1
|
Liu D. Gene signatures of estrogen and progesterone receptor pathways predict the prognosis of colorectal cancer. FEBS J 2016; 283:3115-33. [PMID: 27376509 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The associations of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) pathways with the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) are still controversial. The aim of this study was to readdress these issues by introducing a gene signature-based approach to semiquantitate pathway activity. In this approach, the ER and PR pathway activities in CRC were computed based on the expression profiles of the signature genes of ER and PR pathways, respectively. The results showed that the ER pathway activity was progressively significantly decreased from normal colorectal mucosa, colorectal adenoma to CRC. ER pathway signaling was a favorable factor for the presence of microsatellite stability (MSS) in CRC in seven cohorts tested, while was an unfavorable factor for cancer recurrence in all four CRC cohorts tested (n = 1122; overall HR: 0.311, 95% CI: 0.199-0.488, P < 0.001). Subset stratification in stage II patients showed that ER pathway remained significantly inversely associated with recurrence. PR pathway was also suppressed in colorectal tumors and inversely associated with recurrence of CRC, but to a much lesser extent than ER pathway. Moreover, the inverse association of PR pathway with cancer recurrence was more likely observed in CRC with high ER pathway activity, suggesting the interactions between the two pathways. PR pathway was not associated with MSS in CRC, but it was more significant than ER pathway associated with advance cancer stages and cancer response to adjuvant chemotherapy. These results suggested the potential application of the gene signatures of ER and PR pathways, especially the former, as novel markers for prognosis and management of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dingxie Liu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Bluewater Biotech LLC, Berkeley Heights, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kratschmar DV, Calabrese D, Walsh J, Lister A, Birk J, Appenzeller-Herzog C, Moulin P, Goldring CE, Odermatt A. Suppression of the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response by glucocorticoids and 11β-HSD1-mediated glucocorticoid activation in hepatic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36774. [PMID: 22606287 PMCID: PMC3350474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is a key transcription factor regulating a plethora of detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant genes involved in drug metabolism and defence against oxidative stress. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-induced transcription factor involved in the regulation of energy supply for metabolic needs to cope with various stressors. GR activity is controlled by glucocorticoids, which are synthesized in the adrenal glands and regenerated mainly in the liver from inactive cortisone by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11β-HSD1). Methods and Principal Findings Using transfected HEK-293 cells and hepatic H4IIE cells we show that glucocorticoids, activated by 11β-HSD1 and acting through GR, suppress the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response. The expression of the marker genes NQO1, HMOX1 and GST2A was suppressed upon treatment of 11β-HSD1 expressing cells with cortisone, an effect that was reversed by 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that elevated glucocorticoids lowered the ability of cells to detoxify H2O2. Moreover, a comparison of gene expression in male and female rats revealed an opposite sexual dimorphism with an inverse relationship between 11β-HSD1 and Nrf2 target gene expression. Conclusions The results demonstrate a suppression of the cellular antioxidant defence capacity by glucocorticoids and suggest that elevated 11β-HSD1 activity may lead to impaired Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response. The gender-specific differences in hepatic expression levels of 11β-HSD1 and Nrf2 target genes and the impact of pharmacological inhibition of 11β-HSD1 on improving cellular capacity to cope with oxidative stress warrants further studies in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise V. Kratschmar
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Diego Calabrese
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research – PCS – iTox – Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jo Walsh
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Lister
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Birk
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Appenzeller-Herzog
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Moulin
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research – PCS – iTox – Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Chris E. Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of this paper are to briefly review the types of animal and tumor models used in carcinogenesis studies and to consider their utility in studies of physical activity and cancer. METHODS Published data from animal studies using tumor models for which corresponding human epidemiologic evidence shows a clear association between physical activity and that cancer (i.e., colon and breast) are reviewed. RESULTS A variety of animal-tumor models have been used in cancer studies including spontaneous tumors, chemically induced tumors, orthotopic and syngeneic tumor transplantation, injected tumors, and genetically engineered (transgenic, knockout, and mutation-induced) mice with a predisposition to neoplasia. The most commonly used animal-tumor model in the study of physical activity has been the chemical carcinogenesis model. Methodological limitations of the various animal-tumor models are described including variations in dosing, route of administration, and type of carcinogen used, and forced versus voluntary exercise effects. CONCLUSIONS Animal-tumor models are useful for understanding specific aspects of the carcinogenesis process and the interaction of this process with exercise. There is no one animal-tumor model that is ideally suited for studying physical activity interventions. However, animal-tumor models can be viewed as complementary to epidemiologic studies and human clinical trials in the area of physical activity and cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Hoffman-Goetz
