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Lawson JS, Mazzanti C, Civita P, Menicagli M, Ngan CC, Whitaker NJ, Hochman J, Braitbard O, Yosufi B, Glenn WK. Association of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus With Human Breast Cancer: Histology, Immunohistochemistry and Polymerase Chain Reaction Analyses. Front Oncol 2018; 8:141. [PMID: 29868468 PMCID: PMC5950654 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine whether mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-associated human breast cancer has the same or similar histology to MMTV-associated mouse mammary tumors. Such associations may indicate a role for MMTV in human breast cancer. Methods Immunohistochemical techniques (using antibodies directed against the signal peptide p14 of the envelope precursor protein of MMTV) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were used to identify MMTV proteins and MMTV-like envelope gene sequences in a series of breast cancers from Australian women. The histological characteristics of these human breast cancer specimens were compared with MMTV positive mouse mammary tumors. The same methods were used to study benign breast tissues which 1–11 years later developed into breast cancer. Results MMTV p14 proteins were identified in 27 (54%) of 50 human breast cancers. MMTV env gene sequences were identified by PCR in 12 (27%) of 45 human breast cancers. There was a significant correlation between the presence of MMTV (identified by p14 immunohistochemistry) in human breast cancers and histological characteristics similar to MMTV positive mouse mammary tumors (p = 0.001). There was a non-significant correlation between the presence of MMTV env gene sequences (identified by PCR) in human breast cancers and histological characteristics similar to MMTV positive mouse mammary tumors (p = 0.290). MMTV p14 proteins were identified in 7 (54%) of 13 benign breast specimens that later developed into human breast cancers. MMTV by PCR was identified in two benign specimens one of whom later developed MMTV positive breast cancer. Discussion These observations offer evidence that MMTV may be associated with characteristic human breast cancer histology. p14-based immunohistochemistry appears to be a more reliable technique than PCR for the identification of MMTV in human breast cancer. Identification of MMTV-associated p14 proteins in benign breast tissues confirms prior PCR-based studies that MMTV infection occurs before the development of MMTV positive breast cancer. Conclusion Many MMTV positive human breast cancers have similar histology to MMTV positive mouse mammary tumors. MMTV infection identified in benign breast tissues precedes development of MMTV positive human breast cancer. When considered in the context of prior studies, these observations indicate a likely role for MMTV in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jacob Hochman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ori Braitbard
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benafsha Yosufi
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Wendy K Glenn
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Lawson JS, Salmons B, Glenn WK. Oncogenic Viruses and Breast Cancer: Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV), Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). Front Oncol 2018; 8:1. [PMID: 29404275 PMCID: PMC5786831 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the risk factors for breast cancer are well established, namely female gender, early menarche and late menopause plus the protective influence of early pregnancy, the underlying causes of breast cancer remain unknown. The development of substantial recent evidence indicates that a handful of viruses may have a role in breast cancer. These viruses are mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), bovine leukemia virus (BLV), human papilloma viruses (HPVs), and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV-also known as human herpes virus type 4). Each of these viruses has documented oncogenic potential. The aim of this review is to inform the scientific and general community about this recent evidence. The evidence MMTV and human breast cancer—the evidence is detailed and comprehensive but cannot be regarded as conclusive. BLV and human breast cancer—the evidence is limited. However, in view of the emerging information about BLV in human breast cancer, it is prudent to encourage the elimination of BLV in cattle, particularly in the dairy industry. HPVs and breast cancer—the evidence is substantial but not conclusive. The availability of effective preventive vaccines is a major advantage and their use should be encouraged. EBV and breast cancer—the evidence is also substantial but not conclusive. Currently, there are no practical means of either prevention or treatment. Although there is evidence of genetic predisposition, and cancer in general is a culmination of events, there is no evidence that inherited genetic traits are causal. Conclusion The influence of oncogenic viruses is currently the major plausible hypothesis for a direct cause of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Lawson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Wendy K Glenn
