1
|
Mecca M, Picerno S, Cortellino S. The Killer's Web: Interconnection between Inflammation, Epigenetics and Nutrition in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2750. [PMID: 38473997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key contributor to both the initiation and progression of tumors, and it can be triggered by genetic instability within tumors, as well as by lifestyle and dietary factors. The inflammatory response plays a critical role in the genetic and epigenetic reprogramming of tumor cells, as well as in the cells that comprise the tumor microenvironment. Cells in the microenvironment acquire a phenotype that promotes immune evasion, progression, and metastasis. We will review the mechanisms and pathways involved in the interaction between tumors, inflammation, and nutrition, the limitations of current therapies, and discuss potential future therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marisabel Mecca
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Simona Picerno
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata (IRCCS-CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, PZ, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cortellino
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Responsible Research Hospital, 86100 Campobasso, CB, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM), Clinical and Translational Oncology, 80138 Naples, NA, Italy
- S.H.R.O. Italia Foundation ETS, 10060 Candiolo, TO, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barber LE, Bertrand KA, Sheehy S, White LF, Roy HK, Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Petrick JL. Aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and occurrence of colorectal adenoma in Black American women. Int J Cancer 2023; 153:1978-1987. [PMID: 37555819 PMCID: PMC10927007 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that aspirin use reduces the occurrence of colorectal neoplasia. Few studies have investigated the association among Black Americans, who are disproportionately burdened by the disease. We assessed aspirin use in relation to colorectal adenoma among Black women. The Black Women's Health Study is a prospective cohort of self-identified Black American women established in 1995. Participants reported regular aspirin use on baseline and follow-up questionnaires. Beginning in 1999, participants reported undergoing a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy, the only procedures through which colorectal adenomas can be diagnosed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between aspirin use and colorectal adenoma among 34 397 women who reported at least 1 colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy. From 1997 through 2018, 1913 women were diagnosed with an adenoma. Compared to nonaspirin users, regular users had 14% (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78-0.95) lower odds of adenoma. The odds of adenoma decreased with increasing duration of aspirin use (≥10 years: OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.66-0.96). Initiating aspirin at a younger age was associated with a reduced adenoma occurrence (age < 40 years at initiation: OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.55-0.86). Regular aspirin use was associated with a decreased odds of colorectal adenoma in our study of Black women. These findings support evidence demonstrating a chemopreventive impact of aspirin on colorectal neoplasia and suggest that aspirin may be a useful prevention strategy among US Black women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Barber
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Shanshan Sheehy
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura F White
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hemant K Roy
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lynn Rosenberg
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julie R Palmer
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica L Petrick
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mishra P, Badiyani VM, Jain S, Subramanian S, Maharaj SV, Kumar A, Singh BN. Prebiotics: Ignored player in the fight against cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6:e1870. [PMID: 37458148 PMCID: PMC10644333 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prebiotics is a relatively neglected area in cancer research, despite evidence suggesting that it plays a key role in suppressing tumour growth and improving immune function. RECENT FINDINGS Including prebiotics in the diet has been shown to strengthen the immune system and can better slow down or prevent the growth of tumours. It has also been strongly indicated in various scientific studies that prebiotics can contribute to the sustenance of a healthy microbiome, which in turn plays an important role in increasing the effectiveness and reducing the side effects of cancer treatments. CONCLUSION In the present review article we highlight the mechanisms by which prebiotics like inulin, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), β-glucan, pectin, and xylooligosaccharide (XOS) function. Furthermore, the beneficial effect of incorporating prebiotics during cancer therapy to improvise gut health and prevent/reverse the damage caused to patients due to chemotherapy has also been elaborated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parichita Mishra
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Vidhi Manish Badiyani
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Sakshi Jain
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics AreaNIIT UniversityNeemranaRajasthanIndia
| | - Sruti Subramanian
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics AreaNIIT UniversityNeemranaRajasthanIndia
| | | | - Ashwini Kumar
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics AreaNIIT UniversityNeemranaRajasthanIndia
| | - Bhisham Narayan Singh
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mueller-Diesing F, Lederle W, Rix A, Koletnik S, Doleschel D, Snelting M, Gremse F, Kiessling F. Molecular Ultrasound Imaging Depicts the Modulation of Tumor Angiogenesis by Acetylsalicylic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087060. [PMID: 37108226 PMCID: PMC10139153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a well-established drug for heart attack and stroke prophylaxis. Furthermore, numerous studies have reported an anti-carcinogenic effect, but its exact mechanism is still unknown. Here, we applied VEGFR-2-targeted molecular ultrasound to explore a potential inhibitory effect of ASA on tumor angiogenesis in vivo. Daily ASA or placebo therapy was performed in a 4T1 tumor mouse model. During therapy, ultrasound scans were performed using nonspecific microbubbles (CEUS) to determine the relative intratumoral blood volume (rBV) and VEGFR-2-targeted microbubbles to assess angiogenesis. Finally, vessel density and VEGFR-2 expression were assessed histologically. CEUS indicated a decreasing rBV in both groups over time. VEGFR-2 expression increased in both groups up to Day 7. Towards Day 11, the binding of VEGFR-2-specific microbubbles further increased in controls, but significantly (p = 0.0015) decreased under ASA therapy (2.24 ± 0.46 au vs. 0.54 ± 0.55 au). Immunofluorescence showed a tendency towards lower vessel density under ASA and confirmed the result of molecular ultrasound. Molecular US demonstrated an inhibitory effect of ASA on VEGFR-2 expression accompanied by a tendency towards lower vessel density. Thus, this study suggests the inhibition of angiogenesis via VEGFR-2 downregulation as one of the anti-tumor effects of ASA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flurin Mueller-Diesing
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wiltrud Lederle
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anne Rix
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Koletnik
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Dennis Doleschel
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Snelting
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Gremse
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstrasse 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thiruchenthooran V, Sánchez-López E, Gliszczyńska A. Perspectives of the Application of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Cancer Therapy: Attempts to Overcome Their Unfavorable Side Effects. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020475. [PMID: 36672424 PMCID: PMC9856583 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) express anti-tumoral activity mainly by blocking cyclooxygenase-2 involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Therefore, in the last few decades, many have attempted to explore the possibilities of applying this group of drugs as effective agents for the inhibition of neoplastic processes. This review summarizes the evidence presented in the literature regarding the anti-tumoral actions of NSAIDs used as monotherapies as well as in combination with conventional chemotherapeutics and natural products. In several clinical trials, it was proven that combinations of NSAIDs and chemotherapeutic drugs (CTDs) were able to obtain suitable results. The combination with phospholipids may resolve the adverse effects of NSAIDs and deliver derivatives with increased antitumor activity, whereas hybrids with terpenoids exhibit superior activity against their parent drugs or physical mixtures. Therefore, the application of NSAIDs in cancer therapy seems to be still an open chapter and requires deep and careful evaluation. The literature's data indicate the possibilities of re-purposing anti-inflammatory drugs currently approved for cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaikunthavasan Thiruchenthooran
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elena Sánchez-López
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.S.-L.); or (A.G.)
