1
|
Amado L, Leal LN, Berends H, van Keulen P, Martín-Tereso J, Gerrits WJJ. Incremental supply of fat, lactose, or protein influences the diurnal pattern of heat production and substrate oxidation in preweaning calves. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:6866-6877. [PMID: 38825129 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Increasing nutrient supply to dairy calves has well known benefits; however, the effects of milk replacer (MR) composition when supplied in higher amounts are not fully understood, particularly in the first weeks of life. To better understand the metabolism of macronutrient supply in young calves (21 d old), we investigated diurnal patterns of heat production and substrate oxidation in young calves fed MR with an incremental supply of fat, lactose, or protein. Thirty-two groups of 3 mixed-sex Holstein-Friesian newborn calves (3.4 ± 1.6 d of age), were randomly assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments and studied for 21 d. Diets consisted of a basal MR (23.3% CP, 21.2% EE, and 48.8% lactose of DM) fed at 550 kJ/kg BW0.85 per day (CON; n = 24), or the basal MR incrementally supplied with 126 kJ of digestible energy/BW0.85 per day as milk fat (+FAT; n = 23), lactose (+LAC; n = 24), or milk protein (+PRO; n = 23). Calves were fed MR in 2 daily meals and had ad libitum access to water, but were not supplied with any calf starter nor forage. After 2 weeks of adaptation to the diets, groups of 3 calves were placed for 1 wk in an open-circuit respiration chamber for nitrogen and energy balance measurements (lasting 7 d). On d 3, glucose oxidation kinetics was estimated by using [U-13C]glucose. Measurements included total heat production (total energy [HP], activity [Hact] expenditure, resting metabolic rate [RMR]), respiration quotient (RQ), carbohydrate (COX) and fat oxidation (FOX) in 10 min. intervals and averaging these values per hour over days. Incremental supply of lactose and fat increased body fat deposition, with observed patterns in RMR indicating that this increase occurred primarily after the meals. Specifically, the average daily RMR was highest in the +PRO group and lowest in the CON treatment. The HP was higher in the +PRO group and throughout the day, hourly means of HP were higher in this treatment mainly caused by an increase in Hact. The recovery of 13CO2 from oral pulse-dosed [U-13C]glucose was high (77%), and not significantly different between treatments, indicating that ingested lactose was oxidized to a similar extent across treatments. Increasing lactose supply in young calves increased fat retention by reduction in fatty oxidation. Calves fed a MR with additional protein or fat raised RMR persistently throughout the day, whereas the extra lactose supply only affects RMR after the meal. Dietary glucose was almost completely oxidized (77% based on (13C) glucose measurement) regardless of nutrient supplementation. Extra protein supply increased HP and FOX compared with similar intakes of fat and lactose. Fasting heat production (FHP) of young, group-housed calves is comparable to literature values and unaffected by energy intake. Overall, these findings deepen our understanding of how different nutrients affect metabolic processes, fat retention, and energy expenditure in young dairy calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Amado
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands; Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - L N Leal
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - H Berends
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - P van Keulen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J Martín-Tereso
- Trouw Nutrition Research and Development, 3800 AG, Amersfoort, the Netherlands; Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W J J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bekebrede AF, de Boer VCJ, Gerrits WJJ, Keijer J. Functional and molecular profiling of fasted piglets reveals decreased energy metabolic function and cell proliferation in the small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G539-G555. [PMID: 37847725 PMCID: PMC10894671 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00240.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine requires energy to exert its important role in nutrient uptake and barrier function. Pigs are an important source of food and a model for humans. Young piglets and infants can suffer from periods of insufficient food intake. Whether this functionally affects the small intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) metabolic capacity and how this may be associated with an increased vulnerability to intestinal disease is unknown. We therefore performed a 48-h fasting intervention in young piglets. After feeding a standard weaning diet for 2 wk, 6-wk-old piglets (n = 16/group) were fasted for 48 h, and midjejunal IECs were collected upon euthanasia. Functional metabolism of isolated IECs was analyzed with the Seahorse XF analyzer and gene expression was assessed using RNA-sequencing. Fasting decreased the mitochondrial and glycolytic function of the IECs by 50% and 45%, respectively (P < 0.0001), signifying that overall metabolic function was decreased. The RNA-sequencing results corroborated our functional metabolic measurements, showing that particularly pathways related to mitochondrial energy production were decreased. Besides oxidative metabolic pathways, decreased cell-cycle progression pathways were most regulated in the fasted piglets, which were confirmed by 43% reduction of Ki67-stained cells (P < 0.05). Finally, the expression of barrier function genes was reduced upon fasting. In conclusion, we found that the decreased IEC energy metabolic function in response to fasting is supported by a decreased gene expression of mitochondrial pathways and is likely linked to the observed decreased intestinal cell proliferation and barrier function, providing insight into the vulnerability of piglets, and infants, to decreased food intake.