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Cheng J, Li J, Xiong RG, Wu SX, Xu XY, Tang GY, Huang SY, Zhou DD, Li HB, Feng Y, Gan RY. Effects and mechanisms of anti-diabetic dietary natural products: an updated review. Food Funct 2024; 15:1758-1778. [PMID: 38240135 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04505f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is a global public health issue, characterized by an abnormal level of blood glucose. It can be classified into type 1, type 2, gestational, and other rare diabetes. Recent studies have reported that many dietary natural products exhibit anti-diabetic activity. In this narrative review, the effects and underlying mechanisms of dietary natural products on diabetes are summarized based on the results from epidemiological, experimental, and clinical studies. Some fruits (e.g., grape, blueberry, and cherry), vegetables (e.g., bitter melon and Lycium barbarum leaves), grains (e.g., oat, rye, and brown rice), legumes (e.g., soybean and black bean), spices (e.g., cinnamon and turmeric) and medicinal herbs (e.g., Aloe vera leaf and Nigella sativa), and vitamin C and carotenoids could play important roles in the prevention and management of diabetes. Their underlying mechanisms include exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-glycation effects, inhibiting carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, enhancing insulin action, alleviating insulin resistance, modulating the gut microbiota, and so on. This review can provide people with a comprehensive knowledge of anti-diabetic dietary natural products, and support their further development into functional food to prevent and manage diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Jiahui Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Ruo-Gu Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Si-Xia Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Guo-Yi Tang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Si-Yu Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Dan-Dan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Hua-Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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Li B, Yan N, Jiang H, Cui M, Wu M, Wang L, Mi B, Li Z, Shi J, Fan Y, Azalati MM, Li C, Chen F, Ma M, Wang D, Ma L. Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages and fruit juices and risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: A meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1019534. [PMID: 37006931 PMCID: PMC10050372 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1019534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionSugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases. However, evidence regarding associations of artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) and fruit juices with cardiometabolic diseases is mixed. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between the SSB, ASB and fruit juice consumption with the incidence of cardiometabolic conditions and mortality.MethodsRelevant prospective studies were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library until December 2022 without language restrictions. The pooled relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for the association of SSBs, ASBs, and fruit juices with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and mortality by using random-effect models.ResultsA total of 72 articles were included in this meta-analysis study. Significantly positive associations were observed between the consumption of individual beverages and T2D risk (RR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.38 for SSBs; RR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.56 for ASBs; and RR:0.98; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.03 for fruit juices). Moreover, our findings showed that intakes of SSBs and ASBs were significantly associated with risk of hypertension, stroke, and all-cause mortality (RR ranging from 1.08 to 1.54; all p < 0.05). A dose-response meta-analysis showed monotonic associations between SSB intake and hypertension, T2D, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and mortality, and the linear association was only significant between ASB consumption and hypertension risk. Higher SSB and ASB consumptions were associated with a greater risk of developing cardiometabolic diseases and mortality. Fruit juice intake was associated with a higher risk of T2D.ConclusionTherefore, our findings suggest that neither ASBs nor fruit juices could be considered as healthier beverages alternative to SSBs for achieving improved health.Systematic Review Registration: [PROSPERO], identifier [No. CRD42022307003].
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Li
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Ni Yan
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Meng Cui
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Lina Wang
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Baibing Mi
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhaofang Li
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Jia Shi
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yahui Fan
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | | | - Chao Li
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Fangyao Chen
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Mao Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Mao Ma, ; Duolao Wang, ; Le Ma,
| | - Duolao Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Mao Ma, ; Duolao Wang, ; Le Ma,
| | - Le Ma
- School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education of China, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Mao Ma, ; Duolao Wang, ; Le Ma,
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Substitution of pure fruit juice for fruit and sugar-sweetened beverages and cardiometabolic risk in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-NL: a prospective cohort study. Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:1504-1514. [PMID: 33641692 PMCID: PMC9991807 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980021000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dietary guidelines on pure fruit juice differ between countries regarding the question whether pure fruit juice (without added sugars) is an acceptable substitute for fruit or should be avoided because of its comparable sugar content with that of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). We modelled whether substituting pure fruit juice for fruit or SSB was associated with cardiometabolic risk. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Based on a validated FFQ at baseline, we calculated the relative contribution of pure fruit juice to total consumption of fruit and pure fruit juice (${{{\rm{pure}}\;{\rm{fruit}}\;{\rm{juice}}\;\;\left( {{\rm{g}}/{\rm{day}}} \right)} \over {{\rm{fruit}}\; + \;{\rm{pure}}\;{\rm{fruit}}\;{\rm{juice}}\;\left( {{\rm{g}}/{\rm{day}}} \right)}}$) and to total consumption of SSB and pure fruit juice (${{{\rm{pure}}\;{\rm{fruit}}\;{\rm{juice}}\;\;\left( {{\rm{g}}/{\rm{day}}} \right)} \over {{\rm{SSBs}}\; + \;{\rm{pure}}\;{\rm{fruit}}\;{\rm{juice}}\;\left( {{\rm{g}}/{\rm{day}}} \right)}}$). In multivariate analyses (Cox regression), we assessed associations with incidence of type 2 diabetes, CVD, CHD and stroke after an average follow-up of 14·6 years. PARTICIPANTS About 35 000 participants from the EPIC-NL study, aged 20-70 years at enrolment. RESULTS Substitution of pure fruit juice for SSB was associated with lower risk of all endpoints. For type 2 diabetes and CHD, for example, drinking 75-100 % (as compared with 0-<25 %) of total SSB + pure fruit juice as pure fruit juice showed hazard ratio (95 % CI) of 0·74 (95 % CI 0·64, 0·85) and 0·85 (95 % CI 0·76, 0·96), respectively. Substitution of pure fruit juice for fruit was not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes, CVD, CHD and stroke. CONCLUSIONS Substituting pure fruit juice for SSB was associated with lower cardiometabolic risk, whereas substituting pure fruit juice for fruit was not associated with cardiometabolic risk.
