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Choi WT, Rabinovitch PS. DNA flow cytometry for detection of genomic instability as a cancer precursor in the gastrointestinal tract. Methods Cell Biol 2024; 186:25-49. [PMID: 38705603 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
One of the earliest applications of flow cytometry was the measurement of DNA content in cells. This method is based on the ability to stain DNA in a stoichiometric manner (i.e., the amount of stain is directly proportional to the amount of DNA within the cell). For more than 40years, a number of studies have consistently demonstrated the utility of DNA flow cytometry as a potential diagnostic and/or prognostic tool in patients with most epithelial tumors, including pre-invasive lesions (such as dysplasia) in the gastrointestinal tract. However, its availability as a clinical test has been limited to few medical centers due to the requirement for fresh tissue in earlier studies and perceived technical demands. However, more recent studies have successfully utilized formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue to generate high-quality DNA content histograms, demonstrating the feasibility of this methodology. This review summarizes step-by-step methods on how to perform DNA flow cytometry using FFPE tissue and analyze DNA content histograms based on the published consensus guidelines in order to assist in the diagnosis and/or risk stratification of many different epithelial tumors, with particular emphasis on dysplasia associated with Barrett's esophagus and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tak Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Peter S Rabinovitch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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2
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Patil DT, Odze RD. Barrett's Esophagus and Associated Dysplasia. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2024; 53:1-23. [PMID: 38280743 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Early detection of dysplasia and effective management are critical steps in halting neoplastic progression in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE). This review provides a contemporary overview of the BE-related dysplasia, its role in guiding surveillance and management, and discusses emerging diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that might further enhance patient management. Novel, noninvasive techniques for sampling and surveillance, adjunct biomarkers for risk assessment, and their limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa T Patil
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Robert D Odze
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Bukkuri A, Adler FR. Mathematical Modeling of Field Cancerization through the Lens of Cancer Behavioral Ecology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.07.552382. [PMID: 37609179 PMCID: PMC10441298 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.07.552382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Field cancerization is a process in which a normal tissue is replaced with pre-cancerous but histologically normal tissue. This transformed field can give rise to malignancy and contribute to tumor relapse. In this paper, we create a mathematical model of field cancerization from the perspective of cancer behavioral ecology. In our model, field cancerization arises from a breakdown in signaling integrity and control, and investigate implications for acute wounding, chronic wounding, aging, and therapeutic interventions. We find that restoration of communication networks can lead to cancer regression in the context of acute injury. Conversely, long term loss of controls, such as through chronic wounding or aging, can promote oncogenesis. These results are paralleled in therapeutic interventions: those that simply target cells in cancerous states may be less effective than those that reestablish signaling integrity. Viewing cancer as a corruption of communication systems rather than as a corruption of individual cells may lead to novel approaches for understanding and treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuraag Bukkuri
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program and Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Frederick R Adler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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4
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Jajosky A, Fels Elliott DR. Esophageal Cancer Genetics and Clinical Translation. Thorac Surg Clin 2022; 32:425-435. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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5
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Uno K, Koike T, Hatta W, Saito M, Tanabe M, Masamune A. Development of Advanced Imaging and Molecular Imaging for Barrett's Neoplasia. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:2437. [PMID: 36292126 PMCID: PMC9600913 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrett esophagus (BE) is a precursor to a life-threatening esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Surveillance endoscopy with random biopsies is recommended for early intervention against EAC, but its adherence in the clinical setting is poor. Dysplastic lesions with flat architecture and patchy distribution in BE are hardly detected by high-resolution endoscopy, and the surveillance protocol entails issues of time and labor and suboptimal interobserver agreement for diagnosing dysplasia. Therefore, the development of advanced imaging technologies is necessary for Barrett's surveillance. Recently, non-endoscopic or endoscopic technologies, such as cytosponge, endocytoscopy, confocal laser endomicroscopy, autofluorescence imaging, and optical coherence tomography/volumetric laser endomicroscopy, were developed, but most of them are not clinically available due to the limited view field, expense of the equipment, and significant time for the learning curve. Another strategy is focused on the development of molecular biomarkers, which are also not ready to use. However, a combination of advanced imaging techniques together with specific biomarkers is expected to identify morphological abnormalities and biological disorders at an early stage in the surveillance. Here, we review recent developments in advanced imaging and molecular imaging for Barrett's neoplasia. Further developments in multiple biomarker panels specific for Barrett's HGD/EAC include wide-field imaging systems for targeting 'red flags', a high-resolution imaging system for optical biopsy, and a computer-aided diagnosis system with artificial intelligence, all of which enable a real-time and accurate diagnosis of dysplastic BE in Barrett's surveillance and provide information for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Uno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 981-8574, Japan
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6
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Sugano K, Spechler SJ, El-Omar EM, McColl KEL, Takubo K, Gotoda T, Fujishiro M, Iijima K, Inoue H, Kawai T, Kinoshita Y, Miwa H, Mukaisho KI, Murakami K, Seto Y, Tajiri H, Bhatia S, Choi MG, Fitzgerald RC, Fock KM, Goh KL, Ho KY, Mahachai V, O'Donovan M, Odze R, Peek R, Rugge M, Sharma P, Sollano JD, Vieth M, Wu J, Wu MS, Zou D, Kaminishi M, Malfertheiner P. Kyoto international consensus report on anatomy, pathophysiology and clinical significance of the gastro-oesophageal junction. Gut 2022; 71:1488-1514. [PMID: 35725291 PMCID: PMC9279854 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An international meeting was organised to develop consensus on (1) the landmarks to define the gastro-oesophageal junction (GOJ), (2) the occurrence and pathophysiological significance of the cardiac gland, (3) the definition of the gastro-oesophageal junctional zone (GOJZ) and (4) the causes of inflammation, metaplasia and neoplasia occurring in the GOJZ. DESIGN Clinical questions relevant to the afore-mentioned major issues were drafted for which expert panels formulated relevant statements and textural explanations.A Delphi method using an anonymous system was employed to develop the consensus, the level of which was predefined as ≥80% of agreement. Two rounds of voting and amendments were completed before the meeting at which clinical questions and consensus were finalised. RESULTS Twenty eight clinical questions and statements were finalised after extensive amendments. Critical consensus was achieved: (1) definition for the GOJ, (2) definition of the GOJZ spanning 1 cm proximal and distal to the GOJ as defined by the end of palisade vessels was accepted based on the anatomical distribution of cardiac type gland, (3) chemical and bacterial (Helicobacter pylori) factors as the primary causes of inflammation, metaplasia and neoplasia occurring in the GOJZ, (4) a new definition of Barrett's oesophagus (BO). CONCLUSIONS This international consensus on the new definitions of BO, GOJ and the GOJZ will be instrumental in future studies aiming to resolve many issues on this important anatomic area and hopefully will lead to better classification and management of the diseases surrounding the GOJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Sugano
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Stuart Jon Spechler
- Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Esophageal Diseases, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Emad M El-Omar
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George & Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kenneth E L McColl