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Fasting is identified as one of the underlying causes potentiating diarrhea development, both in piglets and humans. With this study, we demonstrate that fasting decreases the metabolism of intestinal epithelial cells, on a functional and transcriptional level. Transcriptional and histological data also show decreased intestinal cell proliferation. As such, fasting-induced intestinal energy shortage could contribute to intestinal dysfunction upon fasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna F Bekebrede
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent C J de Boer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Walter J J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bekebrede A, Noorman L, Keijer J, de Boer V, Gerrits W. Functional metabolic capacity of pig colonocytes is differentially modulated by fermentable fibre and poorly digestible protein. Animal 2022; 16:100625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
4
|
Tan FPY, Beltranena E, Zijlstra RT. Resistant starch: Implications of dietary inclusion on gut health and growth in pigs: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:124. [PMID: 34784962 PMCID: PMC8597317 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch from cereal grains, pulse grains, and tubers is a major energy substrate in swine rations constituting up to 55% of the diet. In pigs, starch digestion is initiated by salivary and then pancreatic α-amylase, and has as final step the digestion of disaccharides by the brush-border enzymes in the small intestine that produce monosaccharides (glucose) for absorption. Resistant starch (RS) is the proportion of starch that escapes the enzymatic digestion and absorption in the small intestine. The undigested starch reaches the distal small intestine and hindgut for microbial fermentation, which produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) for absorption. SCFA in turn, influence microbial ecology and gut health of pigs. These fermentative metabolites exert their benefits on gut health through promoting growth and proliferation of enterocytes, maintenance of intestinal integrity and thus immunity, and modulation of the microbial community in part by suppressing the growth of pathogenic bacteria while selectively enhancing beneficial microbes. Thus, RS has the potential to confer prebiotic effects and may contribute to the improvement of intestinal health in pigs during the post-weaning period. Despite these benefits to the well-being of pigs, RS has a contradictory effect due to lower energetic efficiency of fermented vs. digested starch absorption products. The varying amount and type of RS interact differently with the digestion process along the gastrointestinal tract affecting its energy efficiency and host physiological responses including feed intake, energy metabolism, and feed efficiency. Results of research indicate that the use of RS as prebiotic may improve gut health and thereby, reduce the incidence of post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) and associated mortality. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the effects of RS on microbial ecology, gut health and growth performance in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felina P Y Tan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Eduardo Beltranena
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Ruurd T Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clouard C, Lannuzel C, Bourgot CL, Gerrits WJJ. Lactose and Digestible Maltodextrin in Milk Replacers Differently Affect Energy Metabolism and Substrate Oxidation: A Calorimetric Study in Piglets. J Nutr 2020; 150:3114-3122. [PMID: 33097931 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, lactose-free infant formulas have been increasingly used. Digestible maltodextrins are commonly used as a substitute for lactose in these formulas, but the effects on energy metabolism are unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the differences in energy metabolism and substrate oxidation in piglets fed milk replacers containing lactose compared with maltodextrin as the only source of carbohydrates. METHODS Piglets (Tempo × Topigs 20) from 8 litters were fed milk replacers containing lactose or maltodextrin (28% w/w, milk powder basis) from 1 to 9 wk of age (n = 4 litters/milk replacer). At 5 wk of age, 4 females and 4 entire males (mean ± SEM bodyweight, 10 ± 0.3 kg) were selected per litter, and housed in 16 groups of 4 littermates, with 2 females and 2 males per pen (n = 8 groups/milk replacer). Between 7 and 9 wk of age, groups were housed for 72 h in climate respiration chambers, and fed their experimental milk replacer in 2 meals per day, at 08:30 and 16:30. Heat production data were calculated from the continuous measurement of gaseous exchanges and analyzed using general linear models in SAS. RESULTS Resting metabolic rate was 6% less in maltodextrin- than in lactose-fed piglets, notably before the morning meal. The postprandial respiratory quotient was 13% greater in maltodextrin- than in lactose-fed piglets after both meals. Net rates of carbohydrate oxidation were on average 5% greater in maltodextrin- than in lactose-fed piglets, particularly after the afternoon meal, whereas net rates of fat oxidation were 9% less in maltodextrin- than in lactose-fed piglets, particularly after the morning meal. CONCLUSIONS Compared with lactose, maltodextrin in milk replacers reduced resting metabolic rate in the fasting state, and induced a shift in postprandial substrate oxidation profiles in pigs. Further research is warranted to evaluate the consequences of these metabolic changes for body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Clouard
