STRESS AND DISEASE 2004. [DOI: 10.1201/9780203026649.ch10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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49
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Zaripheh S, Boileau TWM, Lila MA, Erdman JW. [14C]-lycopene and [14C]-labeled polar products are differentially distributed in tissues of F344 rats prefed lycopene. J Nutr 2004; 133:4189-95. [PMID: 14652370 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.12.4189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence suggests a possible role for lycopene-rich foods in the prevention of prostate cancer and cardiovascular disease. Despite active research in disease reduction, there is a paucity of information on the absorption, biodistribution and metabolism of lycopene. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biodistribution of 14C-lycopene (specific activity, 1.83 microCi/mg) and 14C-labeled products after an oral dose of 22 microCi of 14C-lycopene in male rats that had been prefed a lycopene-containing diet (0.25 g lycopene/ kg diet) for 30 d. The percentage of 14C excreted in feces and urine over the 168 h was 68%. Quantitatively, serum 14C levels were maintained between 3 and 24 h then decreased at 72 h (P < 0.05). At all time points the majority of tissue 14C was in the liver (approximately 72%), although total hepatic 14C decreased after 24 h. In a comparison of the extrahepatic tissue at 168 h, the 14C was greatest in adipose tissue followed by spleen and then adrenal; approximately 80% of the 14C in the liver was in the cis and all-trans configuration at all time points. At 3 h, the 14C in seminal vesicles was primarily in the all-trans plus 5-cis forms (70%), but by 168 h, 55% of 14C was present as 14C-polar products. Despite the presence of unlabeled lycopene in the prostate, the primary 14C form was in 14C-polar products (67-92%), even at 3 h. The percentage and amount of 14C-polar products in the dorsolateral prostate lobe increased from 3 to 24 h and then reached a plateau. The data suggest that lycopene may be metabolized differently among tissues in rats prefed lycopene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zaripheh
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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50
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Lee J, Koo N, Min DB. Reactive Oxygen Species, Aging, and Antioxidative Nutraceuticals. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2004; 3:21-33. [PMID: 33430557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2004.tb00058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The important roles of reactive oxygen species in diseases related to aging and the necessity and benefits of antioxidative nutraceuticals in the prevention of diseases and promotion of healthy aging have been extensively reported in recent years. Oxygen is an essential component of living organisms. The generation of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and singlet oxygen is inevitable in aerobic metabolism of the body. Reactive oxygen species cause lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, DNA strand break and base modification, and modulation of gene expression. In the past several years, unprecedented progress has been made in the recognition and understanding of roles of reactive oxygen species in many diseases. These include atherosclerosis, vasospasms, cancers, trauma, stroke, asthma, hyperoxia, arthritis, heart attack, age pigments, dermatitis, cataractogenesis, retinal damage, hepatitis, liver injury, and periodontis, which are age-related. The body protects itself from the potential damages of reactive oxygen species. Its first line of defense is superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidases, and catalase. Scientists have indicated that antioxidant nutraceuticals supplied from daily diets quench the reactive oxygen species or are required as cofactors for antioxidant enzymes. Nutraceuticals play significant roles in the prevention of a number of age-related diseases and are essential for healthy aging. Epidemiological studies also reported the relevance of antioxidative nutraceuticals to health issues and the prevention of age-related diseases. Health-conscious consumers have made antioxidative nutraceuticals the leading trend in the food industry worldwide in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Author Lee is currently with the Dept. of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National Univ. of Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - N Koo
- Author Koo is currently with the Dept. of Food and Nutrition, DaeJeon Univ., DaeJeon, Korea
| | - D B Min
- Author Min is with the Dept. of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State Univ., 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210
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