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Chronic diseases are first associated with the degradation and artificialization of food matrices rather than with food composition: calorie quality matters more than calorie quantity. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2239-2253. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Halvorsen RE, Elvestad M, Molin M, Aune D. Fruit and vegetable consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2022; 4:519-531. [PMID: 35028521 PMCID: PMC8718861 DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between intake of fruit and vegetables and their subtypes, and the risk of type 2 diabetes has been investigated in several studies, but the results have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE We conducted an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies on intakes of fruit and vegetables and fruit and vegetable subtypes and the risk of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN PubMed and Embase databases were searched up to 20 October 2020. Prospective cohort studies of fruit and vegetable consumption and type 2 diabetes mellitus were included. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using a random effects model. RESULTS We included 23 cohort studies. The summary RR for high versus low intake and per 200 g/day were 0.93 (95% CI: 0.89 to 0.98, I2=0%, n=10 studies) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.95 to 1.01, I2=37.8%, n=7) for fruit and vegetables combined, 0.93 (95% CI: 0.90 to 0.97, I2=9.3%, n=20) and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.92 to 1.00, I2=68.4%, n=19) for fruits and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.88 to 1.02, I2=60.4%, n=17) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94 to 1.01, I2=39.2%, n=16) for vegetables, respectively. Inverse associations were observed for apples, apples and pears, blueberries, grapefruit and grapes and raisins, while positive associations were observed for intakes of cantaloupe, fruit drinks, fruit juice, brussels sprouts, cauliflower and potatoes, however, most of these associations were based on few studies and need further investigation in additional studies. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis found a weak inverse association between fruit and vegetable intake and type 2 diabetes risk. There is indication of both inverse and positive associations between intake of several fruit and vegetables subtypes and type 2 diabetes risk, however, further studies are needed before firm conclusions can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rine Elise Halvorsen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathilde Elvestad
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Molin
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Science, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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D'Elia L, Dinu M, Sofi F, Volpe M, Strazzullo P. 100% Fruit juice intake and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective and randomised controlled studies. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2449-2467. [PMID: 33150530 PMCID: PMC8275541 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between 100% fruit juice (100%FJ) consumption and cardiovascular risk is object of debate: indeed, recently published investigations provided new but discrepant evidence on this important question and International dietary guidelines are not in agreement on recommendations about fruit juice consumption. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of the prospective studies and the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that explored the relationship between 100%FJ intake, cardiovascular risk profile and risk of cardiovascular events. METHODS We performed a systematic search of publications up to August 2019. Summary relative risks and exploration of linearity of the association were estimated for prospective studies and summary mean differences (MDs) calculated for RCTs. RESULTS A total of 21 prospective studies and 35 RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Dose-response analysis detected a significant inverse association between low-moderate 100%FJ consumption and risk of stroke (up to 200 ml/day) or total CV events (up to 170 ml/day) compared with no consumption, with a non-linear relationship (p for non-linearity < 0.05). No significant association was found for coronary heart disease and diabetes risk. In RCTs, a favorable and significant effect of 100%FJ intake was detected on blood pressure (systolic, MD: - 3.14 mmHg; diastolic, MD: - 1.68 mmHg), arterial compliance (carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, - 0.38 m/s) and endothelial function (flow-mediated dilation, 2.10%). Neutral effects were found on body weight, blood lipids and glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS The results of these analyses indicate that 100%FJ consumption is not associated with higher CV risk. A non-linear inverse dose-response relationship occurs between 100%FJ consumption and CV disease, in particular for risk of stroke, probably mediated by the decrease in blood pressure. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number (CRD42019135577).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfranco D'Elia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, ESH Excellence Centre of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School, Via S. Pansini, 5. 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Monica Dinu
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Sofi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Volpe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Pasquale Strazzullo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, ESH Excellence Centre of Hypertension, "Federico II" University of Naples Medical School, Via S. Pansini, 5. 80131, Naples, Italy