- Division of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kaiyo Takubo
- Research Team for Geriatric Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Gotoda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsunori Iijima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Inoue
- Digestive Disease Center, Showa University Koto Toyosu Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterological Endoscopy, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroto Miwa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Mukaisho
- Education Center for Medicine and Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kazunari Murakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yuhu, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Seto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisao Tajiri
- Jikei University School of Medicine, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Myung-Gyu Choi
- Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, The Republic of Korea
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kwong Ming Fock
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke NUS School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Khek Yu Ho
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Varocha Mahachai
- Center of Excellence in Digestive Diseases, Thammasat University and Science Resarch and Innovation, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Maria O'Donovan
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust UK, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Odze
- Department of Pathology, Tuft University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Peek
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Department of Medicine DIMED, Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Prateek Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jose D Sollano
- Department of Medicine, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Bayreuth, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen, Nurenberg, Germany
| | - Justin Wu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duowu Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Medizinixhe Klinik und Poliklinik II, Ludwig Maximillian University Klinikum, Munich, Germany
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Radiologie, Ludwig Maximillian University Klinikum, Munich, Germany
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7
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Schmidt M, Hackett RJ, Baker AM, McDonald SAC, Quante M, Graham TA. Evolutionary dynamics in Barrett oesophagus: implications for surveillance, risk stratification and therapy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:95-111. [PMID: 34728819 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00531-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer development is a dynamic evolutionary process characterized by marked intratumoural heterogeneity at the genetic, epigenetic and phenotypic levels. Barrett oesophagus, the pre-malignant condition to oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), is an exemplary system to longitudinally study the evolution of malignancy. Evidence has emerged of Barrett oesophagus lesions pre-programmed for progression to EAC many years before clinical detection, indicating a considerable window for therapeutic intervention. In this Review, we explore the mechanisms underlying clonal expansion and contraction that establish the Barrett oesophagus clonal mosaicism over time and space and discuss intrinsic genotypic and extrinsic environmental drivers that direct the evolutionary trajectory of Barrett oesophagus towards a malignant phenotype. We propose that understanding and exploiting the evolutionary dynamics of Barrett oesophagus will identify novel therapeutic targets, improve prognostic tools and offer the opportunity for personalized surveillance programmes geared to prevent progression to EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Schmidt
- Evolution and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), München, Germany
| | - Richard J Hackett
- Clonal Dynamics in Epithelia Group; Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Baker
- Evolution and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stuart A C McDonald
- Clonal Dynamics in Epithelia Group; Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michael Quante
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich (TUM), München, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Universitaetsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Trevor A Graham
- Evolution and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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8
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Maslyonkina KS, Konyukova AK, Alexeeva DY, Sinelnikov MY, Mikhaleva LM. Barrett's esophagus: The pathomorphological and molecular genetic keystones of neoplastic progression. Cancer Med 2022; 11:447-478. [PMID: 34870375 PMCID: PMC8729054 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus is a widespread chronically progressing disease of heterogeneous nature. A life threatening complication of this condition is neoplastic transformation, which is often overlooked due to lack of standardized approaches in diagnosis, preventative measures and treatment. In this essay, we aim to stratify existing data to show specific associations between neoplastic transformation and the underlying processes which predate cancerous transition. We discuss pathomorphological, genetic, epigenetic, molecular and immunohistochemical methods related to neoplasia detection on the basis of Barrett's esophagus. Our review sheds light on pathways of such neoplastic progression in the distal esophagus, providing valuable insight into progression assessment, preventative targets and treatment modalities. Our results suggest that molecular, genetic and epigenetic alterations in the esophagus arise earlier than cancerous transformation, meaning the discussed targets can help form preventative strategies in at-risk patient groups.
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9
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Choi WT, Lauwers GY, Montgomery EA. Utility of ancillary studies in the diagnosis and risk assessment of Barrett's esophagus and dysplasia. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1000-1012. [PMID: 35260826 PMCID: PMC9314252 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a major risk factor for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). BE patients undergo periodic endoscopic surveillance with biopsies to detect dysplasia and EAC, but this strategy is imperfect owing to sampling error and inconsistencies in the diagnosis and grading of dysplasia, which may result in an inaccurate diagnosis or risk assessment for progression to EAC. The desire for more accurate diagnosis and better risk stratification has prompted the investigation and development of potential biomarkers that might assist pathologists and clinicians in the management of BE patients, allowing more aggressive endoscopic surveillance and treatment options to be targeted to high-risk individuals, while avoiding frequent surveillance or unnecessary interventions in those at lower risk. It is known that progression of BE to dysplasia and EAC is accompanied by a host of genetic alterations, and that exploration of these markers could be potentially useful to diagnose/grade dysplasia and/or to risk stratify BE patients. Several biomarkers have shown promise in identifying early neoplastic transformation and thus may be useful adjuncts to histologic evaluation. This review provides an overview of some of the currently available biomarkers and assays, including p53 immunostaining, Wide Area Transepithelial Sampling with Three-Dimensional Computer-Assisted Analysis (WATS3D), TissueCypher, mutational load analysis (BarreGen), fluorescence in situ hybridization, and DNA content abnormalities as detected by DNA flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tak Choi
- University of California at San Francisco, Department of Pathology, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Gregory Y. Lauwers
- grid.468198.a0000 0000 9891 5233H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Department of Pathology, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Montgomery
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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10
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Wang H, DeFina SM, Bajpai M, Yan Q, Yang L, Zhou Z. DNA methylation markers in esophageal cancer: an emerging tool for cancer surveillance and treatment. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5644-5658. [PMID: 34873485 PMCID: PMC8640794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal carcinoma (EC) is one of the most pervasive cancers in the world, with upwards of 500,000 new diagnoses, annually. Despite its prominence, advancements in the detection and treatment of EC have been marginal over the past 30 years and the survival rate continues to stay below 20%. This is due to the uncommonly heterogeneous presentation of EC which presents unprecedented challenges in improving patient survival and quality of care. However, distinct epigenetic alterations to the DNA methylome may provide an avenue to drastically improve the detection and treatment of EC. Specifically, the creation of novel biomarker panels that consist of EC-specific methylation markers have shown promise as a potential alternative to the more invasive, contemporary diagnostic methods. Additionally, growing insight into the biological and clinical properties of EC-specific methylation patterns have opened a window of opportunity for enhanced treatment; of growing interest is the application of "DNMT inhibitors" - a class of drugs which inhibit excessive methylation and have been shown to re-sensitize chemoresistant tumors. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the current advancements in EC DNA methylation to underscore a potential approach to its detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Samuel M DeFina