| | - Anna Gliszczyńska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.S.-L.); or (A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang Y, Chan AT, Meyerhardt JA, Giovannucci EL. Timing of Aspirin Use in Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 113:841-851. [PMID: 33528007 PMCID: PMC8246825 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior epidemiological and intervention studies have not been able to separate independent effects of dose, timing, and duration of aspirin use in colorectal cancer (CRC) chemoprevention. We examined aspirin-based CRC chemoprevention according to timing in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. METHODS The exposures include cumulative average dose and total duration of aspirin use in more than 10 years before follow-up started (remote period) and in the immediate 10 years before follow-up started (recent period). Cox models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for exposures and CRC risk. RESULTS Aspirin use of longer than 10 years before follow-up started (HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.83 to 0.94) per 5-year increment and the immediate 10 years before follow-up started (HR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.96) were similarly important in CRC chemoprevention, though a 5-year lag was required for a clear benefit in the recent period. In the remote period, the association was not dose dependent; compared with less than 0.5 standard-dose (325 mg) tablets per week; hazard ratios were 0.78 (95% CI = 0.63 to 0.98), 0.81 (95% CI = 0.72 to 0.91), and 0.74 (95% CI = 0.64 to 0.86) for doses of 0.5 to less than 1.5, 1.5 to less than 5, and 5 and more tablets per week, respectively. However, there was dose dependency in the recent period (with respective HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.79 to 1.06; HR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.77 to 0.98; and HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.91). CONCLUSIONS A suggestive benefit necessitates at least 6-10 years and most clearly after approximately 10 years since initiation of aspirin. Remote use and use within the previous 10 years both contribute independently to decrease risk, though a lower dose may be required for a benefit with longer term use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Magee DJ, Jhanji S, Poulogiannis G, Farquhar-Smith P, Brown MRD. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and pain in cancer patients: a systematic review and reappraisal of the evidence. Br J Anaesth 2019; 123:e412-e423. [PMID: 31122736 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging data highlights the potential role of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors in the primary prevention of malignancy, reducing metastatic spread and improving overall mortality. Despite nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) forming a key component of the WHO analgesic ladder, their use in cancer pain management remains relatively low. This review re-appraises the current evidence regarding the efficacy of COX inhibitors as analgesics in cancer pain, providing a succinct resource to aid clinicians' decision making when determining treatment strategies. METHODS Medline® and Embase® databases were searched for publications up to November 2018. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and double-blind controlled studies considering the use of NSAIDs for management of cancer-related pain in adults were included. Animal studies, case reports, and retrospective observational data were excluded. RESULTS Thirty studies investigating the use of NSAIDs in cancer pain management were identified. There is a lack of high-quality evidence regarding the analgesic efficacy of NSAIDs in cancer pain, with short study durations and heterogeneity in outcome measures limiting the ability to draw meaningful conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Despite the renewed interest in these cost-effective, well-established medications in cancer treatment outcomes, there is a paucity of data from the past 15 yr regarding their efficacy in cancer pain management. However, when analgesic strategies in the cancer population are being formulated, it is important that the potential benefits of this class of drug are considered. Further work investigating the role of NSAIDs in cancer pain management is undoubtedly warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Magee
- Pain Medicine Department, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK; Signalling and Cancer Metabolism, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - S Jhanji
- Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK; Perioperative and Critical Care Outcomes Group, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - G Poulogiannis
- Signalling and Cancer Metabolism, Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - P Farquhar-Smith
- Pain Medicine Department, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - M R D Brown
- Pain Medicine Department, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK; Targeted Approaches to Cancer Pain Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Aziz AN, Ismail NH, Halim SNA, Looi CY, Anouar EH, Langat MK, Mulholland D, Awang K. Laevifins A-G, clerodane diterpenoids from the Bark of Croton oblongus Burm.f. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 156:193-200. [PMID: 30316148 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A phytochemical investigation of the stem barks of the Malaysian Croton oblongus Burm.f. (Syn. Croton laevifolius Blume) (Euphorbiaceae) yielded seven previously undescribed ent-neo-clerodane diterpenoids, laevifins A - G and the known crovatin (3). Structures were established by a combination of spectroscopic methods including HRESIMS, NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The absolute configuration of crovatin and laevifins A-G was established by comparison of experimental ECD and theoretical TDDFT ECD calculated spectra. This is the first report on the occurrence of the sesquiterpenoid cryptomeridiol in a Croton species. In vitro cytotoxicity assays on laevifins A, B and G showed moderate activities against the MCF-7 cancer cell line (IC50 102, 115 and 106 μM, respectively) while β-amyrin and acetyl aleuritolic acid showed good anti-inflammatory activity on the LPS-induced NF-κB translocation inhibition in RAW 264.7 cells assay with IC50 values of 23.5 and 35.4 μg/mL, respectively.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/isolation & purification
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Croton/chemistry
- Diterpenes, Clerodane/chemistry
- Diterpenes, Clerodane/isolation & purification
- Diterpenes, Clerodane/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Humans
- Lipopolysaccharides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- MCF-7 Cells
- Mice
- Molecular Conformation
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Plant Bark/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Quantum Theory
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Structure-Activity Relationship
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nazif Aziz
- School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia; Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, Level 9, FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hadiani Ismail
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery, Level 9, FF3, Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam Campus, 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Siti Nadiah Abdul Halim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - El Hassane Anouar
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, 11942, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moses K Langat
- Natural Products Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Dulcie Mulholland
- Natural Products Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; School of Chemistry and Physics, University of Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa
| | - Khalijah Awang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in prevention of colorectal cancer in people aged 40 or older: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol 2018; 58:52-62. [PMID: 30472477 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is still insufficient data about the risk-benefit profile about recommending non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NA-NSAIDs) for colorectal cancer (CRC) prevention, especially in people aged 40 years or older. This study specifically addressed the association between regular NA-NSAIDs use and CRC risk in the population aged 40 years or older, performing a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of all published studies on this topic until April 2018, by a search of PubMed, Scopus and Web of science databases and clinical trial registries. Two reviewers independently selected studies based on predefined inclusion criteria and assessed study quality using the Newcastle-Otawa scale. The data was combined with the random effects model. Potential heterogeneity was calculated as Q statistic and I2 value. A total of 23 studies involving more than 1 million subjects contributed to the analysis. Pooled odds ratio (OR) of NA-NSAIDs effects on CRC risk was 0.74 (0.67-0.81), I2 = 75.9%, p < 0.001. Heterogeneity was explained by a number of variables including the quality of the studies. Significant protective effects of NA-NSAIDs use were found for women (risk reduction of 19%), higher doses (risk reduction of 18%), distal colon cancer (risk reduction of 22%) and white people (risk reduction from 31% to 41%). From the results NA-NSAIDs use appears to be CRC chemopreventive for a specific subgroup of the population.
