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Hengist A, Davies RG, Walhin JP, Buniam J, Merrell LH, Rogers L, Bradshaw L, Moreno-Cabañas A, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM, Hodson L, van Loon LJC, Barton W, O'Donovan C, Crispie F, O'Sullivan O, Cotter PD, Proctor K, Betts JA, Koumanov F, Thompson D, Gonzalez JT. Ketogenic diet but not free-sugar restriction alters glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, peripheral tissue phenotype, and gut microbiome: RCT. Cell Rep Med 2024:101667. [PMID: 39106867 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Restricted sugar and ketogenic diets can alter energy balance/metabolism, but decreased energy intake may be compensated by reduced expenditure. In healthy adults, randomization to restricting free sugars or overall carbohydrates (ketogenic diet) for 12 weeks reduces fat mass without changing energy expenditure versus control. Free-sugar restriction minimally affects metabolism or gut microbiome but decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In contrast, a ketogenic diet decreases glucose tolerance, increases skeletal muscle PDK4, and reduces AMPK and GLUT4 levels. By week 4, the ketogenic diet reduces fasting glucose and increases apolipoprotein B, C-reactive protein, and postprandial glycerol concentrations. However, despite sustained ketosis, these effects are no longer apparent by week 12, when gut microbial beta diversity is altered, possibly reflective of longer-term adjustments to the ketogenic diet and/or energy balance. These data demonstrate that restricting free sugars or overall carbohydrates reduces energy intake without altering physical activity, but with divergent effects on glucose tolerance, lipoprotein profiles, and gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jariya Buniam
- University of Bath, Bath, UK; Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leanne Hodson
- University of Oxford and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Wiley Barton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciara O'Donovan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Orla O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
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Tripicchio GL, Smethers AD, Johnson JJ, Olenginski J, O'Brien DM, Fisher JO, Nova VA, Nash SH. The Carbon Stable Isotope Ratio (CIR) as an Objective Biomarker of Added Sugar Intake: A Scoping Review of Current Evidence in Human Nutrition. Adv Nutr 2024:100281. [PMID: 39094908 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective biomarkers of dietary intake are needed to advance nutrition research. The carbon stable isotope ratio (C13/C12; CIR) holds promise as an objective biomarker of added sugar (AS) and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake. This systematic scoping review presents the current evidence on CIRs from human studies. Search results (through April 12, 2024) yielded 6,297 studies and 24 final articles. Studies were observational (n=12), controlled feeding (n=10), or dietary interventions (n=2). CIRs were sampled from blood (n=23), hair (n=5), breath (n= 2), and/or adipose tissue (n=1). Most (n=17) conducted whole tissue (i.e., bulk) analysis, eight used compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA), and/or two studies used methods appropriate for analyzing breath. Studies were conducted in three concentrated geographic regions of the U.S. (n=7 Virginia; n=5 Arizona; n=4 Alaska), with only two studies conducted in other countries. Studies that used CSIA to examine the CIR from the non-essential amino acid alanine (CIR-Ala; n=4) and CIR analyzed from breath (n=2) provided the most robust evidence for CIR as an objective biomarker of AS and SSBs (R2 range 0.36-0.91). Studies using bulk analysis of hair or blood showed positive, but modest and more variable associations with AS and SSBs (R2 range 0.05-0.48). Few studies showed no association, particularly in non-U.S. populations and those with low AS and SSB intakes. Two studies provided evidence for CIR to detect changes in SSB intake in response to dietary interventions. Overall, the most compelling evidence supports CIR-Ala as an objective indicator of AS intake and breath CIR as an indicator of short term AS intake. Considering how to adjust for underlying dietary patterns remains an important area of future work and emerging methods using breath and CSIA warrant additional investigation. More evidence is needed to refine the utility and specificity of CIRs to measure AS and SSB intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L Tripicchio
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University.
| | | | | | - Jordan Olenginski
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University; Drexel University College of Medicine
| | | | - Jennifer O Fisher
- Center for Obesity Research and Education, Temple University; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Temple University
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Mitchell CM, Oxtoby LE, Shaw PA, Budge SM, Wooller MJ, Cabeza de Baca T, Krakoff J, Votruba S, O'Brien DM. Carbon Isotope Ratios of Plasma and RBC Fatty Acids Identify Meat Consumers in a 12-Week Inpatient Feeding Study of 32 Men. J Nutr 2023; 152:2847-2855. [PMID: 36095134 PMCID: PMC9839995 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular stable isotope ratios are a novel type of dietary biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity for certain foods. Among these, fatty acid carbon isotope ratios (CIRs) have strong potential but have not been investigated as dietary biomarkers. OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether fatty acid CIRs and mass proportions were associated with meat, fish, and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake. METHODS Thirty-two men [aged 46.2 ± 10.5 y; BMI (kg/m2): 27.2 ± 4.0] underwent a 12-wk inpatient dietary intervention at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases in Phoenix, Arizona. Men were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 dietary treatments varying the presence/absence of dietary meat, fish, and SSBs in all combinations. Fatty acid CIRs and mass proportions were measured in fasting blood samples and adipose tissue biopsies that were collected pre- and postintervention. Dietary effects were analyzed using multivariable regression and receiver operating characteristic AUCs were calculated using logistic regression. RESULTS CIRs of the several abundant SFAs, MUFAs and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) in plasma were strongly associated with meat, as were a subset of these fatty acids in RBCs. Effect sizes in plasma ranged from 1.01‰ to 1.93‰ and were similar but attenuated in RBCs. Mass proportions of those fatty acids were not associated with diet. CIRs of plasma dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20:3n-6) and adipose palmitic acid (16:0) were weakly associated with SSBs. Mass proportions of plasma odd-chain fatty acids were associated with meat, and mass proportions of plasma EPA and DHA (20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3) were associated with fish. CONCLUSIONS CIRs of plasma and RBC fatty acids show promise as sensitive and specific measures of dietary meat. These provide different information from that provided by fatty acid mass proportions, and are informative where mass proportion is not. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01237093.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie M Mitchell
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Laura E Oxtoby
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Water and Environmental Research Center, Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Pamela A Shaw
- Biostatistics Unit, Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suzanne M Budge