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Manisha Bajpai
- Department of Medicine-Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New JerseyNew Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale UniversityNew Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Zhongren Zhou
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers The State University of New JerseyNew Brunswick, NJ, United States
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11
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Killcoyne S, Fitzgerald RC. Evolution and progression of Barrett's oesophagus to oesophageal cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:731-741. [PMID: 34545238 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are shaped through an evolutionary process of DNA mutation, cell selection and population expansion. Early steps in this process are driven by a set of mutated driver genes and structural alterations to the genome through copy number gains or losses. Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and the pre-invasive tissue, Barrett's oesophagus (BE), provide an ideal example in which to observe and study this evolution. BE displays early genomic instability, specifically in copy number changes that may later be observed in EAC. Furthermore, these early changes result in patterns of progression (that is, 'born bad', gradual or catastrophic) that may help to describe the evolution of EAC. As only a small proportion of patients with BE will go on to develop cancer, a better understanding of these patterns and the resulting genomic changes should improve early detection in EAC and may provide clues for the evolution of cancer more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Killcoyne
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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12
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Verma R, Sattar RSA, Nimisha, Apurva, Kumar A, Sharma AK, Sumi MP, Ahmad E, Ali A, Mahajan B, Saluja SS. Cross-talk between next generation sequencing methodologies to identify genomic signatures of esophageal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 162:103348. [PMID: 33961993 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The asymptomatic behaviour of esophageal cancerous cells at early stages develops advanced clinical presentation of the disease, resulting in poor prognosis and curbed intervention of therapeutic modalities. The endeavours to detect diagnostic and prognostic markers have been proven futile at the clinical platform. While several biomarkers have been investigated, including CYFRA 21-1, carcinoembryonic antigen and squamous cell carcinoma antigen, their sensitivity has not proved consistently satisfactory across the various stages of esophageal cancer. Hence, there is an impending requirement of biomarkers for early diagnosis and better prognosis. In the recent past, next generation sequencing (NGS) tool has emerged as an important tool to highlight the hallmarks of esophageal cancer (EC). This review summarizes the changes/mutations occurred in tumor cells during carcinogenesis and addresses the contribution of NGS techniques, viz. whole genome sequencing (WGS), RNA-Sequencing and Exome sequencing (ES), in EC. Additionally, this review highlights the connection between the findings from these techniques. An effort has been made to emphasize the genes affected and involved signaling pathway in EC. Further, investigations of these mutated genes would not only shed light on the relevant genes to be studied but also help in the better management and cure through personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Verma
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Real Sumayya Abdul Sattar
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Nimisha
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Apurva
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Abhay Kumar Sharma
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Mamta Parveen Sumi
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Ejaj Ahmad
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Asgar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Bhawna Mahajan
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India; Department of Biochemistry, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Sundeep Singh Saluja
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India; Department of GI Surgery, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), New Delhi, India.
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13
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White T, Szelinger S, LoBello J, King A, Aldrich J, Garinger N, Halbert M, Richholt RF, Mastrian SD, Babb C, Ozols AA, Goodman LJ, Basu GD, Royce T. Analytic validation and clinical utilization of the comprehensive genomic profiling test, GEM ExTra ®. Oncotarget 2021; 12:726-739. [PMID: 33889297 PMCID: PMC8057276 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed and analytically validated a comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) assay, GEM ExTra, for patients with advanced solid tumors that uses Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to characterize whole exomes employing a paired tumor-normal subtraction methodology. The assay detects single nucleotide variants (SNV), indels, focal copy number alterations (CNA), TERT promoter region, as well as tumor mutation burden (TMB) and microsatellite instability (MSI) status. Additionally, the assay incorporates whole transcriptome sequencing of the tumor sample that allows for the detection of gene fusions and select special transcripts, including AR-V7, EGFR vIII, EGFRvIV, and MET exon 14 skipping events. The assay has a mean target coverage of 180X for the normal (germline) and 400X for tumor DNA including enhanced probe design to facilitate the sequencing of difficult regions. Proprietary bioinformatics, paired with comprehensive clinical curation results in reporting that defines clinically actionable, FDA-approved, and clinical trial drug options for the management of the patient's cancer. GEM ExTra demonstrated analytic specificity (PPV) of > 99.9% and analytic sensitivity of 98.8%. Application of GEM ExTra to 1,435 patient samples revealed clinically actionable alterations in 83.9% of reports, including 31 (2.5%) where therapeutic recommendations were based on RNA fusion findings only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey White
- Ashion Analytics, LLC, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Szabolcs Szelinger
- Ashion Analytics, LLC, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Amy King
- Ashion Analytics, LLC, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cody Babb
- Ashion Analytics, LLC, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Royce
- Ashion Analytics, LLC, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, USA
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Alteration of protein expression and spliceosome pathway activity during Barrett's carcinogenesis. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:791-807. [PMID: 34227026 PMCID: PMC8370908 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a known precursor lesion and the strongest risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), a common and lethal type of cancer. Prediction of risk, the basis for efficient intervention, is commonly solely based on histologic examination. This approach is challenged by problems such as inter-observer variability in the face of the high heterogeneity of dysplastic tissue. Molecular markers might offer an additional way to understand the carcinogenesis and improve the diagnosis-and eventually treatment. In this study, we probed significant proteomic changes during dysplastic progression from BE into EAC. METHODS During endoscopic mucosa resection, epithelial and stromal tissue samples were collected by laser capture microdissection from 10 patients with normal BE and 13 patients with high-grade dysplastic/EAC. Samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. Expressed proteins were determined by label-free quantitation, and gene set enrichment was used to find differentially expressed pathways. The results were validated by immunohistochemistry for two selected key proteins (MSH6 and XPO5). RESULTS Comparing dysplastic/EAC to non-dysplastic BE, we found in equal volumes of epithelial tissue an overall up-regulation in terms of protein abundance and diversity, and determined a set of 226 differentially expressed proteins. Significantly higher expressions of MSH6 and XPO5 were validated orthogonally and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that disease-related proteomic alterations can be determined by analyzing minute amounts of cell-type-specific collected tissue. Further analysis indicated that alterations of certain pathways associated with carcinogenesis, such as micro-RNA trafficking, DNA damage repair, and spliceosome activity, exist in dysplastic/EAC.