Collapse
|
10
|
Boyd-Carson H, Irving G, Navarro AP, Cameron IC, Gomez DS. Anti-platelet therapy does not influence the outcome of patients undergoing hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases, an observational study. Int J Surg 2018; 53:59-64. [PMID: 29555531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the impact of anti-platelet therapy on the outcomes of patients undergoing liver resection for CRLM. Secondary aim was to determine whether anti-platelet therapy influenced histo-pathological changes in CRLM. METHODS Patients treated with liver resection for CRLM were identified from a prospectively maintained hepatobiliary database during an 11-year period. Collated data included demographics, primary tumour treatment, surgical data, histopathology analysis and clinical outcome. RESULTS 454 patients that underwent primary hepatic resections for CRLM were included. 60 patients were on anti-platelet therapy. 241 patients developed recurrent disease and 131 patients have died. Multi-variate analysis identified 4 independent predictors of disease-free survival: tumour number; tumour size; peri-neural invasion; and resection margin. The presence of peri-neural invasion and multiple hepatic metastases were independent predictors of poorer overall survival on multi-variate analysis. Uni-variate analysis showed that the use of anti-platelet therapy was associated with larger tumour size (p=0.031) and vascular invasion (p=0.023). CONCLUSION Anti-platelet therapy does not affect the survival outcome in patients with CRLM following liver resection. Anti-platelet therapy is associated with larger liver metastases and vascular invasion on histo-pathological analysis. SYNOPSIS A large retrospective study looking at outcomes of patients taking pre operative anti platelet therapy who have undergone liver resection for colorectal liver metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Boyd-Carson
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Disease Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - G Irving
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Disease Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - A P Navarro
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Disease Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - I C Cameron
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Disease Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - D S Gomez
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Disease Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | -
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, NIHR Nottingham Digestive Disease Biomedical Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Munkarah AR, Morris R, Baumann P, Deppe G, Malone J, Diamond MP, Saed GM. Effects of Prostaglandin E2 on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/107155760200900309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - M. P. Diamond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - G. M. Saed
- Department of Obsterics and Gnecology, Wayne State University, 4707 St. Antoine -5 West, Detroit, MI 48201
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Herendeen JM, Lindley C. Use of NSAIDs for the Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer. Ann Pharmacother 2016; 37:1664-74. [PMID: 14565811 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1c489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To discuss the role of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1966–May 2003) was performed to identify key literature. Search items included, but were not limited to, NSAIDs, colorectal cancer, chemoprevention, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)–specific inhibitors, and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: The search included experimental (in vitro and animal models) and clinical studies evaluating the use of NSAIDs for the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. The MEDLINE search was supplemented by references from selected articles. DATA SYNTHESIS: Numerous experimental, epidemiologic, and clinical studies suggest that NSAIDs have promise as anticancer agents. The mechanism by which NSAIDs lead to decreased colon carcinogenesis is not fully understood, but may involve restoration of apoptosis and inhibition of prostaglandin-mediated angiogenesis. Compelling evidence from many observational studies has consistently documented a 40–50% reduction in the risk of adenomatous polyps, colorectal cancer incidence, and mortality in patients using NSAIDs. Recent randomized, controlled trials have demonstrated a benefit with aspirin in reducing the rate of development of new or recurrent adenomas in high-risk patients. In addition, randomized studies using sulindac and celecoxib in patients with FAP have documented significant regression of existing adenomatous polyps. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of COX-2 is an example of a targeted approach to the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. However, controversy exists about the safety, efficacy, and optimal treatment regimen of NSAIDs as long-term chemopreventive agents in the general population. Ongoing studies in high-risk patients with both selective and nonselective COX inhibitors will provide important information in the area of colorectal chemoprevention, but clinical trials' use of adenomas as surrogate markers for chemoprevention trials makes their application to the general population limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Herendeen
- University of North Carolina School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kakourou A, Koutsioumpa C, Lopez DS, Hoffman-Bolton J, Bradwin G, Rifai N, Helzlsouer KJ, Platz EA, Tsilidis KK. Interleukin-6 and risk of colorectal cancer: results from the CLUE II cohort and a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer Causes Control 2015. [PMID: 26220152 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between prediagnostic interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations and risk of colorectal cancer was evaluated in a nested case-control study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies. METHODS Colorectal cancer cases (n = 173) and matched controls (n = 345) were identified between 1989 and 2000 among participants in the CLUE II cohort of Washington Country, Maryland. Matched odds ratios and the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS Participants in the highest third of plasma IL-6 concentration had a 2.48 times higher risk of colon cancer compared to participants in the bottom third (95 % CI 1.26-4.87; p-trend 0.02) after multivariate adjustment. This association did not differ according to the stage of disease, age, sex, or other potential modifying variables and remained statistically significant after adjustment for C-reactive protein concentrations. No statistically significant association was observed for rectal cancer risk. The meta-analysis of six prospective studies yielded an increased but borderline statistically significant risk of colon cancer per 1 U increase in naturally logarithm-transformed IL-6 (summary RR 1.22; 95 % CI 1.00-1.49; I (2) 46 %). An inverse association was noted for rectal cancer (RR 0.69; 95 % CI 0.54-0.88; I (2) 0 %), but there was evidence for small-study effects (p 0.02). CONCLUSION Our findings provide support for a modest positive association between IL-6 concentrations and colon cancer risk. More work is needed to determine whether IL-6 is a valid marker of colorectal inflammation and whether such inflammation contributes to colon and rectal cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artemisia Kakourou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Stavros Niarchos Av., University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Charalampia Koutsioumpa
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Stavros Niarchos Av., University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - David S Lopez
- Division of Epidemiology, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Urology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Judith Hoffman-Bolton
- George W. Comstock Center for Public Health Research and Prevention, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Hagerstown, MD, USA
| | - Gary Bradwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nader Rifai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathy J Helzlsouer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology and James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Stavros Niarchos Av., University Campus, Ioannina, Greece. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yıldız H, Oztas H, Yıldız D, Koc A, Kalipci E. Inhibitory effects of acetylsalicylic acid on exocrine pancreatic carcinogenesis. Biotech Histochem 2013; 88:132-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2012.758779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
15
|
Thiagarajan P, Jankowski JA. Tipping the Balance: Benefits and Risks of Aspirin in Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-012-0151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
16
|
Multifaceted roles of PGE2 in inflammation and cancer. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 35:123-37. [PMID: 22996682 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is a bioactive lipid that elicits a wide range of biological effects associated with inflammation and cancer. PGE(2) exerts diverse effects on cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and immune surveillance. This review concentrates primarily on gastrointestinal cancers, where the actions of PGE(2) are most prominent, most likely due to the constant exposure to dietary and environmental insults and the intrinsic role of PGE(2) in tissue homeostasis. A discussion of recent efforts to elucidate the complex and interconnected pathways that link PGE(2) signaling with inflammation and cancer is provided, supported by the abundant literature showing a protective effect of NSAIDs and the therapeutic efficacy of targeting mPGES-1 or EP receptors for cancer prevention. However, suppressing PGE(2) formation as a means of providing chemoprotection against all cancers may not ultimately be tenable, undoubtedly the situation for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Future studies to fully understand the complex role of PGE(2) in both inflammation and cancer will be required to develop novel strategies for cancer prevention that are both effective and safe.
Collapse
|
17
|
The role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in colorectal cancer. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:876418. [PMID: 23024650 PMCID: PMC3447370 DOI: 10.1155/2012/876418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Dietary fat intake is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer. Some nuclear hormone receptors play an important role in regulating nutrient metabolism and energy homeostasis. Among these receptors, special attention has been focused on the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in colorectal cancer, because PPARs are involved in regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. PPARs are ligand-activated intracellular transcription factors. The PPAR subfamily consists of three subtypes encoded by distinct genes named PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. PPARγ is the most extensively studied subtype of PPARs. Even though many investigators have studied the expression and clinical implications of PPARs in colorectal cancer, there are still many controversies about the role of PPARs in colorectal cancer. In this paper, the recent progresses in understanding the role of PPARs in colorectal cancer are summarized.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
A high-quality body of evidence supports the use of aspirin in reducing sporadic and hereditary adenomatous polyps, and numerous observational studies point to a reduction in colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. However, using aspirin as an adjuvant therapy in established CRC was until recently inconceivable. Now, evidence from both observational and clinical trials of aspirin for other indications suggests that aspirin initiation after (or before) the diagnosis of CRC improves CRC-specific mortality. These exciting findings need to be confirmed in prospective randomized trials that are underway. The recent failure of adjuvant irinotecan, bevacizumab, and cetuximab clinical trials compels us to reconsider our assumptions and paradigms for treating CRC. In this Review, we summarize clinical and preclinical evidence supporting aspirin use in established CRC and outline a framework for better understanding aspirin activity in the pathogenesis of CRC. We describe the data supporting adjuvant aspirin in resected CRC, including the issues of dose, duration and toxicity, and discuss potential biomarkers that may help better select patients for aspirin therapy.