- Department of Health Studies and Gerontology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
PURPOSE A review of in vivo and in vitro models of colorectal cancer is presented. METHODS A retrospective literature review was performed with reference to CD-ROM Medline and Index Medicus. RESULTS A comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the models is presented in addition to a summary of individual model methodology and applications. CONCLUSIONS Such models are a useful adjunct for surgical research in colorectal oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, Royal Halifax Infirmary, and University of Leeds Medical School, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Medical Centre, Edgbaston, Birmingham
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Izbicki JR, Hamilton SR, Wambach G, Harnisch E, Wilker DK, Dornschneider G, Eibl-Eibesfeldt B, Schweiberer L. Effects of androgen manipulations on chemically induced colonic tumours and on macroscopically normal colonic mucosa in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Br J Cancer 1990; 61:235-40. [PMID: 2138029 PMCID: PMC1971408 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1990.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that androgens influence colonic carcinogenesis. We investigated the effects of hormonal manipulations (surgical and chemical castration, hormone substitution) on colonic tumour development, tumour and mucosal histopathology, and epithelial proliferation in macroscopically normal colonic mucosa in male rats, after induction of chemical colon carcinogenesis by subcutaneous injections of azoxymethane (AOM). Chemical castration with cyproterone acetate, but not surgical castration, resulted in increased colonic tumorigenesis, which was accompanied by decreased crypt length, decreased number of cells per crypt, and increased crypt epithelial mitotic index in the right colon. Chemically castrated rats also had crypt hyperplasia and increased numbers of dysplastic foci in the left colon which were not seen with surgical castration. By contrast, rats given testosterone after surgical castration showed decreased colonic tumorigenesis with an increased proportion of tumours in the left colon and lower percentage of tumours with invasion. The grossly normal mucosa of the testosterone-substituted castrated rats showed decreased crypt length in the right colon similar to the other groups of castrated rats, but no significant increase in mitotic index. Our results suggest that the anti-androgenic progestin cyproterone is a potent enhancer of colonic tumorigenesis and epithelial proliferative abnormalities after AOM administration. Exogenous testosterone after castration alters tumour distribution and characteristics and suppresses epithelial proliferative abnormalities. Finally, androgen effects on the colonic mucosa are more prominent in the right than in the left colon, suggesting different influences of hormones on the epithelium of these anatomical sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Izbicki
- Dept of Surgery, University of Munich, FR Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Izbicki JR, Wambach G, Hamilton SR, Harnisch E, Hogenschurz R, Izbicki W, Kusche J. Androgen receptors in experimentally induced colon carcinogenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1986; 112:39-46. [PMID: 2942549 DOI: 10.1007/bf00394937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sex hormones may play a role in colonic carcinogenesis, as evidenced by epidemiologic and experimental data showing different tumor rates in males and females. We investigated the effects of hormonal manipulation on tumor development and on androgen receptor binding in both colonic wall and experimentally induced tumors in male rats. Five of six groups, each with 40 animals, were given 10 weekly s.c. injections of azoxymethane (AOM), 7.5 mg/kg body weight. Group-I served as normal controls. Group-II received AOM only. Group-III was castrated 2 weeks prior to carcinogen treatment. Group-IV was castrated similarly and then hormone substituted with testosterone propionate. Group-V was chemically castrated with the anti androgen cyproterone acetate. Group-VI was castrated and given hormone vehicle. Scatchard analysis for androgen receptors in cytosol from normal colonic wall and tumor was performed with 3H-methyltrienolone as the ligand. Androgens were found to have an inhibitory effect on carcinogenesis: chemical castration increased colonic tumor development (P less than 0.05 for multiplicity), and testosterone administration produced a borderline statistically significant reduction in tumor incidence in surgically castrated rats (P less than 0.053), particularly in the right colon. Specific binding sites for androgen with high affinity and low capacity were found in the colonic wall of all groups. Receptor density was not altered by AOM administration, but increased after surgical castration. Receptor density was markedly lower in tumors than in normal colonic wall. Receptor binding sites in tumors were not altered by the various hormonal manipulations. Our study demonstrated that although cytoplasmic androgen receptors are present in colonic wall and in experimental tumors, AOM-induced colonic carcinogenesis appears to be only mildly affected by manipulation of androgens.