- Department of Process Engineering and Applied Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Matthew J Wooller
- Water and Environmental Research Center, Institute of Northern Engineering, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
- Marine Biology Department, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Tomás Cabeza de Baca
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Susanne Votruba
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Diane M O'Brien
- Center for Alaska Native Health Research, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
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Dierkes J, Dietrich S, Abraham K, Monien BH, McCann A, Borgå K, Weikert C. Stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon as biomarkers of a vegan diet. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:433-441. [PMID: 36087137 PMCID: PMC9899720 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02992-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary biomarkers can potentially overcome the limitations of self-reported dietary data. While in ecology and archaeology, stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen are widely used as biomarkers, this is not the case in nutrition research. Since the abundance of the 13C and the 15N isotope differ in food sources from plant and animal origin, stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) may differ in human biological material. Here, we investigated the stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon in serum and urine from vegans and omnivores. METHOD Measurement of δ15N and δ13C in serum and 24 h urine was performed by Elemental Analyzer-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer in the cross-sectional study "Risks and Benefits of a Vegan Diet". The study included 36 vegans and 36 omnivores with a median age of 37.5 years (matched for age and sex), who adhered to their diet for at least 1 year. RESULTS Both δ15N and δ13C were significantly lower in both the serum and 24 h urine of vegans compared to omnivores. δ15N either in serum or urine had 100% specificity and sensitivity to discriminate between vegans and omnivores. Specificity of δ13C was also > 90%, while sensitivity was 93% in serum and 77% in urine. CONCLUSION δ15N both in serum and urine was able to accurately identify vegans and thus appears to be a promising marker for dietary habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Dierkes
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Nutrition, Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Haukelandsbakken 15, 5021 Bergen, Norway ,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefan Dietrich
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Abraham
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard H. Monien
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cornelia Weikert
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Karas D, Bužga M, Stejskal D, Kocna P, Holéczy P, Novotná A, Švagera Z. Breath Tests Used in the Context of Bariatric Surgery. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12123170. [PMID: 36553178 PMCID: PMC9777764 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article focuses on the use of breath tests in the field of bariatrics and obesitology. The first part of the review is an introduction to breath test problematics with a focus on their use in bariatrics. The second part provides a brief history of breath testing. Part three describes how breath tests are used for monitoring certain processes in various organs and various substances in exhaled air and how the results are analyzed and evaluated. The last part covers studies that described the use of breath tests for monitoring patients that underwent bariatric treatments. Although the number of relevant studies is small, this review could promote the future use of breath testing in the context of bariatric treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Karas
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Bužga
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Ostrava, Fráni Šrámka 3, 709 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 1790/5, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - David Stejskal
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 1790/5, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kocna
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Kateřinská 1660/32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Holéczy
- Department of Surgery, Vítkovice Hospital, Zalužanského 1192/15, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Adéla Novotná
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Švagera
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 703 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 1790/5, 708 52 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Time to wake up sleeping beauty: stable isotope ratios. J Nutr 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Mancuso CJ, Cornwall CM, Robinson S, Valenzuela LO, Ehleringer JR. Breath Stable Isotope Analysis Serves as a Non-invasive Analytical Tool to Demonstrate Dietary Changes in Adolescent Students Over Time. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:697557. [PMID: 35145970 PMCID: PMC8821816 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.697557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Concern about adolescent diets, obesity, and the associated health risks have been growing in the United States. This inspired former First Lady Michelle Obama to spearhead the Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act (HHFKA), which made changes to the national school lunch program by increasing servings of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Our study examined the variability of student carbohydrate sources throughout the day and before and after the implementation of HHFKA using a stable isotope dietary biomarker. This method uses carbon stable isotope values of exhaled CO2 breath (δ13Cbreath) and provides a quantitative, non-invasive measure. δ13Cbreath samples were collected throughout the day from students (n = 31) that attended a public high school in Salt Lake City, UT. δ13Cbreath measurements reflected the short-term carbohydrate inputs from the previous meal. Carbohydrate sources were not consistent throughout the day; most students had their lowest inputs of corn/sugar-based carbohydrates after lunch. We compared our results with an earlier study that had been conducted pre-HHFKA. After-lunch δ13Cbreath values decreased significantly between the two time points, suggesting an increase in whole grain, fruit, and vegetable carbohydrates in the lunch program. Our results demonstrated that δ13Cbreath measurements provide a valuable tool to examine carbohydrate sources in an individual's diet throughout the day. We believe that this tool could be beneficial to studies examining the relationship between sugar sweetened beverages, added sugars, and refined carbohydrates and health outcomes like diabetes and obesity in both adolescent and adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy J. Mancuso
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Christy J. Mancuso
| | - Collette M. Cornwall
- Highland High School, Salt Lake City School District, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Swede Robinson
- Highland High School, Salt Lake City School District, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Luciano O. Valenzuela
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Enseñanza Universitaria Quequén, Quequén, Argentina
| | - James R. Ehleringer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Kuhnle GGC. Take My Breath Away: Measuring Sugar Intake in Exhaled Air. J Nutr 2021; 151:457-458. [PMID: 33443289 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gunter G C Kuhnle
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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