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15
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Persistent or recurrent Barrett's neoplasia after an endoscopic therapy session is associated with DNA content abnormality and can be detected by DNA flow cytometric analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:1889-1900. [PMID: 34108638 PMCID: PMC8443444 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic therapy is currently the standard of care for the treatment of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or intramucosal adenocarcinoma (IMC) in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE). Visible lesions are treated with endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), which is often coupled with radiofrequency ablation (RFA). However, endoscopic therapy may require multiple sessions (one session every 2-3 months) and does not always assure complete eradication of neoplasia. Furthermore, despite complete eradication, recurrences are not uncommon. This study assesses which potential risk factors can predict a poor response after endoscopic sessions. Forty-five BE patients who underwent at least one endoscopic session (EMR alone or ablation with or without preceding EMR) for the treatment of HGD/IMC, low-grade dysplasia (LGD), or indefinite for dysplasia (IND) were analyzed. DNA flow cytometry was performed on 82 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from the 45 patients, including 78 HGD/IMC, 2 LGD, and 2 IND. Eight non-dysplastic BE samples were used as controls. Three to four 60-micron thick sections were cut from each tissue block, and the area of HGD/IMC, LGD, or IND was manually dissected. Potential associations between clinicopathologic risk factors and persistent/recurrent HGD/IMC following each endoscopic session were examined using univariate and multivariate Cox models with frailty terms. Sixty (73%) of the 82 specimens showed abnormal DNA content (aneuploidy or elevated 4N fraction). These were all specimens with HGD/IMC (representing 77% of that group). Of these 60 HGD/IMC samples with abnormal DNA content, 42 (70%) were associated with subsequent development of persistent/recurrent HGD/IMC (n = 41) or esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC; n = 1) within a mean follow-up time of 16 months (range: 1 month to 9.4 years). In contrast, only 6 (27%, all HGD/IMC) of the 22 remaining samples (all with normal DNA content) were associated with persistent/recurrent HGD/IMC. For outcome analysis per patient, 11 (24%) of the 45 patients developed persistent/recurrent HGD/IMC or EAC, despite multiple endoscopic sessions (mean: 3.6, range: 1-11). In a univariate Cox model, the presence of abnormal DNA content (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.8, p = 0.007), long BE segment ≥ 3 cm (HR = 3.4, p = 0.002), endoscopic nodularity (HR = 2.5, p = 0.042), and treatment with EMR alone (HR = 2.9, p = 0.006) were significantly associated with an increased risk for persistent/recurrent HGD/IMC or EAC. However, only abnormal DNA content (HR = 6.0, p = 0.003) and treatment with EMR alone (HR = 2.7, p = 0.047) remained as significant risk factors in a multivariate analysis. Age ≥ 60 years, gender, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, presence of hiatal hernia, and positive EMR lateral margin for neoplasia were not significant risk factors for persistent/recurrent HGD/IMC or EAC (p > 0.05). Three-month, 6-month, 1-year, 3-year, and 6-year adjusted probabilities of persistent/recurrent HGD/IMC or EAC in the setting of abnormal DNA content were 31%, 56%, 67%, 79%, and 83%, respectively. The corresponding probabilities in the setting of normal DNA content were 10%, 21%, 28%, 38%, and 43%, respectively. In conclusion, in BE patients with baseline HGD/IMC, both DNA content abnormality and treatment with EMR alone were significantly associated with persistent/recurrent HGD/IMC or EAC following each endoscopic session. DNA content abnormality as detected by DNA flow cytometry identifies HGD/IMC patients at highest risk for persistent/recurrent HGD/IMC or EAC, and it also serves as a diagnostic marker of HGD/IMC with an estimated sensitivity of 77%. The diagnosis of HGD/IMC in the setting of abnormal DNA content may warrant alternative treatment strategies as well as long-term follow-up with shorter surveillance intervals.
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Accordino G, Lettieri S, Bortolotto C, Benvenuti S, Gallotti A, Gattoni E, Agustoni F, Pozzi E, Rinaldi P, Primiceri C, Morbini P, Lancia A, Stella GM. From Interconnection between Genes and Microenvironment to Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Upper Gastro-Intestinal Cancers-A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082105. [PMID: 32751137 PMCID: PMC7465773 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress during the last decade, patients with advanced gastric and esophageal cancers still have poor prognosis. Finding optimal therapeutic strategies represents an unmet need in this field. Several prognostic and predictive factors have been evaluated and may guide clinicians in choosing a tailored treatment. Data from large studies investigating the role of immunotherapy in gastrointestinal cancers are promising but further investigations are necessary to better select those patients who can mostly benefit from these novel therapies. This review will focus on the treatment of metastatic esophageal and gastric cancer. We will review the standard of care and the role of novel therapies such as immunotherapies and CAR-T. Moreover, we will focus on the analysis of potential predictive biomarkers such as Modify as: Microsatellite Instability (MSI) and PD-L1, which may lead to treatment personalization and improved treatment outcomes. A multidisciplinary point of view is mandatory to generate an integrated approach to properly exploit these novel antiproliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Accordino
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (G.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Sara Lettieri
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (G.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Chandra Bortolotto
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (C.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Silvia Benvenuti
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l’Oncologia (FPO)-IRCCS-Str. Prov.le 142, km. 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy;
| | - Anna Gallotti
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (C.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Elisabetta Gattoni
- Department of Oncology, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL) AL, 27000 Casale Monferrato (AL), Italy;
| | - Francesco Agustoni
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Oncology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (F.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Emma Pozzi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Oncology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (F.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Pietro Rinaldi
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Unit of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (P.R.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristiano Primiceri
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Unit of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (P.R.); (C.P.)
| | - Patrizia Morbini
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Unit of Pathology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Andrea Lancia
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Radiation Therapy, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Giulia Maria Stella
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (G.A.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382503369; Fax: +39-0382502719
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Sethi NS, Kikuchi O, Duronio GN, Stachler MD, McFarland JM, Ferrer-Luna R, Zhang Y, Bao C, Bronson R, Patil D, Sanchez-Vega F, Liu JB, Sicinska E, Lazaro JB, Ligon KL, Beroukhim R, Bass AJ. Early TP53 alterations engage environmental exposures to promote gastric premalignancy in an integrative mouse model. Nat Genet 2020; 52:219-230. [PMID: 32025000 PMCID: PMC7031028 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Somatic alterations in cancer genes are being detected in normal and premalignant tissue, thus placing greater emphasis on gene-environment interactions that enable disease phenotypes. By combining early genetic alterations with disease-relevant exposures, we developed an integrative mouse model to study gastric premalignancy. Deletion of Trp53 in gastric cells confers a selective advantage and promotes the development of dysplasia in the setting of dietary carcinogens. Organoid derivation from dysplastic lesions facilitated genomic, transcriptional and functional evaluation of gastric premalignancy. Cell cycle regulators, most notably Cdkn2a, were upregulated by p53 inactivation in gastric premalignancy, serving as a barrier to disease progression. Co-deletion of Cdkn2a and Trp53 in dysplastic gastric organoids promoted cancer phenotypes but also induced replication stress, exposing a susceptibility to DNA damage response inhibitors. These findings demonstrate the utility of mouse models that integrate genomic alterations with relevant exposures and highlight the importance of gene-environment interactions in shaping the premalignant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay S Sethi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Treatment Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Osamu Kikuchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gina N Duronio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew D Stachler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James M McFarland
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ruben Ferrer-Luna
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yanxi Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chunyang Bao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roderick Bronson
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deepa Patil
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francisco Sanchez-Vega
- Department of Surgery and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jie-Bin Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ewa Sicinska
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean-Bernard Lazaro
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adam J Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Treatment Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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PIK3CA and KRAS Amplification in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and their Impact on the Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment and Prognosis. Transl Oncol 2019; 13:157-164. [PMID: 31865178 PMCID: PMC6931191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene amplifications of PIK3CA or KRAS induce a downstream activation of the AKT-mTOR or RAF-ERK-pathways. Interactions of the active AKT pathway have been implicated in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Nothing is known about these interactions or prognostic power in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). We retrospectively analyzed a large cohort of 685 EAC considering KRAS and PIK3CA gene amplification using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry. These results were correlated with clinical and molecular data as well as the inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Amplifications of KRAS were seen in 94 patients (17.1%), PIK3CA amplifications in 23 patients (5.0%). KRAS amplifications significantly correlated with nodal positive patients and poorer overall survival (OS) in the subgroup without neoadjuvant treatment (p = 0.004), coamplifications of Her2 (p = 0.027), and TP53 mutations (p = 0.016). PIK3CA amplifications significantly correlated with a high amount of tumor infiltrating T cells (p = 0.003) and showed a tendency to better OS (p = 0.068). A correlation with checkpoint makers (PD-L1, LAG3, VISTA, TIM3, IDO) could not be revealed. Our findings are the first to link the KRAS amplified genotype with lymphonodal positivity and poor prognosis and the PIK3CA-amplified genotype with a T cell–rich microenvironment in EAC. Future studies must show whether these two genotype subgroups can be therapeutically influenced. A dual inhibition of MEK and SHP2T could be effective in the subgroup of KRAS amplified EACs and an immune checkpoint blockade may prove to be particularly promising in the subgroup of PIK3CA-amplified EACs.