Collapse
|
19
|
Isa NM, Abdelwahab SI, Mohan S, Abdul AB, Sukari MA, Taha MME, Syam S, Narrima P, Cheah SC, Ahmad S, Mustafa MR. In vitro anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of boesenbergin A, a chalcone isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) (fingerroot). Braz J Med Biol Res 2012; 45:524-30. [PMID: 22358425 PMCID: PMC3854301 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2012007500022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current in vitro study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of boesenbergin A (BA), a chalcone derivative of known structure isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), non-small cell lung cancer (A549), prostate adenocarcinoma (PC3), and normal hepatic cells (WRL-68) were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of BA using the MTT assay. The antioxidant activity of BA was assessed by the ORAC assay and compared to quercetin as a standard reference antioxidant. ORAC results are reported as the equivalent concentration of Trolox that produces the same level of antioxidant activity as the sample tested at 20 µg/mL. The toxic effect of BA on different cell types, reported as IC50, yielded 20.22 ± 3.15, 10.69 ± 2.64, 20.31 ± 1.34, 94.10 ± 1.19, and 9.324 ± 0.24 µg/mL for A549, PC3, HepG2, HT-29, and WRL-68, respectively. BA displayed considerable antioxidant activity, when the results of ORAC assay were reported as Trolox equivalents. BA (20 µg/mL) and quercetin (5 µg/mL) were equivalent to a Trolox concentration of 11.91 ± 0.23 and 160.32 ± 2.75 µM, respectively. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of BA was significant at 12.5 to 50 µg/mL and without any significant cytotoxicity for the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 at 50 µg/mL. The significant biological activities observed in this study indicated that BA may be one of the agents responsible for the reported biological activities of B. rotunda crude extract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N M Isa
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Goupil RC, Bushey JJ, Peters-Kennedy J, Wakshlag JJ. Prevalence of 5-lipoxygenase expression in canine osteosarcoma and the effects of a dual 5-lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitor on osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Vet Pathol 2012; 49:802-10. [PMID: 22287649 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811432350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine osteosarcoma is an insidious disease with few effective treatment modalities; therefore, use of pharmacologic intervention to improve mortality or morbidity is constantly sought. The use of cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitors has been an area of interest with limited efficacy based on retrospective examination of tumor expression and in vivo cell proliferation models. Recently, examination of dual cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors in human and canine oncology suggests that 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors may be an effective approach in vitro and during tumor induction in rodent models. Therefore, the authors decided to examine 5-lipoxygenase expression in primary canine osteosarcoma samples and have shown that approximately 65% of osteosarcomas label positive for cytoplasmic 5-lipoxygenase. Further examination of a cell culture and xenograft model shows similar 5-lipoxygenase expression. Surprisingly, a canine 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor (tepoxalin) significantly reduced cell proliferation at physiologic doses in vitro and diminished xenograft tumor growth in nude mice, suggesting that further investigation is needed. Traditionally, 5-lipoxygense leads to production of lipid mediators, such as leukotriene B(4) and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, which, when added back to the media of tepoxalin-treated cells, did not recover cell proliferation. The lack of nuclear staining in primary and xenografted tumors and the lack of response to eicoasanoids suggest that lipid mediator production is not the primary means by which tepoxalin acts to alter proliferation. Regardless of the mechanisms involved in retarding cell proliferation, future investigation is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Goupil
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, VMC 1-120, Box 34, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Erbach M, Mehnert H, Schnell O. Diabetes and the risk for colorectal cancer. J Diabetes Complications 2012; 26:50-5. [PMID: 22321219 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has been reported to be associated with an increased risk for colorectal cancer. The review analyzes current epidemiological data on the association of diabetes and the risk for colorectal cancer. Hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and inflammation are suggested to play a key role in the pathophysiology of cancer in diabetes. Data regarding potential treatment-related risks, particularly in conjunction with the use of insulin and insulin analogues, are also presented. Furthermore, the impact of glycemic control and cardiorespiratory fitness on cancer prognosis is considered. Finally, the preventive potential of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and the recommendations concerning colonoscopy-screening are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Erbach
- Diabetes Research Group, Helmholtz Center, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Laroui H, Sitaraman SV, Merlin D. Gastrointestinal Delivery of Anti-inflammatory Nanoparticles. Methods Enzymol 2012; 509:101-25. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391858-1.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
23
|
Miene C, Weise A, Glei M. Impact of polyphenol metabolites produced by colonic microbiota on expression of COX-2 and GSTT2 in human colon cells (LT97). Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:653-62. [PMID: 21598179 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.552157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols may play an important role in colon cancer prevention. After entering the colon, they are subjected to metabolism by the human gut microbiota. The objective of the present study was to analyze the impact of selected intestinal metabolites on modulation of enzymes involved in detoxification and inflammation in human adenoma cells LT97. LT97 cells were incubated with 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (ES) and 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid (PS), metabolites of quercetin and chlorogenic acid/caffeic acid, respectively. The effect on cell number was analyzed using 4'- 6-diamino-2-phenylindole-dihydrochloride (DAPI)-staining. Modulation of glutathione S-transferase T2 (GSTT2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was measured by real-time PCR and Western blot. Comet assay was performed to assess the impact on DNA damage caused by the GSTT2 substrate cumene hydroperoxide (CumOOH). Polyphenol metabolites did not affect cell number but significantly upregulated GSTT2 expression and decreased COX-2. The latter was confirmed via Western blot. CumOOH-induced DNA damage was significantly reduced compared to the control. An upregulation of GSTT2 and downregulation of COX-2 could possibly contribute to the chemopreventive potential of polyphenols after degradation in the gut. Working with polyphenol metabolites is an important prerequisite to better understand the in vivo effects of pure polyphenols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Miene
- Institute for Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bosco JLF, Palmer JR, Boggs DA, Hatch EE, Rosenberg L. Regular aspirin use and breast cancer risk in US Black women. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:1553-61. [PMID: 21877122 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies have yet to provide consistent evidence to support a protective effect of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on the incidence of breast cancer. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the relations of current use of aspirin, non-aspirin NSAIDs, and acetaminophen with breast cancer incidence in the Black Women's Health Study. METHODS Biennial follow-up of 59,000 study participants began in 1995. During 558,600 person-years of follow-up through 2007, 1,275 breast cancer cases were identified. Using Cox proportional hazards regression, we estimated incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations of current and former use of aspirin, other NSAIDs, and acetaminophen with incident breast cancer. RESULTS After adjustment for age, education, body mass index at age 18, physical activity, female hormone use, current smoking, and other NSAID use, the IRRs were 0.79 (95% CI = 0.66, 0.95) for current aspirin use and 0.68 (95% CI = 0.50, 0.92) for ≥5 years of aspirin use. Similar associations were observed for acetaminophen use. CONCLUSIONS Both aspirin and acetaminophen use were inversely associated with breast cancer incidence in the present study. Reasons for the association with acetaminophen use are unclear, given that acetaminophen has very weak anti-inflammatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn L F Bosco