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Ruxton CHS, Myers M. Fruit Juices: Are They Helpful or Harmful? An Evidence Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061815. [PMID: 34071760 PMCID: PMC8228760 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary guidelines often deal with 100% fruit juice (FJ) inconsistently because it represents a source of free sugars. However, FJ also provides bioavailable micronutrients and plant bioactives at levels similar to those found in whole fruits. The present review weighs up the evidence from high-quality studies investigating a potential health harm for FJ against evidence from studies which indicate a potential health benefit. The findings reveal that FJ consumption, at moderate intakes consistent with the dietary guidelines for the US and some European countries (75-224 mL daily), does not increase the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease or poor glycaemic control. In contrast, regular consumption of FJ-even up to 500 mL per day in short-to-medium-term studies-appears to confer a health benefit in terms of vascular function and reduced blood pressure. Emerging evidence for cognitive health benefits requires further investigation in human trials. Observational studies report associations between FJ and nutrient adequacy and suggest that FJ consumption is associated with reduced risk of stroke. In conclusion, FJ appears to offer more benefit than risk and there appears to be no justification for discouraging FJ within a balanced diet for children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie H. S. Ruxton
- Nutrition Communications, East Road, Cupar KY15 4HQ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-7973-337757
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Price CA, Medici V, Nunez MV, Lee V, Sigala DM, Benyam Y, Keim NL, Mason AE, Chen SY, Parenti M, Slupsky C, Epel ES, Havel PJ, Stanhope KL. A Pilot Study Comparing the Effects of Consuming 100% Orange Juice or Sucrose-Sweetened Beverage on Risk Factors for Cardiometabolic Disease in Women. Nutrients 2021; 13:760. [PMID: 33652807 PMCID: PMC7996959 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increases risk factors associated with cardiometabolic disease, in part due to hepatic fructose overload. However, it is not clear whether consumption of beverages containing fructose as naturally occurring sugar produces equivalent metabolic dysregulation as beverages containing added sugars. We compared the effects of consuming naturally-sweetened orange juice (OJ) or sucrose-sweetened beverages (sucrose-SB) for two weeks on risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. Healthy, overweight women (n = 20) were assigned to consume either 3 servings of 100% orange juice or sucrose-SB/day. We conducted 16-hour serial blood collections and 3-h oral glucose tolerance tests during a 30-h inpatient visit at baseline and after the 2-week diet intervention. The 16-h area under the curve (AUC) for uric acid increased in subjects consuming sucrose-SB compared with subjects consuming OJ. Unlike sucrose-SB, OJ did not significantly increase fasting or postprandial lipoproteins. Consumption of both beverages resulted in reductions in the Matsuda insulin sensitivity index (OJ: -0.40 ± 0.18, p = 0.04 within group; sucrose-SB: -1.0 ± 0.38, p = 0.006 within group; p = 0.53 between groups). Findings from this pilot study suggest that consumption of OJ at levels above the current dietary guidelines for sugar intake does not increase plasma uric acid concentrations compared with sucrose-SB, but appears to lead to comparable decreases of insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Allister Price
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (V.L.); (D.M.S.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Valentina Medici
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine (V.M.), University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA;
| | - Marinelle V. Nunez
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.V.N.); (N.L.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (M.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Vivien Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (V.L.); (D.M.S.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Desiree M. Sigala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (V.L.); (D.M.S.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Yanet Benyam
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (V.L.); (D.M.S.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.); (K.L.S.)
| | - Nancy L. Keim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.V.N.); (N.L.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (M.P.); (C.S.)
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ashley E. Mason
- Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94155, USA;
| | - Shin-Yu Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.V.N.); (N.L.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (M.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Mariana Parenti
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.V.N.); (N.L.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (M.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Carolyn Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.V.N.); (N.L.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (M.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Elissa S. Epel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Peter J. Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (V.L.); (D.M.S.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.); (K.L.S.)
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.V.N.); (N.L.K.); (S.-Y.C.); (M.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Kimber L. Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (V.L.); (D.M.S.); (Y.B.); (P.J.H.); (K.L.S.)
- Basic Sciences, Touro University of California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
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