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corentin Lannuzel
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Walter J J Gerrits
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aymerich P, Soldevila C, Bonet J, Gasa J, Coma J, Solà-Oriol D. Increasing Dietary Lysine Impacts Differently Growth Performance of Growing Pigs Sorted by Body Weight. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1032. [PMID: 32545783 PMCID: PMC7341301 DOI: 10.3390/ani10061032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted analyzing whether growing pigs classified in different initial body weight categories (BWCAT) have a different response to increasing standardized ileal digestible lysine to net energy ratio (SID Lys:NE), to assess whether light pigs might benefit from being differentially fed. A total of 1170 pigs in pens of 13 were individually weighed, classified in 3 BWCAT (Lp: 32.1 ± 2.8 kg, Mp: 27.5 ± 2.3 kg, and Sp: 23.4 ± 2.9 kg), and afterwards pens were randomly allocated to 5 dietary SID Lys:NE treatments (3.25 to 4.88 g/Mcal) fed over 47 days. Results reported a greater linear improvement of growth and feed efficiency of Sp compared to Lp when increasing SID Lys:NE. Modelling the response to SID Lys:NE using quadratic polynomial models showed that the levels to reach 98% of maximum growth from day 0-47 were 3.67, 3.88, 4.06 g SID Lys/Mcal NE for Lp, Mp, and Sp, respectively. However, due to the overlapping SID Lys:NE confidence intervals at maximum performance, it was not possible to determine if requirements were different between BWCAT. Summarizing, the results suggested that feeding small pigs greater SID Lys:NE than large pigs can improve their performance and increase the efficiency of the overall production system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Aymerich
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (C.S.); (J.B.); (J.C.)
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.G.); (D.S.-O.)
| | - Carme Soldevila
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (C.S.); (J.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Jordi Bonet
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (C.S.); (J.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Josep Gasa
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.G.); (D.S.-O.)
| | - Jaume Coma
- Vall Companys Group, 25191 Lleida, Spain; (C.S.); (J.B.); (J.C.)
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.G.); (D.S.-O.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Low sanitary conditions increase energy expenditure for maintenance and decrease incremental protein efficiency in growing pigs. Animal 2020; 14:1811-1820. [PMID: 32248872 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Requirements for energy and particular amino acids (AAs) are known to be influenced by the extent of immune system stimulation. Most studies on this topic use models for immune system stimulation mimicking clinical conditions. Extrapolation to conditions of chronic, low-grade immune system stimulation is difficult. We aimed to quantify differences in maintenance energy requirements and efficiency of energy and protein used for growth (incremental energy and protein efficiency) of pigs kept under low (LSC) or high sanitary conditions (HSC) that were fed either a basal diet or a diet with supplemented AA. Twenty-four groups of six 10-week-old female pigs were kept under either LSC or HSC conditions for 2 weeks and fed a diet supplemented or not with 20% extra methionine, threonine and tryptophan. In week 1, feed was available ad libitum. In week 2, feed supply was restricted to 70% of the realized feed intake (kJ/(kg BW)0.6 per day) in week 1. After week 2, fasting heat production (FHP) was measured. Energy balances and incremental energy and protein efficiencies were measured and analyzed using a GLM. Low sanitary condition increased FHP of pigs by 55 kJ/(kg BW)0.6 per day, regardless of diet. Low sanitary condition did not alter the response of faecal energy output to incremental gross energy (GE) intake, but it reduced the incremental response of metabolizable energy intake (12% units), heat production (6% units) and energy retained as protein (6% units) to GE intake, leaving energy retained as fat unaltered. Incremental protein efficiency was reduced in LSC pigs by 20% units. Incremental efficiencies for energy and protein were not affected by dietary AA supplementation. Chronic, low-grade immune stimulation by LSC treatment increases FHP in pigs. Under such conditions, the incremental efficiency of nitrogen utilization for body protein deposition is reduced, but the incremental efficiency of absorbed energy for energy or fat deposition is unaffected.