- Section of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miene C, Weise A, Glei M. Impact of Polyphenol Metabolites Produced by Colonic Microbiota on Expression of COX-2 and GSTT2 in Human Colon Cells (LT97). Nutr Cancer 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.552157 pmid: 21598179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Miene
- a Institute for Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Toxicology , Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Weise
- b Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology , Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Glei
- a Institute for Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Toxicology , Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena , Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Coghill AE, Newcomb PA, Chia VM, Zheng Y, Wernli KJ, Passarelli MN, Potter JD. Pre-diagnostic NSAID use but not hormone therapy is associated with improved colorectal cancer survival in women. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:763-8. [PMID: 21304527 PMCID: PMC3048198 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6606041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and hormone therapy (HT) independently decrease the risk of colorectal cancer. However, their role in altering survival after a colorectal cancer diagnosis is not well established. Methods: We examined the association between the use of these common medications before diagnosis and colorectal cancer survival among women in western Washington State diagnosed with incident colorectal cancer from 1997 to 2002. Cases were ascertained using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results cancer registry; mortality follow-up was completed through linkages to the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: We observed no overall association between colorectal cancer survival and pre-diagnostic NSAID use. However, when stratified by tumour sub-site, NSAID use was associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer mortality for women diagnosed with proximal (HR=0.55; 95% CI: 0.32–0.92), but not distal or rectal (HR=1.32; 95% CI: 0.83–2.10) tumours. The usage of HT was not associated with colorectal cancer survival overall or by tumour sub-site. Conclusion: Usage of NSAIDs before diagnosis may be associated with improved colorectal cancer survival among women diagnosed with proximal tumours. The usage of HT does not appear to have a function in altering colorectal cancer mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Coghill
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Cancer Prevention Program, 1100 Fairview Ave N, M4-B402, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Martin LA, Davies GLS, Weigel MT, Betambeau N, Hills MJ, Salter J, Walsh G, A'Hern R, Dowsett M. Pre-surgical study of the biological effects of the selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib in patients with primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 123:829-36. [PMID: 20697803 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1100-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) is implicated in the regulation of aromatase transcription in malignant breast tissue and has been considered as a potential target for tissue specific aromatase suppression. We initiated a randomised controlled pre-surgical study of celecoxib versus no treatment in women with primary breast cancer to determine the effects of COX-2 inhibition on markers of biological response. Postmenopausal women (50-80 years of age) with stage I or II, primary breast cancer, were randomised 2:1 to receive 400 mg/day celecoxib or no treatment for 14 days prior to surgery. A core biopsy was obtained pre- and post-treatment. Paired baseline and endpoint biopsies were analysed for Ki67, apoptosis, COX-2, CD31, estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR). Comparisons between the treatment groups were conducted using the Mann-Whitney test with a two-sided 5% significance. Of the 25 patients treated, 23 had evaluable data and 19 (83%) were ER positive. Overall the geometric mean change in Ki67, the primary end point, relative to baseline in the celecoxib arm was -16.6% (P = 0.056). The change in the no-treatment group was -8.1% (P = 0.24). There was no statistically significant difference in the change between the two groups. Celecoxib did not significantly affect apoptosis, COX-2, ER or PgR expression. There is only modest evidence for a biological effect of celecoxib in primary breast cancer. However, the trend towards a reduction in Ki67 in ER-positive breast cancer warrants further investigations in a larger cohort of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lesley-Ann Martin
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Rd, London, SW3 6JB, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mahdi JG. Medicinal potential of willow: A chemical perspective of aspirin discovery. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
29
|
Dong J, Dai J, Zhang M, Hu Z, Shen H. Potentially functional COX-2-1195G>A polymorphism increases the risk of digestive system cancers: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:1042-50. [PMID: 20594217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Three potentially functional polymorphisms: -765G>C, -1195G>A, and 8473T>C in the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene were identified and proposed to be associated with cancer susceptibility. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the association between these three polymorphisms and the risk of cancer in diverse populations. METHODS All case-control studies published up to November 2009 on the association between the three polymorphisms of COX-2 and cancer risk were identified by searching PubMed. The cancer risk associated with the three polymorphisms of the COX-2 gene was estimated for each study by OR together with its 95% confidence interval (CI), respectively. RESULTS A total of 47 case-control studies were included, and variant genotypes GA/AA of -1195G>A were associated with a significantly increased cancer risk (GA/AA vs GG: odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% CI, 1.18-1.41; P(heterogeneity) = 0.113), and this significant association was mainly observed within cancers of the digestive system (e.g. colorectal, gastric, esophageal, oral, biliary tract, gallbladder, and pancreatic) without between-study heterogeneity (GA/AA vs GG: OR, 1.36; 95% CI; 1.23-1.51; P(heterogeneity) = 0.149). Furthermore, a stratification analysis showed that the risk of COX-2-1195G>A associated with cancers in the digestive system was more evident among Asians than Caucasians. However, for COX-2-765G>C and 8473T>C, no convincing association between the two polymorphisms and risk of cancer or cancer type was observed. CONCLUSIONS The effect of three potentially functional polymorphisms (-765G>C, -1195G>A, and 8473T>C) in the COX-2 gene on cancer risk provided evidence that the COX-2-1195G>A polymorphism was significantly associated with increased risk of digestive system cancers, especially among Asian populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Miles LF, Wakeman CJ, Farmer KC. Giant villous adenoma presenting as McKittrick–Wheelock syndrome and pseudo‐obstruction. Med J Aust 2010; 192:225-7. [DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - K Chip Farmer
- The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC
- Department of Surgery, Cabrini Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Tahara T, Shibata T, Nakamura M, Yamashita H, Yoshioka D, Okubo M, Maruyama N, Kamano T, Kamiya Y, Fujita H, Nagasaka M, Iwata M, Takahama K, Watanabe M, Hirata I, Arisawa T. Chronic aspirin use suppresses CDH1 methylation in human gastric mucosa. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:54-9. [PMID: 19184424 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-008-0701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There have been reports showing a protective role of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) against gastrointestinal cancers. E-cadherin (CDH1) is an adhesion molecule involved in tumour invasion/metastasis. Silencing of CDH1 by promoter CpG island methylation was shown in gastric cancer, precancerous lesion, and Helicobacter pylori-infected chronic gastritis. We investigated the methylation status of CDH1 in noncancerous gastric mucosa in chronic aspirin user, and assessed its effect on methylation-associated carcinogenesis. Gastric mucosa samples from antrum were obtained from 217 cancer-free subjects, including 37 chronic aspirin users and 180 subjects with no history of chronic or occasional intake of aspirin. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), i.e., MSP, was performed for CDH1 gene promoter. In all 217 subjects, CDH1 methylation was detected for 69 subjects (31.7%). CDH1 methylation more frequently occurred in H. pylori-infection-positive subjects (P < 0.0001), while chronic aspirin users had a significantly lower risk of CDH1 methylation [nonuser versus user 36.1% versus 10.8%; odds ratio (OR) = 0.