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Complex structural rearrangements are present in high-grade dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus samples. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:31. [PMID: 30717762 PMCID: PMC6360790 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) incidence is increasing and has a poor survival rate. Barrett’s oesophagus (BE) is a precursor condition that is associated with EAC and often occurs in conjunction with chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux, however many individuals diagnosed with BE never progress to cancer. An understanding of the genomic features of BE and EAC may help with the early identification of at-risk individuals. Methods In this study, we assessed the genomic features of 16 BE samples using whole-genome sequencing. These included non-dysplastic samples collected at two time-points from two BE patients who had not progressed to EAC over several years. Seven other non-dysplastic samples and five dysplastic BE samples with high-grade dysplasia were also examined. We compared the genome profiles of these 16 BE samples with 22 EAC samples. Results We observed that samples from the two non-progressor individuals had low numbers of somatic single nucleotide variants, indels and structural variation events compared to dysplastic and the remaining non-dysplastic BE. EAC had the highest level of somatic genomic variations. Mutational signature 17, which is common in EAC, was also present in non-dysplastic and dysplastic BE, but was not present in the non-progressors. Many dysplastic samples had mutations in genes previously reported in EAC, whereas only mutations in CDKN2A or in the fragile site genes appeared common in non-dysplastic samples. Rearrangement signatures were used to identify a signature associated with localised complex events such as chromothripsis and breakage fusion-bridge that are characteristic of EACs. Two dysplastic BE samples had a high contribution of this signature and contained evidence of localised rearrangements. Two other dysplastic samples also had regions of localised structural rearrangements. There was no evidence for complex events in non-dysplastic samples. Conclusions The presence of complex localised rearrangements in dysplastic samples indicates a need for further investigations into the role such events play in the progression from BE to EAC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12920-019-0476-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Histopathology of Barrett’s Esophagus and Early-Stage Esophageal Adenocarcinoma: An Updated Review. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord1010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma carries a very poor prognosis. For this reason, it is critical to have cost-effective surveillance and prevention strategies and early and accurate diagnosis, as well as evidence-based treatment guidelines. Barrett’s esophagus is the most important precursor lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma, which follows a defined metaplasia–dysplasia–carcinoma sequence. Accurate recognition of dysplasia in Barrett’s esophagus is crucial due to its pivotal prognostic value. For early-stage esophageal adenocarcinoma, depth of submucosal invasion is a key prognostic factor. Our systematic review of all published data demonstrates a “rule of doubling” for the frequency of lymph node metastases: tumor invasion into each progressively deeper third of submucosal layer corresponds with a twofold increase in the risk of nodal metastases (9.9% in the superficial third of submucosa (sm1) group, 22.0% in the middle third of submucosa (sm2) group, and 40.7% in deep third of submucosa (sm3) group). Other important risk factors include lymphovascular invasion, tumor differentiation, and the recently reported tumor budding. In this review, we provide a concise update on the histopathological features, ancillary studies, molecular signatures, and surveillance/management guidelines along the natural history from Barrett’s esophagus to early stage invasive adenocarcinoma for practicing pathologists.
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Qureshi AP, Stachler MD, Haque O, Odze RD. Biomarkers for Barrett's esophagus - a contemporary review. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2018; 18:939-946. [PMID: 30345836 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2018.1538793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has a poor 5-year survival rate (10%-18%), and incidence has increased dramatically in the past three decades. Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the precursor lesion to EAC and is the replacement of the normally squamous lined esophagus with columnar cells that develop an intestinal phenotype characterized by the presence of goblet cells. Given the known precursor state, EAC is amenable to screening and surveillance strategies (analogous to colon cancer). However, unlike from colon cancer screening, BE poses challenges that make effective screening difficult. Robust and concerted effort is under way to find biomarkers of BE. Areas covered: This review summarizes current known biomarkers for BE. These include dysplasia, genomic markers, and gene expression alterations that occur early in the dysplasia/carcinoma sequence. Expert commentary: Despite the tremendous breadth of work in studying molecular advances, the ideal biomarker for BE has not yet been discerned. This review comments on innovations in the field of BE research that combine state-of-the-art molecular advances with simple technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia P Qureshi
- a Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA
| | - Matthew D Stachler
- b Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School , Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA
| | - Omar Haque
- a Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery , Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA
| | - Robert D Odze
- b Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School , Brigham and Women's Hospital , Boston , MA
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Krothapalli M, Kini JR, Kini H, Sahu KK, Shenoy S, Krishna SG, Tantry BV. Evaluation of p53 protein expression in Barrett esophagus. INDIAN J PATHOL MICR 2018; 61:170-175. [PMID: 29676351 DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_369_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of heterozygosity of p53 along with aneuploidy is deemed to be the early molecular steps in Barrett metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. Objective biomarkers need to be used along with microscopy for risk stratification to predict the progression of Barrett esophagus (BE) to carcinoma. Aim This study aims to study p53 protein expression in dysplasia and correlate the same with morphology in BE. Materials and Methods A time-bound study was conducted from January 2011 to June 2015. All esophageal biopsies showing histological evidence of columnar epithelium with the presence of goblet cells were included. The cases which showed dysplasia were graded on hematoxylin and eosin stain. Evaluation of p53 immunohistochemistry staining was done on all the cases of BE. Dysplasia was correlated with the expression of p53 using Chi-square value (χ2) and Fischer's exact test wherever appropriate. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results Of 829 esophageal biopsies received, 119 were endoscopically suspected to be BE, of which 85 cases were confirmed on microscopy. In our study, there were 75 cases negative for dysplasia (88.2%), 8 with low-grade dysplasia (LGD) (9.4%), and two with high-grade dysplasia (HGD) (2.4%). Three cases of BE had associated adenocarcinoma. Immunostaining with p53 done on all the 85 cases showed positive staining in all cases with LGD, one with HGD and two with adenocarcinoma. In the present study, immunostaining with p53 showed 90% sensitivity, 89.3% specificity, positive predictive value of 52.9%, and negative predictive value of 98.5%. Conclusion The technical simplicity, easy availability, and comparatively lower cost enhance the role of p53 as a biomarker in risk stratification for patients with BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahathi Krothapalli
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Jyoti Ramnath Kini
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Hema Kini
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Kausalya Kumari Sahu
- Department of Pathology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Suresh Shenoy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandeep Gopal Krishna
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - B V Tantry
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) develops from Barrett's esophagus (BE), a condition where the normal squamous epithelia is replaced by specialized intestinal metaplasia in response to chronic gastroesophageal acid reflux. In a minority of individuals, BE can progress to low- and high-grade dysplasia and eventually to intra-mucosal and then invasive carcinoma. BE provides researchers with a unique model to characterize the process by which a carcinoma arises from its precursor lesion. Molecular studies of BE have demonstrated that it is not simply a metaplastic tissue, but rather it harbors frequent alterations that are also present in dysplastic BE and in EAC. Both BE and EAC are characterized by loss of heterozygosity, aneuploidy, specific genetic mutations, and clonal diversity. Epigenetic abnormalities, primary alterations in DNA methylation, are also frequently seen in BE and EAC. Candidate gene and array-based approaches have demonstrated that numerous tumor suppressor genes exhibit aberrant promoter methylation, and some of these altered genes are associated with the neoplastic progression of BE. It has also been shown that the BE and EAC epigenomes are characterized by hypomethylation of intragenic and non-coding regions Recent studies have also provided new insight into the evolutionary forces underlying the molecular alterations seen in BE and EAC and into the molecular pathogenesis of EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Grady