Collapse
|
8
|
Feed intake patterns nor growth rates of pigs are affected by dietary resistant starch, despite marked differences in digestion. Animal 2019; 14:1402-1412. [PMID: 31852553 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119002945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Current feed evaluation systems often assume that fermented starch (i.e. resistant starch (RS)) yields less energy than digested starch. However, growth rates of pigs fed low and high RS diets are often the same when feed is available ad libitum. This may be explained by its effect on digestive processes changing feeding behavior, and consequently energy utilization. This study aims to investigate the effect of RS on nutrient digestion and digesta passage rate in pigs, in combination with its effect on feeding behavior and growth performance under ad libitum conditions. In experiment 1, 20 male pigs (40 ± 2.82 kg) were fed diets containing either 50% waxy maize starch (low in RS (LRS)) or high-amylose maize starch (high in RS (HRS)), and soluble and insoluble indigestible markers. After 14 days of adaptation to the diets, pigs were fed hourly to reach steady state (6 h), dissected, and digesta were collected from eight segments. From the collected samples, nutrient digestion and passage rate of the solid and liquid digesta fraction were determined. In experiment 2, 288 pigs (80 ± 0.48 kg; sex ratio per pen 1 : 1; boar : gilt) were housed in groups of 6. Pigs were ad libitum-fed one of the experimental diets, and slaughtered at approximately 115 kg. Feed intake, growth and carcass parameters were measured. Ileal starch digestibility was greater for LRS-fed than for HRS-fed pigs (98.0% v. 74.0%; P < 0.001), where the additional undigested starch in HRS-fed pigs was fermented in the large intestine. No effects of RS on digesta passage rate of the solid or liquid digesta fraction and on feeding behavior were observed. Growth rate and feed intake did not differ between diets, whereas feed efficiency of HRS-fed pigs was 1%-unit higher than that of LRS-fed pigs (P = 0.041). The efficiency of feed used for carcass gain did not differ between diets indicating that the difference in feed efficiency was determined by the non-carcass fraction. Despite a 30% greater RS intake (of total starch) with HRS than with LRS, carcass gain and feed efficiency used for carcass gain were unaffected. RS did not affect digesta passage rate nor feeding behavior suggesting that the difference in energy intake between fermented and digested starch is compensated for post-absorptively. Our results indicate that the net energy value of fermented starch currently used in pig feed evaluation systems is underestimated and should be reconsidered.
Collapse
|
9
|
Circadian misalignment imposed by nocturnal feeding tends to increase fat deposition in pigs. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:529-536. [PMID: 31771673 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519003052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMisalignment of day/night and feeding rhythms has been shown to increase fat deposition and the risk for metabolic disorders in humans and rodents. In most studies, however, food intake and intake patterns are not controlled. We studied the effects of circadian misalignment on energy expenditure in pigs while controlling for food intake as well as intake patterns. Twelve groups of five male pigs were housed in respiration chambers and fed either during the day (10.00–18.00 hours; DF) or night (22.00–06.00 hours; NF), bihourly the same sequential meals, representing 15, 10, 25, 30 and 20 % of the daily allowance. Paired feeding was applied to ensure equal gross energy intake between treatments. Apparent total tract digestibility, energy balances and heat partitioning were measured and analysed using a mixed linear model. Apparent total tract energy and DM digestibility tended to be lower for NF-pigs than DF-pigs (P < 0·10). Heat production was 3 % lower for NF-pigs than DF-pigs (P < 0·026), increasing fat retention by 7 % in NF-pigs (P = 0·050). NF-pigs were less active than DF-pigs during the feeding period, but more active during the fasting period. RMR was greater for DF-pigs than NF-pigs during the fasting period. Methane production was 30 % greater in NF-pigs than DF-pigs (P < 0·001). In conclusion, circadian misalignment has little effect on nutrient digestion, but alters nutrient partitioning, ultimately increasing fat deposition. The causality of the association between circadian misalignment and methane production rates remains to be investigated.
Collapse
|