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.07-0.63, P = 0.005]. Logistic regression analysis showed that chronic aspirin use was the independent factor for lower risk of CDH1 methylation (adjusted OR = 0.21, 95%CI = 0.07-0.66, P = 0.008). Chronic aspirin use was associated with lower risk of CDH1 methylation in H. pylori-positive subjects (nonuser versus user 49.5% versus 19.0%; OR = 0.24, 95%CI = 0.08-0.76, P = 0.01). Similar trend was also found in H. pylori-negative subjects (P = 0.07). No association was found between CDH1 methylation status, and duration and dose of aspirin. Our data suggest that chronic aspirin use is associated with reduced risk of CDH1 methylation in human gastric mucosa. Aspirin may have suppressive role against methylation-related gastric carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Tahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu H, Yang Y, Xiao J, Lv Y, Liu Y, Yang H, Zhao L. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 suppresses lymph node metastasis via VEGF-C. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:1577-83. [PMID: 19685508 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Most experimental work addressing cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor has focused on suppressing hematogenic spread. Little is known about the mechanism by which this inhibitor can also block lymphatic metastasis. Here, the effects of COX-2 inhibitor on vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) expression, lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis were investigated. Utilizing the highly metastatic human lung adenocarcinoma cell line Anip973 and its parental line AGZY83-a, which has a low metastatic capacity, we found elevated VEGF-C and COX-2 immunoreactivity in Anip973 cells compared with AGZY83-a cells. Celecoxib down-regulated expression of VEGF-C mRNA and protein in Anip973 cells while PGE(2) up-regulated expression of VEGF-C mRNA and protein in AGZY83-a cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression of COX-2 and VEGF-C was significantly increased in xenografted Anip973 tumors compared with AGZY83-a tumors. The Anip973 tumors showed more lymphatic vessels and lymph node metastasis than the AGZY83-a tumors. In vivo, celecoxib decreased VEGF-C expression in Anip973 tumor-treated mice to a similar level to that in the AGZY83-a tumor-treated mice. Consistent with this decrease in VEGF-C expression, the density of lymphatic vessels and lymph node metastasis in Anip973 tumor-treated mice were suppressed to approximately that found in the AGZY83-a tumor-treated ones. Taken together, our results suggest that the differential expression of COX-2 and VEGF-C might help explain the different metastasis phenotype of lung adenocarcinoma cancer, and that COX-2 inhibitor mediates VEGF-C to block lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis. Thus, COX-2 may be a potential therapeutic target for blocking lymph node metastasis in lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huidong Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cho NP, Han HS, Leem DH, Choi IS, Jung JY, Kim HJ, Moon KS, Choi KH, Soh Y, Kong G, Cho SD, Choi SH. Sulforaphane enhances caspase-dependent apoptosis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human oral squamous carcinoma cells and nude mouse xenograft model. Oral Oncol 2009; 45:654-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
34
|
Thurnher, Maia Bakroeva, Gertraud S D. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Induce Apoptosis in Head and Neck Cancer Cell Lines. Acta Otolaryngol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00016480127365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
35
|
Obesity is associated with an increased prevalence of advanced adenomatous colon polyps in a male veteran population. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:1560-4. [PMID: 19399615 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with an increased risk for colonic adenomatous polyps (APs) and colorectal cancers, but the influence of obesity on the development of advanced APs is not clear. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of obesity on the prevalence of advanced APs in a male veteran population. We performed a retrospective study of patients (n = 2,903) with histologically confirmed APs on an index colonoscopy. APs were evaluated for advanced features (size > or = 1 cm in diameter and/or a villous component and/or high grade dysplasia). Patients were categorized as: normal weight (BMI > 18.5 and < 25), overweight (BMI > or = 25 and < 30), and obese (BMI > or = 30). An association between clinical factors and advanced APs was sought by Kruskal-Wallis test and Pearson Chi-square. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent predictors for advanced APs. We identified 2,903 male patients with APs (mean age 64 + 1.1(SE) years; 770 (27%) normal weight, 1,029 (35%) overweight, 1,104 (38%) obese. By univariate analysis, obese patients had a greater prevalence of advanced APs than the overweight and normal weight patients (28 vs. 23 vs. 24%, p = 0.025). Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed the association of obesity and advanced APs (OR = 1.01, CI = 1-1.02, p = 0.04). For every one-unit increase in BMI above 30, there was a corresponding 1% increase in the frequency of finding advanced APs. Obesity in male veteran patients is associated with the finding of advanced APs on colonoscopy. We speculate that obesity may increase the risk for CRC by promoting the development of advanced APs.
Collapse
|
36
|
Tahara T, Shibata T, Yamashita H, Nakamura M, Yoshioka D, Okubo M, Hirata I, Arisawa T. Chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use suppresses multiple CpG islands hyper methylation (CIHM) of tumor suppressor genes in the human gastric mucosa. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:1192-7. [PMID: 19432886 PMCID: PMC11159825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been reports showing a protective role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) against gastrointestinal cancers. CpG island hyper methylation (CIHM) of tumor suppressor genes is a major event in carcinogenesis. We investigated the CIHM status of non-cancerous gastric mucosa in chronic NSAID users and non-users and assessed the effect of NSAIDs on CIHM. Gastric mucosa samples were obtained from 51 chronic NSAID users and 180 non-users. CIHM of p14(ARF), p16(INK4a), death-associated protein kinase (DAP-kinase), and E-cadherin (CDH1) genes were determined by methylation-specific PCR. CIHM high was defined as two or more CpG islands methylated. CIHM of p14, p16, CDH1, and CIHM high were lower in chronic NSAID users than in non-users (p14: non-users vs users = 32.2%vs 9.8%, P = 0.003; p16: non-users vs users = 35.0%vs 15.7%, P = 0.02; CDH1: non-users vs users = 36.1%vs 9.8%, P = 0.0009; CIHM high: non-users vs users = 44.4%vs 17.6%, P = 0.0009). NSAID use was also associated with decreased number of CIHM by anova (R = -0.32, P < 0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis with adjustment for sex, age, Helicobacter pylori infection, and NSAID use revealed that NSAID use was inversely correlated with all four CIHM and CIHM high as an independent factor (p14: odds ratio [OR] = 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.06-0.48; p16: OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.14-0.75; DAP-kinase: OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.22-0.92; CDH1: OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.06-0.48; CIHM high: OR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.09-0.49). No association was found between CIHM status and the duration or dose of NSAIDs. Chronic NSAID use suppresses CIHM in human gastric mucosa. NSAIDs may have a suppressive role against methylation-related gastric carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomitsu Tahara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Clouser MC, Roe DJ, Foote JA, Harris RB. Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on non-melanoma skin cancer incidence in the SKICAP-AK trial. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009; 18:276-83. [PMID: 19226541 DOI: 10.1002/pds.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies link the prostaglandin metabolic pathway to skin carcinogenesis expanding possibilities that cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors may be utilized in non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) chemoprevention. Using data from a study of the efficacy of retinol supplementation on incidence of NMSC, we sought to determine the role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in NMSC development. Cox proportional hazards models describe the relationship between NSAID use and time to first squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or basal cell carcinoma (BCC) among participants categorized by use pattern: continuous users (use for length of study duration), new users (use for less than study duration), and non-users. For SCC and BCC, there was a statistically significant protective effect for participants who reported use for less than the study duration (HR = 0.49, 95%CI 0.28-0.87 and HR = 0.43, 95%CI 0.25-0.73, respectively). Categorical examination of NSAIDs (aspirin (ASA) vs. non-ASA NSAIDs) showed significant effects for BCC among those using non-ASA NSAIDs for less than the study duration (HR = 0.33, 95%CI 0.13-0.80). For SCC and BCC, NSAID use of shorter duration and potentially more recent, was more protective than longer duration of use. These results are counter to the idea that longer duration of NSAID use is more protective. Additional investigations are needed into the role NSAIDs play in the chemoprevention of NMSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Clouser