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Sarkar NH, Borke JL, Bollag RJ. Characterization of rare mammary tumours appearing on the neck of RIII/Sa mice infected with mouse mammary tumour virus. J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:40-7. [PMID: 23351506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RIII/Sa and C3H mice harbour milk-borne mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) and develop mammary tumours at a high incidence. These mammary tumours usually arise ventrally and/or on the sides of the animals. In the present study, some mice of both strains were observed to have tumours in the dorsal neck area. Histological analysis of the tumours indicated their similarity to mammary tumours induced by MMTV oncogenesis. The neck tumours were found by thin-section electron microscopy to contain both type A and type B particles that are hallmarks of MMTV infection. In addition, the neck tumour DNA possessed insertion mutations of Wnt-1 and Fgf-3 proto-oncogenes, the activation of which play important roles in the development of mouse mammary tumours. These neck tumours appear to be mammary tumours that arise in the context of in-situ mammary tissue, similar to rare 'ectopic' human breast cancers that arise in the axillary region and other sites remote from the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Sarkar
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Sarkar NH. Mouse mammary tumor virus derived from wild mice does not target Notch-4 protooncogene for the development of mammary tumors in inbred mice. Virology 2009; 388:121-7. [PMID: 19329137 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The colony of wild mice, named Jyg, has been shown to express an exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (Jyg-MMTV). This virus induces mammary tumors in its natural host at a high incidence ( approximately 80%) resulting from insertion mutations in Notch-4 (43%), Wnt-1 (26%), and Fgf-3 (13%). Since the activation of Notch-4 is not common in mammary tumors of standard laboratory strains of mice infected with various MMTV strains, we examined the consequences of Jyg-MMTV infection in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The results show that Jyg-MMTV induces mammary tumors in both mouse strains, but the incidence of mammary tumors in BALB/c mice is greater than in C57BL/6 mice. Surprisingly, however, none of the 75 mammary tumors, analyzed both by Southern and Northern hybridizations, showed insertion mutations in or expression of Notch-4. In contrast, both Wnt-1 and Fgf-3 were found to be involved in these tumors. Our findings may suggest, among other possibilities, the existence of a structural difference(s) between laboratory and wild mice at the Notch-4 locus that regulates the integration of Jyg-MMTV proviral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul H Sarkar
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Fukuoka H, Moriuchi M, Yano H, Nagayasu T, Moriuchi H. No association of mouse mammary tumor virus-related retrovirus with Japanese cases of breast cancer. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1447-51. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Levine PH, Pogo BGT, Klouj A, Coronel S, Woodson K, Melana SM, Mourali N, Holland JF. Increasing evidence for a human breast carcinoma virus with geographic differences. Cancer 2004; 101:721-6. [PMID: 15305401 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An early immunologic study suggesting that a virus similar to the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) was associated highly with breast carcinoma in Tunisian patients, compared with patients in the United States, led the authors to examine different breast carcinoma populations by using more current molecular techniques. METHODS Thirty-nine paraffin blocks were selected for sequencing of the 250-base pair segment of the MMTV from patients with breast carcinoma who were seen and treated at the Institut Salah Azaiz in Tunisia. Fifteen of those blocks were examined under code by a second laboratory, which used a different methodology and was blinded to the results of the first laboratory, and 14 blocks were analyzed successfully. RESULTS The comparison of Tunisian patients and patients from other countries clearly showed a significantly higher proportion of tumors with MMTV-like sequences in the Tunisian series of patients. There was complete reproducibility of data between the two laboratories. Using the results from the first laboratory and similar studies from the literature, detection of the MMTV-like env gene sequence showed an important geographic pattern with a significantly higher percentage of positive patients with breast carcinoma in Tunisia (74%) compared with patients with breast carcinoma in the United States (36%), Italy (38%), Australia (42%), Argentina (31%), and Vietnam (0.8%) CONCLUSIONS The findings provided increased evidence for a human breast carcinoma virus with geographic differences in prevalence. The geographic differences were compatible with studies of MMTV in wild mice; thus, the data were plausible biologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Levine
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Callahan R, Smith GH. MMTV-induced mammary tumorigenesis: gene discovery, progression to malignancy and cellular pathways. Oncogene 2000; 19:992-1001. [PMID: 10713682 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The study of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) has provided important insights into the mechanisms of gene transcription regulation by steroid hormones, the mode of action of heritable super antigens and the progressive nature of neoplastic transformation in the mammary gland. Here we describe the current situation with respect to the latter aspect of MMTV biology and the prospects for further advance in our understanding of breast cancer in humans that may be expected from a continued study of MMTV-induced mammary neoplasia. MMTV is a heritable somatic mutagen whose target range is limited. Commonly, the tumorigenic capacity of MMTV is restricted to mammary gland, whereas infection is found in a variety of cell types. In order to replicate, proviral DNA must be inserted into the cell DNA and cell division is required to fix the mutation. Yet only in the mammary epithelium does this lead to neoplastic transformation. This suggests a unique relationship between MMTV and mammary epithelium. In evaluating this relationship, we and others have discovered genes and potential gene pathways that are pertinent in mammary differentiation and neoplasia. In addition, the clonal nature of these progressive events from normal to malignant phenotype has become increasingly clear. The weight of these observations compel us to conclude that mammary neoplasms arise from multipotent mammary epithelial cells through a process of acquired mutations that are reflected in the increasingly malignant nature of the population of progeny produced by these damaged stem cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-3