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA,University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Ming Yu
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA
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Choi WT, Tsai JH, Rabinovitch PS, Small T, Huang D, Mattis AN, Kakar S. Diagnosis and risk stratification of Barrett's dysplasia by flow cytometric DNA analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue. Gut 2018. [PMID: 28642331 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus (BO) can be challenging, and reliable ancillary techniques are not available. This study examines if DNA content abnormality detected by flow cytometry can serve as a diagnostic marker of dysplasia and facilitate risk stratification of low-grade dysplasia (LGD) and indefinite for dysplasia (IND) patients using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) BO samples with varying degrees of dysplasia. DESIGN DNA flow cytometry was performed on 80 FFPE BO samples with high-grade dysplasia (HGD), 38 LGD, 21 IND and 14 negative for dysplasia (ND). Three to four 60-micron thick sections were cut from each tissue block, and the area of interest was manually dissected. RESULTS DNA content abnormality was identified in 76 HGD (95%), 8 LGD (21.1%), 2 IND (9.5%) and 0 ND samples. As a diagnostic marker of HGD, the estimated sensitivity and specificity of DNA content abnormality were 95% and 85%, respectively. For patients with DNA content abnormality detected at baseline LGD or IND, the univariate HRs for subsequent detection of HGD or oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) were 7.0 and 20.0, respectively (p =<0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the promise of DNA flow cytometry using FFPE tissue in the diagnosis and risk stratification of dysplasia in BO. The presence of DNA content abnormality correlates with increasing levels of dysplasia, as 95% of HGD samples showed DNA content abnormality. DNA flow cytometry also identifies a subset of patients with LGD and IND who are at higher risk for subsequent detection of HGD or OAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Tak Choi
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jia-Huei Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Thomas Small
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Danning Huang
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Aras N Mattis
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sanjay Kakar
- Department of Pathology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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25
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Abstract
Tumorigenesis begins long before the growth of a clinically detectable lesion and, indeed, even before any of the usual morphological correlates of pre-malignancy are recognizable. Field cancerization, which is the replacement of the normal cell population by a cancer-primed cell population that may show no morphological change, is now recognized to underlie the development of many types of cancer, including the common carcinomas of the lung, colon, skin, prostate and bladder. Field cancerization is the consequence of the evolution of somatic cells in the body that results in cells that carry some but not all phenotypes required for malignancy. Here, we review the evidence of field cancerization across organs and examine the biological mechanisms that drive the evolutionary process that results in field creation. We discuss the clinical implications, principally, how measurements of the cancerized field could improve cancer risk prediction in patients with pre-malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Curtius
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Nicholas A Wright
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
| | - Trevor A Graham
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, EC1M 6BQ London, UK
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26
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Contino G, Vaughan TL, Whiteman D, Fitzgerald RC. The Evolving Genomic Landscape of Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:657-673.e1. [PMID: 28716721 PMCID: PMC6025803 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have recently gained unprecedented insight into genetic factors that determine risk for Barrett's esophagus (BE) and progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA). Next-generation sequencing technologies have allowed us to identify somatic mutations that initiate BE and track genetic changes during development of tumors and invasive cancer. These technologies led to identification of mechanisms of tumorigenesis that challenge the current multistep model of progression to EA. Newer, cost-effective technologies create opportunities to rapidly translate the analysis of DNA into tools that can identify patients with BE at high risk for cancer, detect dysplastic lesions more reliably, and uncover mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Contino
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Thomas L Vaughan
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David Whiteman
- Cancer Control, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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27
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Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide and is therefore a major global health challenge. The two major subtypes of oesophageal cancer are oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), which are epidemiologically and biologically distinct. OSCC accounts for 90% of all cases of oesophageal cancer globally and is highly prevalent in the East, East Africa and South America. OAC is more common in developed countries than in developing countries. Preneoplastic lesions are identifiable for both OSCC and OAC; these are frequently amenable to endoscopic ablative therapies. Most patients with oesophageal cancer require extensive treatment, including chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy and/or surgical resection. Patients with advanced or metastatic oesophageal cancer are treated with palliative chemotherapy; those who are human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive may also benefit from trastuzumab treatment. Immuno-oncology therapies have also shown promising early results in OSCC and OAC. In this Primer, we review state-of-the-art knowledge on the biology and treatment of oesophageal cancer, including screening, endoscopic ablative therapies and emerging molecular targets, and we discuss best practices in chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, surgery and the maintenance of patient quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Smyth
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London & Sutton. United Kingdom
| | - Jesper Lagergren
- Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, United Kingdom
- Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Molecular medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Florian Lordick
- University Cancer Center Leipzig, University Medicine Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manish A. Shah
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York. United States
| | - Pernilla Lagergren
- Surgical care science, Department of Molecular medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Cunningham
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London & Sutton. United Kingdom
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28
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Poneros JM, Faye AS, Barr Fritcher EG, Sen A, Anandasabapathy S, Bresalier RS, Marcon N, Turgeon DK, Appelman H, Normolle D, Morrison LE, Brenner DE, Halling KC. A Multicenter Study of a Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Probe Set for Diagnosing High-Grade Dysplasia and Adenocarcinoma in Barrett's Esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1216-1222. [PMID: 28265829 PMCID: PMC6052443 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Preliminary single-institution data suggest that fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) may be useful for detecting high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE). This multicenter study aims to validate the measurement of polysomy (gain of at least two loci) by FISH as a way to discriminate degrees of dysplasia in BE specimens. METHODS Tissue specimens were collected from four different hospitals and read by both the local pathology department ("Site diagnosis") and a single central pathologist ("Review diagnosis") at a separate institution. The specimens then underwent FISH analysis using probes 8q24 (MYC), 9p21 (CDKN2A), 17q12 (ERBB2), and 20q13 (ZNF217) for comparison. A total of 46 non-BE, 42 non-dysplastic specialized intestinal metaplasia (SIM), 23 indefinite-grade dysplasia (IGD), 10 low-grade dysplasia (LGD), 29 HGD, and 42 EA specimens were analyzed. RESULTS We found that polysomy, as detected by FISH, was the predominant chromosomal abnormality present as dysplasia increased. Polysomy was also the best predictor for the presence of dysplasia or EA when comparing its area under the curve to that of other FISH abnormalities. We observed that if at least 10% of cells had polysomy within a specimen, the FISH probe was able to differentiate between EA/HGD and the remaining pathologies with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 88%. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that using FISH to determine the percentage of cells with polysomy can accurately and objectively aid in the diagnosis of HGD/EA in BE specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Poneros
- Department of Gastroenterology, Columbia University, Medical Center, 161 Fort Washington Avenue, Suite 862,, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Adam S. Faye
- Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University, Medical Center, 177 Fort Washington Avenue, Milstein 6C-, 12, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Emily G. Barr Fritcher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo, Clinic, 200 First SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ananda Sen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan Medical, Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan, Medical School, 1018 Fuller St., Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Sharmila Anandasabapathy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Baylor College of, Medicine, Baylor St. Luke’s Medical Center Clinic, 7200, Cambridge Street Suite 10C, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert S. Bresalier
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Texas M.D., Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1466,, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Norman Marcon
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Toronto,, Toronto, ON, Canada,St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, 30 Bond, Street, 16-062 Cardinal Carter South Wing, Toronto,, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - D. Kim Turgeon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Health System, Taubman Center Floor 3, Reception D,, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Henry Appelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical, Center, 1301 Catherine St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Normolle
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh Cancer, Institute, 201 North Craig Street, Sterling Plaza Suite 325,, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | | - Dean E. Brenner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Medical Center, 1500 E Medical Center Dr #2150,, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kevin C. Halling
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo, Clinic, 200 First SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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29
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Altaf K, Xiong JJ, la Iglesia DD, Hickey L, Kaul A. Meta-analysis of biomarkers predicting risk of malignant progression in Barrett's oesophagus. Br J Surg 2017; 104:493-502. [PMID: 28295252 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barrett's oesophagus is a precursor to the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. This study sought to clarify the role of genetic, chromosomal and proliferation biomarkers that have been the subjects of multiple studies through meta-analysis. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for clinical studies assessing the value of p53, p16, Ki-67 and DNA content abnormalities in Barrett's oesophagus. The main outcome measure was the risk of development of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or oesophageal adenocarcinoma. RESULTS Some 102 studies, with 12 353 samples, were identified. Mutation (diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) 10·91, sensitivity 47 per cent, specificity 92 per cent, positive likelihood ratio (PLR) 4·71, negative likelihood ratio (NLR) 0·65, area under the curve (AUC) 0·792) and loss (DOR 16·16, sensitivity 31 per cent, specificity 98 per cent, PLR 6·66, NLR 0·41, AUC 0·923) of p53 were found to be superior to the other p53 abnormalities (loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and overexpression). Ki-67 had high sensitivity in identifying high-risk patients (DOR 5·54, sensitivity 82 per cent, specificity 48 per cent, PLR 1·59, NLR 0·42, AUC 0·761). Aneuploidy (DOR 12·08, sensitivity 53 per cent, specificity 87 per cent, PLR 4·26, NLR 0·42, AUC 0·846), tetraploidy (DOR 5·87, sensitivity 46 per cent, specificity 85 per cent, PLR 3·47, NLR 0·65, AUC 0·793) and loss of Y chromosome (DOR 9·23, sensitivity 68 per cent, specificity 80 per cent, PLR 2·67, NLR 0·49, AUC 0·807) also predicted malignant development, but p16 aberrations (hypermethylation, LOH, mutation and loss) failed to demonstrate any advantage over the other biomarkers studied. CONCLUSION Loss and mutation of p53, and raised level of Ki-67 predicted malignant progression in Barrett's oesophagus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Altaf
- Department of Surgery, Whiston Hospital, St Helen's and Knowsley Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - J-J Xiong
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - D De la Iglesia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - L Hickey
- Department of Surgery, Whiston Hospital, St Helen's and Knowsley Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Kaul
- Department of Surgery, Whiston Hospital, St Helen's and Knowsley Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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30
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Abstract
In The Cancer Genome Atlas the goals were to define how to treat advanced cancers with targeted therapy. However, the challenges facing cancer interception for early detection and prevention include length bias in which current screening and surveillance approaches frequently miss rapidly progressing cancers that then present at advanced stages in the clinic with symptoms (underdiagnosis). In contrast, many early detection strategies detect benign conditions that may never progress to cancer during a lifetime, and the patient dies of unrelated causes (overdiagnosis). This challenge to cancer interception is believed to be due to the speed at which the neoplasm evolves, called length bias sampling; rapidly progressing cancers are missed by current early detection strategies. In contrast, slowly or non-progressing cancers or their precursors are selectively detected. This has led to the concept of cancer interception, which can be defined as active interception of a biological process that drives cancer development before the patient presents in the clinic with an advanced, symptomatic cancer. The solutions needed to advance strategies for cancer interception require assessing the rate at which the cancer evolves over time and space. This is an essential challenge that needs to be addressed by robust study designs including normal and non-progressing controls when known to be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Reid
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Brian J. Reid, MD, PhD, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, C1-157, PO Box 19024, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024. fax: (206) 667-6192.1100 Fairview Avenue N, C1-157, PO Box 19024SeattleWashington 98109-1024
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31
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Abstract
The article by Banerjee and colleagues published in this issue of the journal involving a randomized control prevention trial of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in Barrett esophagus reported a null outcome despite being well designed and executed. Possible reasons for this null outcome are discussed focusing on use of surrogate endpoints in the trial. The trial is especially topical because it comes at a time when there are calls for a Pre-Cancer Genome Atlas (PCGA) for "understanding the earliest molecular and cellular events associated with cancer initiation…" This commentary discusses current concepts in prevention research including branched evolution that leads to therapeutic resistance. Length bias sampling postulates underdiagnosis is due to rapidly progressing disease that is difficult to detect by screening because it progresses to cancer too rapidly and that overdiagnosis is the result of very slowly or nonprogressing disease that is easy to detect by screening because it persists for a lifetime and the patient dies of unrelated causes. Finally, it also explores study designs, including surrogate endpoints in Barrett esophagus trials, and opportunities and pitfalls for a PCGA in the context of high levels of over and underdiagnosis of Barrett esophagus as well as many other cancers and their precursors. Cancer Prev Res; 9(7); 512-7. ©2016 AACRSee related article by Banerjee, et al., p. 528.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Reid
- Divisions of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Departments of Genome Sciences and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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32
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The Complex, Clonal, and Controversial Nature of Barrett's Esophagus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 908:27-40. [PMID: 27573766 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41388-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BO) is a preneoplastic condition described as the replacement of the stratified squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus with one that histologically presents as a diverse mixture of metaplastic glands resembling gastric or intestinal-type columnar epithelium. The clonal origins of BO are still unclear. More recently, we have begun to investigate the relationship between the various metaplastic gland phenotypes observed in BO, how they evolve, and the cancer risk they bestow. Studies have revealed that glands along the BO segment are clonal units containing a single stem cell clone that can give rise to all the differentiated epithelial cell types in glands. Clonal lineage tracing analysis has revealed that Barrett's glands are capable of bifurcation and this facilitates clonal expansion and competition. In fact, BO in some patients appears to consist of multiple, independently initiated clones that compete with each other for space and possibly resources. This chapter discusses the concepts of clonal competition and expansion in BO and sets out to query what we know about the role of gland diversity and phenotypic evolution within this complex columnar metaplasia.