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Friis S, Poulsen AH, Sørensen HT, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Vogel U, McLaughlin JK, Blot WJ, Olsen JH. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of colorectal cancer: a Danish cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 20:731-40. [PMID: 19122977 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-008-9286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The optimal duration and dose of aspirin and non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the potential prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been established. We examined this issue in the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. METHODS Self-reported NSAID use at entry (January 1995-May 1997) was updated through June 2006, using a nationwide prescription database. CRC incidence was ascertained from nationwide registers. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compute confounder-adjusted incidence rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS From 51,053 cohort subjects, we identified 615 CRC cases during 1995-2006. Daily aspirin use at entry was associated with a decreased risk of CRC (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.49-1.10). A similar risk reduction was seen among subjects with 10 or more prescriptions for aspirin or non-aspirin NSAIDs and five or more years of follow-up. Most aspirin prescriptions were for 75-150 mg aspirin tablets. Among non-aspirin NSAID users, only those with body mass index (BMI) above 25 showed risk reductions [RR, 0.69 (0.47-1.03) for 10 or more prescriptions]. CONCLUSIONS Long-term consistent use of aspirin or non-aspirin NSAIDs appears necessary to achieve a protective effect against CRC. Further studies of the effective dose of aspirin and the potential interaction between NSAID use and BMI are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Søren Friis
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Aspirin has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer and--based on limited evidence--to cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, breast, ovary and lung. The role of aspirin on other cancers, such as pancreatic, prostate and bladder cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and myeloma is less clear, and an increase of risk has been suggested for kidney cancer. For most cancer sites, however, significant heterogeneity between studies, and particularly between study design, was found, with a reduction in risk generally stronger in case-control studies than in cohort ones.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
With few exceptions, epidemiological studies have found that individuals who take nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have a reduced risk of colorectal adenomas and carcinoma. Similarly, randomized studies in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis have uniformly found that NSAIDs can lead to polyp regression and prevention of new polyps, and trials in patients with sporadic adenomas document that aspirin reduces the risk of adenoma recurrence. Together these data provide convincing evidence for the chemopreventive efficacy ofNSAIDs in the large bowel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Baron
- Evergreen Center, Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Oshio H, Abe T, Onogawa T, Ohtsuka H, Sato T, Ii T, Fukase K, Muto M, Katayose Y, Oikawa M, Rikiyama T, Egawa S, Unno M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activates cyclooxygenase-2 gene transcription through bile acid transport in human colorectal cancer cell lines. J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:538-49. [PMID: 18648741 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-008-2188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is accumulating that bile acids are involved in colon cancer development, but their molecular mechanisms remain unexplored. Bile acid has been reported to be associated with induction of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene. Because the human liver-specific organic anion transporter-2 (LST-2/OATP8/OATP1B3) is expressed in gastrointestinal cancers and might transport bile acids to the intracellular space, we studied the molecular mechanisms by which bile acids induce the transcription of COX-2, and the role of LST-2 in colonic cell lines. METHODS Transcriptional activity of COX-2 was measured using a human COX-2 promoter-luciferase assay under various concentrations of bile acids. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays (EMSAs) for peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and cyclic AMP responsive element (CRE) were performed. RESULTS The COX-2 promoter was induced by lithocholic acid (LCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Deletion and site-directed mutation analyses showed that CRE is the responsive element for LCA. An adenovirus expression system revealed that LST-2 is responsible for induction of COX-2. By EMSA using oligonucleotides of CRE, we observed formation of a specific protein-DNA complex, which was inhibited by a specific antibody against PPARalpha and CRE. A PPARalpha-specific agonist induced transcription of COX-2. CONCLUSION These results indicate that COX-2 is transcriptionally activated by the addition of LCA, CDCA, and DCA and that LST-2 plays an important role by transporting bile acid to the intracellular space. Moreover, LCA-dependent COX-2 gene activation consists of a transcriptional complex including PPARalpha and CRE-binding protein. Thus, this induction of COX-2 may participate in carcinogenesis and progression of colorectal cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Oshio
- Division of Gastroenterological Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medical Science, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
de Souza Thiago L, da Costa ES, Lopes DV, Borojevic R. Racemic Etodolac is cytotoxic and cytostatic for B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2008; 63:548-51. [PMID: 18993025 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have provided evidence that administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could have a prophylactic effect against some cancers such as sporadic colorectal cancer and leukemia. Indeed, various NSAIDs have been shown to induce apoptosis in malignant cells. We evaluated the effect of racemic Etodolac on proliferation and cell survival in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) cells. Etodolac decreased survival of Nalm-16 and Nalm-6 BCP-ALL cell lines and also decreased cell proliferation in Nalm-16 cell line. Ours findings indicate, for the first time to our knowledge, that Etodolac is cytotoxic and cytostatic for BCP-ALL cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro de Souza Thiago
- Banco de Células do Rio de Janeiro, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 21941-590 Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tsilidis KK, Branchini C, Guallar E, Helzlsouer KJ, Erlinger TP, Platz EA. C‐reactive protein and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review of prospective studies. Int J Cancer 2008; 123:1133-40. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
44
|
Santos Jr JCM. Câncer ano-reto-cólico: aspectos atuais IV - câncer de cólon - fatores clínicos, epidemiológicos e preventivos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1590/s0101-98802008000300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O câncer colorretal tem alta incidência populacional e alto índice de mortalidade, com diferenças pouco relevantes entre os povos de diversas nações, como atestam os estudos epidemiológicos dessa doença. Embora a abordagem médico-cirúrgica do câncer colorretal tenha sido favorecida pelos novos conhecimentos adquiridos com a engenharia genética, pelos progressos que aprimoraram o tratamento, principalmente na área de neo-adjuvância, com as inovações nos aparelhos de radioterapia e com a constante introdução de novas e potentes substâncias quimioterápicas, o prognóstico da doença continua sombrio. Todavia, dados colhidos em estudos sobre a biologia do tumor - sua origem, crescimento e desenvolvimento e comportamento biológico - têm acenado para a possibilidade de cura quando os métodos preventivos, em prática, facilitam a abordagem precoce da lesão. Nesse contexto, o câncer colorretal é passível de cura, podendo, inclusive dispensar, para tanto, o tratamento adjuvante ou aliviar o paciente da abordagem cirúrgica mutilante. Assim, o maior esforço posto em ação no início desse século está sendo representado pelos movimentos de educação popular em massa para a prevenção do câncer de reto e dos cólons com incentivo para o teste de sangue oculto nas fezes.