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 8
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics
- Fibroblast Growth Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Incidence
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/epidemiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/pathogenicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Peptide Initiation Factors/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor, Notch4
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Notch
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Replication
- Wnt Proteins
- Zebrafish Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- R Callahan
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA
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8
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Stewart TH, Sage RD, Stewart AF, Cameron DW. Breast cancer incidence highest in the range of one species of house mouse, Mus domesticus. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:446-51. [PMID: 10646903 PMCID: PMC2363264 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.1999.0941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of human breast cancer (HBC) varies geographically, but to date no environmental factor has explained this variation. Previously, we reported a 44% reduction in the incidence of breast cancer in women fully immunosuppressed following organ transplantation (Stewart et al (1995) Lancet 346: 796-798). In mice infected with the mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV), immunosuppression also reduces the incidence of mammary tumours. DNA with 95% identity to MMTV is detected in 40% of human breast tumours (Wang et al (1995) Cancer Res 55: 5173-5179). These findings led us to ask whether the incidence of HBC could be correlated with the natural ranges of different species of wild mice. We found that the highest incidence of HBC worldwide occurs in lands where Mus domesticus is the resident native or introduced species of house mouse. Given the similar responses of humans and mice to immunosuppression, the near identity between human and mouse MTV DNA sequences, and the close association between HBC incidence and mouse ranges, we propose that humans acquire MMTV from mice. This zoonotic theory for a mouse-viral cause of HBC allows testable predictions and has potential importance in prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Stewart
- University of Ottawa at Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
The current knowledge of the distribution of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) proviral genomes and the mechanism of mammary tumorigenesis by MMTV in mice, with the main emphasis on Asian feral mice, is reviewed. The relevant earlier discoveries on the mode of MMTV transmission are summarized to provide an outline of the biology of MMTV. Finally, the viral etiology of human breast cancer will be discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild/genetics
- Animals, Wild/virology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- Female
- Humans
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/virology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/isolation & purification
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/ultrastructure
- Mice
- Retroviridae Infections/etiology
- Retroviridae Infections/genetics
- Retroviridae Infections/transmission
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Tumor Virus Infections/etiology
- Tumor Virus Infections/genetics
- Tumor Virus Infections/transmission
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Affiliation(s)
- S Imai
- Nara Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Gardner
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616
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11
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Abstract
Different populations of wild mice (Mus musculus domesticus) in Los Angeles and Ventura Counties were observed over their lifespan in captivity for expression of infectious murine leukemia virus (MuLV) and murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and for the occurrence of cancer and other diseases. In most populations of feral mice these indigenous retroviruses were infrequently expressed and cancer seldom occurred until later in life (> 2 years old). MMTV was found in the milk of about 50% of wild mice, but was associated with only a low incidence (> 1%) of breast cancer after one year of age. By contrast, in several populations, most notably at a squab farm near Lake Casitas (LC), infectious MuLV acquired at birth via milk was highly prevalent, and the infected mice were prone to leukemia and a lower motor neuron paralytic disease after one year of age. These two diseases were both caused by the same infectious (ecotropic) strain of MuLV and were the principal cause of premature death in these aging LC mice. A dominant gene called FV-4R restricting the infection