Collapse
|
8
|
Izbicki JR, Schmitz R, Hoppen HO, Izbicki W, Troidl H. Effects of steroid hormone therapy on primarily xenotransplanted human colorectal adenocarcinomas. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1984; 108:345-50. [PMID: 6511808 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Primary xenotransplantation of six different human colorectal adenocarcinomas onto nude mice yielded a mean tumor take of 85%. Administration of steroid hormones induced tumor remissions in some cases. Neither the stage of the original patient's tumors nor their hormone receptor content seemed to be related to the result of the hormone therapies. It is concluded that some colorectal cancers can be treated as hormone-sensitive tumors.
Collapse
|
9
|
Weese JL, Starling JR, Syrjala S. Tumor specific reactivity during development of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat colon cancer. J Surg Oncol 1983; 24:277-81. [PMID: 6228694 DOI: 10.1002/jso.2930240408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Invasive colon adenocarcinomas with lymph node metastases can be induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by 15 weekly intrarectal injections of 2 mg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (NMU). Extracts were prepared from invasive adenocarcinomas and normal rat colon mucosa by a 2 phase gradient. Mixed leukocyte tumor interaction (MLTI) assays stimulating lymphocytes from tumor-bearing and normal rats were performed using these extracts. Quadruplicate cultures were established with 2 X 10(5) lymphocytes and tumor or normal colon extract. Cultures were pulsed with H3 thymidine at 7 days and harvested 6 hours later. Results were expressed as net counts (experimental CPM minus background CPM). Reactivity in tumor-bearing animals was first seen when rat colons showed intraepithelial dysplasia histologically and was maximal when early invasive colon tumors were present. No difference in stimulation was seen between tumor-bearing and normal animal lymphocyte reactivity with normal colon extract. In conclusion, animals with NMU-induced rat colon cancer show specific tumor reactivity in MLTI assays. Immune reactivity in these animals may provide clues to clinical tumor status by immunologic assay.
Collapse
|
10
|
Weese JL, Starling JR, Turner JH. Development of a carcinogen-induced rat colon cancer with lymph-node metastases. Dis Colon Rectum 1983; 26:573-7. [PMID: 6872786 DOI: 10.1007/bf02552963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The progression from normal colonic mucosa to invasive adenocarcinoma of the colon with lymph-node metastases was documented in Sprague-Dawley rats receiving 30 mg of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea via intrarectal injections. Histologically, these tumors closely resemble human colonic cancer. This model is predictable and reproducible. It offers a genetically nonidentical rat model for the development of cancer biology and therapy models.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pozharisski KM, Likhachev AJ, Klimashevski VF, Shaposhnikov JD. Experimental intestinal cancer research with special reference to human pathology. Adv Cancer Res 1979; 30:165-237. [PMID: 388992 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
The effect of multimodal immunotherapy was studied in rats bearing primary gastrointestinal tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride. Multimodal immune manipulation consisted of combinations of splenectomy, C. parvum, unblocking serum, unblocked lymphoid cells, and levamisole. Such immunologic intervention resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth, and their metastasis. Ten of 10 untreated rats, 8 of 8 rats treated with splenectomy alone and 10 of 10 rats treated with normal rabbit serum died of progressive tumor growth. None of the rats treated with combinations of splenectomy, unblocking serum, unblocked lymphoid cells, C. parvum and levamisole succumbed to progressive tumor growth during the observation period. The histologic evidence of tumor destruction was obtained in 18 of 22 tumors in rats of groups receiving multimodal immunotherapy.
Collapse
|