Collapse
|
45
|
Ueda N, Maehara Y, Tajima O, Tabata S, Wakabayashi K, Kono S. Genetic polymorphisms of cyclooxygenase-2 and colorectal adenoma risk: the Self Defense Forces Health Study. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:576-81. [PMID: 18167131 PMCID: PMC11158649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 11/17/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a key enzyme in the formation of prostaglandins, and an inducible isoform of COX, COX-2, has been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis. This study investigated the relation of COX-2 polymorphisms (-1195G>A, -765G>C and 8160A>G) to colorectal adenomas in a case-control study of male officials in the Self Defense Forces (SDF). The study subjects were 455 cases of colorectal adenoma and 1052 controls with no polyps who underwent total colonoscopy. Genotypes were determined using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method with genomic DNA extracted from the buffy coat. Statistical adjustment was made for age, hospital, rank in the SDF, body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, and alcohol intake. A statistically non-significant decrease in the risk of colorectal adenomas was observed for the AA versus GG genotype of -1195G>A polymorphism and for the GC versus GG genotype of -765G>C polymorphism. None had the -765CC genotype in either the case or control groups. No effect modification of overweight, smoking or alcohol use was observed for either -1195G>A or -765G>C polymorphism. The variant allele of the 8160A>G polymorphism was extremely rare. A haplotype of -1195G, -765G and 8160A alleles was associated with a modest increase in the risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.99-1.91), and the increase was more evident for distal adenomas (adjusted OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.04-2.38). Another haplotype of -1195A, -765C and 8160A alleles showed an adjusted OR of 0.22 (95% CI 0.06-0.88). These findings add to evidence for the role of COX-2 in colorectal carcinogenesis and warrant further studies focusing on haplotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Ueda
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lee KJ, Jung YS, Kim WH, Yoon TI, Joo HJ, Soh EY. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human thyroid disease. J Endocrinol Invest 2008; 31:111-8. [PMID: 18362501 DOI: 10.1007/bf03345576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, which is the inducible form of the COX enzyme for prostaglandin synthesis and a key mediator of epithelial cell growth, has been shown to be up-regulated in gastrointestinal cancers. Additionally, regular intake of other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) is known to decrease the incidence of these cancers. Therefore, the goals of the present study were to determine the possible involvement of COX-2 in human thyroid diseases. METHODS We used immunohistochemical staining and Western blot analysis to characterize the expression of COX-2 proteins in thyroid tissues from 64 patients with thyroiditis, benign tumors, and malignant tumors with or without metastasis. Immunoreactivity scores were calculated by multiplication of the determined grades. RESULTS COX-2 proteins were not expressed in normal thyroid tissues. However, each type of tumor tissue showed intense bands of COX-2 protein expression in Western blot analyses, and the immunoreactivity scores were 7.67+/-1.17 (SD) for thyroiditis, 7.87+/-0.9 for benign tumors, 7.53+/-1.53 for follicular cancer, 7.63+/-1.11 for papillary cancer without metastasis, and 7.17+/-1.55 for papillary cancer with metastasis. No significant differences were found in the levels of COX-2 expression between different tumor tissue types. CONCLUSION No significant correlations were observed between clinical and/or pathological characteristics of thyroid tumors and the intensity of COX-2 protein expression. In addition, we found no difference in COX-2 protein expression between thyroiditis and thyroid tumors. Thus, up-regulation of COX-2 protein synthesis in human thyroid diseases does not appear to be of clinical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Lee
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tsilidis KK, Erlinger TP, Rifai N, Hoffman S, Hoffman-Bolton J, Helzlsouer KJ, Platz EA. C-reactive protein and colorectal adenoma in the CLUE II cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2008; 19:559-67. [PMID: 18214695 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-008-9117-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating C-reactive protein concentration has been associated with colorectal cancer in some studies. Whether C-reactive protein is associated with earlier steps in the natural history of this cancer has not been published (aside from an abstract). Thus, we evaluated the association between plasma C-reactive protein concentration and development of colorectal adenoma in a nested case-control study. METHODS Colorectal adenoma cases (n = 135) and matched controls (n = 269) who had a negative sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy were identified between baseline in 1989 and 2000 from among participants in the CLUE II cohort of Washington County, Maryland. Cases were confirmed by medical record review. Controls were matched with cases on age, sex, race, date of blood draw, time since last meal, and type of endoscopy. The odds ratio (OR) of adenoma was estimated from conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS C-reactive protein concentrations were similar between colorectal adenoma cases and controls (median C-reactive protein, 1.31 vs. 1.38 mg/l; p = 0.13). The OR of colorectal adenoma among those in the highest fourth (>2.95 mg/l) of C-reactive protein concentration compared with the lowest fourth (<0.65 mg/l) was 0.61 (95% confidence interval, 0.29-1.25; p for trend = 0.25). CONCLUSIONS Pre-diagnostic plasma C-reactive protein concentration was not associated with an increased risk of colorectal adenoma. More work is needed to determine whether C-reactive protein is a valid marker of intra-colonic inflammation, and whether such inflammation contributes to the etiology of colorectal neoplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chan AT, Giovannucci EL, Meyerhardt JA, Schernhammer ES, Wu K, Fuchs CS. Aspirin dose and duration of use and risk of colorectal cancer in men. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:21-8. [PMID: 18005960 PMCID: PMC2719297 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Long-term data on the risk of colorectal cancer according to dose, duration, and consistency of aspirin therapy are limited. METHODS We conducted a prospective study of 47,363 male health professionals who were ages 40-75 years at enrollment in 1986. Biennially, we collected data on aspirin use, other risk factors, and diagnoses of colorectal cancer. We confirmed all reports of colorectal cancer through 2004 by review of medical records. RESULTS During 18 years of follow-up, we documented 975 cases of colorectal cancer over 761,757 person-years. After adjustment for risk factors, men who regularly used aspirin (>/=2 times per week) had a multivariate relative risk (RR) for colorectal cancer of 0.79 (95% confidence interval, [CI], 0.69-0.90) compared with nonregular users. However, significant risk reduction required at least 6-10 years of use (P for trend = .008) and was no longer evident within 4 years of discontinuing use (multivariate RR, 1.00; CI, 0.72-1.39). The benefit appeared related to increasing cumulative average dose: compared with men who denied any aspirin use, the multivariate RRs for cancer were 0.94 (CI, 0.75-1.18) for men who used 0.5-1.5 standard aspirin tablets per week, 0.80 (CI, 0.63-1.01) for 2-5 aspirin tablets per week, 0.72 (CI, 0.56-0.92) for 6-14 aspirin tablets per week, and 0.30 (CI, 0.11-0.81) for >14 aspirin tablets per week (P for trend = .004). CONCLUSIONS Regular, long-term aspirin use reduces risk of colorectal cancer among men. However, the benefit of aspirin necessitates at least 6 years of consistent use, with maximal risk reduction at doses greater than 14 tablets per week. The potential hazards associated with long-term use of such doses should be carefully considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Chan
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Cancer Epidemiology Program, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Jeffrey A. Meyerhardt
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston
| | - Eva S. Schernhammer
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston
| | - Charles S. Fuchs
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Cancer Epidemiology Program, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hoffmeister M, Chang-Claude J, Brenner H. Individual and joint use of statins and low-dose aspirin and risk of colorectal cancer: a population-based case-control study. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:1325-30. [PMID: 17487832 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has drawn attention to protective effects of statins on colorectal cancer (CRC) and possible joint effects with other drugs. Because statins are often administered in combination with low-dose aspirin for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, the aim of our study was to investigate individual and combined effects of statins and low-dose aspirin on CRC risk. We assessed use of statins and low-dose aspirin in 540 cases with histologically confirmed incident CRC and 614 control subjects in a population-based case-control study in Germany. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the impact of regular use of either low-dose aspirin or statins, and of both drugs combined on CRC risk. We found modest risk reduction of CRC for regular use of low-dose aspirin (adjusted odds ratio 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.55-1.07) and a stronger association with regular use of statins (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43-0.99) or use of both drugs (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.36-1.10). Combined use of low-dose aspirin and statins was associated with risk reduction by 62% after 5 or more years (OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.15-0.97). Combinational chemoprevention with low-dose aspirin and statins might provide stronger risk reduction than either of the single drugs after at least 5 years use, but confirmation is needed, preferably in prospective cohort studies and eventually by randomized controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hoffmeister
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Logan R. Commentary: preventing colorectal cancer with aspirin what next? Int J Epidemiol 2007; 36:960-2. [PMID: 17921193 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dym204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Logan
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|