with ecotropic MuLV was found segregating in LC mice. Mice inheriting this FV-4R allele were resistant to the ecotropic MuLV associated lymphoma and paralysis. The FV-4R allele represents a defective endogenous MuLV provirus DNA segment that expresses an ecotropic MuLV envelope-related glycoprotein (gp70) on the cell surface. This FV-4R encoded gp70 presumably occupies the receptor for ecotropic MuLV and blocks entry of the virus. The FV-4R gene was probably acquired by the naturally occurring crossbreeding of LC feral mice with another species of feral mice (Mus castaneus) from Southeast Asia. The FV-4R gp70 does not block entry of the amphotropic MuLV that uses a separate cell surface receptor. Therefore LC mice continued to be susceptible to the highly prevalent but weakly lymphogenic and nonparalytogenic amphotropic strain of MuLV. The study points out the potential of feral populations to reveal genes associated with specific disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Gardner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, School of Medicine, Davis 95616
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12
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Abstract
A pedigreed breeding population of feral Mus cervicolor popaeus with a high incidence of mammary tumors, arising between 6 and 14 months of age, is described. These mice were chronically infected with a type B retrovirus which is distantly related to the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) of inbred strains of Mus musculus. MMTV-induced mammary tumors in inbred mice frequently (80%) contained an insertion of the viral genome into the int-1 or int-2 loci of the tumor cellular genome. These two cellular genetic loci were also altered by viral insertion in 11 of 20 M. cervicolor popaeus mammary tumor cellular DNAs tested. Results of our study of mammary tumorigenesis in feral mice demonstrate that viral-induced rearrangement and activation of the int loci are not limited to the genetic background of inbred mice selected for highly infectious MMTV and a high incidence of mammary tumors.
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13
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Gallahan D, Escot C, Hogg E, Callahan R. Mammary tumorigenesis in feral species of the genus Mus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1986; 127:354-61. [PMID: 3015500 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71304-0_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Gardner MB, Rongey RW, Sarma P, Arnstein P. Electron microscopic search for retrovirus particles in spontaneous tumors of the parakeet. Vet Pathol 1981; 18:700-3. [PMID: 7281470 DOI: 10.1177/030098588101800518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Gardner MB. Type C viruses of wild mice: characterization and natural history of amphotropic, ecotropic, and xenotropic MuLv. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1978; 79:215-59. [PMID: 206407 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66853-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Fine PE. Analysis of family history data for evidence of non-Mendelian inheritance resulting from vertical transmission. J Med Genet 1977; 14:399-407. [PMID: 342695 PMCID: PMC1013634 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.14.6.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A number of infections of man, as well as of other animal and plant species, are heavily dependent upon 'vertical transmission'--that is direct parent-to-progeny transfer--for their maintenance in host populations. Such vertical transmission may be considered as a form of inheritance. It is usually non-Mendelian. This paper discusses the implications of such inheritance for the distribution of disease in families. A method is described for making quantitative predictions of prevalence rates of infection and of disease within different classes of relatives of either infected or uninfected probands. It is pointed out that, whereas a maternal line excess is to be expected among relatives of positive probands, the opposite should be found in families of negative probands. Expected differences between maternal and paternal line prevalence rates of observable disease decline rapidly with distance of relationship from the proband, and are greatly reduced by diagnostic insensitivity (analogous to penetrance). The implications of this analytic method for the design of family history studies are discussed. Published data on familial breast cancer are reviewed, and found to show no evidence that this condition is associated with a non-integrated vertically transmitted agent.
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Gardner MB, Klement V, Henderson BE, Meier H, Estes JD, Huebner RJ. Genetic control of type C virus of wild mice. Nature 1976; 259:143-5. [PMID: 174006 DOI: 10.1038/259143a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Hunter E, Hayman MJ, Rongey RW, Vogt PK. An avian sarcoma virus mutant that is temperature sensitive for virion assembly. Virology 1976; 69:35-49. [PMID: 174295 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90192-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bentvelzen P. Host-virus interactions in murine mammary carcinogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 355:236-59. [PMID: 4142395 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(74)90012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Roy-Burman P, Rongey RW, Henderson BE, Gardner MB. Attempts to detect RNA tumour virus in human milk. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 244:146. [PMID: 4125043 DOI: 10.1038/newbio244146a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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