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33
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Pusung M, Zeki S, Fitzgerald R. Genomics of Esophageal Cancer and Biomarkers for Early Detection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 908:237-63. [PMID: 27573775 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41388-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In-depth molecular characterization of esophageal oncogenesis has improved over the recent years. Advancement in molecular biology and bioinformatics has led to better understanding of its genomic landscape. More specifically, analysis of its pathogenesis at the genetic level has uncovered the involvement of a number of tumor suppressor genes, cell cycle regulators, and receptor tyrosine kinases. Due to its poor prognosis, the development of clinically applicable biomarkers for diagnosis, progression, and treatment has been the focus of many research studies concentrating on upper gastrointestinal malignancies. As in other cancers, early detection and subsequent intervention of the preneoplastic condition significantly improves patient outcomes. Currently, clinically approved surveillance practices heavily depend on expensive, invasive, and sampling-error-prone endoscopic procedures. There is, therefore, a great demand to establish clearly reliable biomarkers that could identify those patients at higher risk of neoplastic progression and hence would greatly benefit from further monitoring and/or intervention. This chapter will present the most recent advances in the analysis of the esophageal cancer genome serving as basis for biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pusung
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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34
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di Pietro M, Bird-Lieberman EL, Liu X, Nuckcheddy-Grant T, Bertani H, O'Donovan M, Fitzgerald RC. Autofluorescence-Directed Confocal Endomicroscopy in Combination With a Three-Biomarker Panel Can Inform Management Decisions in Barrett's Esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110:1549-58. [PMID: 26416188 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2015.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Barrett's esophagus (BE) surveillance with white-light endoscopy and quadrantic biopsies (Seattle protocol) is resource intensive and limited by sampling error. Previous work suggests that autofluorescence imaging (AFI) in combination with a molecular panel might reduce the number of biopsies, but this was not sufficiently sensitive for low-grade dysplasia, now a point for endoscopic intervention. Here we used AFI to direct narrow-field imaging tools for real-time optical assessment of dysplasia and biopsies for a biomarker panel. We compared the new diagnostic algorithm with the current standard. METHODS A total of 55 patients with BE were recruited at a single tertiary referral center. Patients underwent high-resolution endoscopy followed by AFI. AFI-targeted areas (n=194) were examined in turn by narrow-band imaging with magnification (NBIz) and probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE). Biopsies were taken from AFI-targeted areas and tested using an established molecular panel comprising aneuploidy plus cyclin A and p53 immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In the per-patient analysis the overall sensitivity and specificity of AFI-targeted pCLE were 100% and 53.6% for high-grade dysplasia/intramucosal cancer and 96.4% and 74.1% for any grade of dysplasia, respectively. NBIz had equal specificity for dysplasia detection (74.1%), but significantly lower sensitivity (57.1%) than pCLE. The time required to perform AFI-targeted pCLE was shorter that that taken by the Seattle protocol (P=0.0004). We found enrichment of molecular abnormalities in areas with optical dysplasia by pCLE (P<0.001), regardless of histologic dysplasia. The addition of the 3-biomarker panel reduced the false positive rate of pCLE by 50%, leading to sensitivity and specificity for any grade of dysplasia of 89.2% and 88.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The combination of pCLE on AFI-targeted areas and a 3-biomarker panel identifies patients with dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth L Bird-Lieberman
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Xinxue Liu
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Helga Bertani
- Department of Digestive Endoscopy, Nuovo Ospedale Civile S. Agostino, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria O'Donovan
- Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
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Stachler MD, Taylor-Weiner A, Peng S, McKenna A, Agoston AT, Odze RD, Davison JM, Nason KS, Loda M, Leshchiner I, Stewart C, Stojanov P, Seepo S, Lawrence MS, Ferrer-Torres D, Lin J, Chang AC, Gabriel SB, Lander ES, Beer DG, Getz G, Carter SL, Bass AJ. Paired exome analysis of Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Nat Genet 2015; 47:1047-55. [PMID: 26192918 PMCID: PMC4552571 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus is thought to progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) through a stepwise progression with loss of CDKN2A followed by TP53 inactivation and aneuploidy. Here we present whole-exome sequencing from 25 pairs of EAC and Barrett's esophagus and from 5 patients whose Barrett's esophagus and tumor were extensively sampled. Our analysis showed that oncogene amplification typically occurred as a late event and that TP53 mutations often occurred early in Barrett's esophagus progression, including in non-dysplastic epithelium. Reanalysis of additional EAC exome data showed that the majority (62.5%) of EACs emerged following genome doubling and that tumors with genomic doubling had different patterns of genomic alterations, with more frequent oncogenic amplification and less frequent inactivation of tumor suppressors, including CDKN2A. These data suggest that many EACs emerge not through the gradual accumulation of tumor-suppressor alterations but rather through a more direct path whereby a TP53-mutant cell undergoes genome doubling, followed by the acquisition of oncogenic amplifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Stachler
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Shouyong Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Agoston T Agoston
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert D Odze
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jon M Davison
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katie S Nason
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Chip Stewart
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Petar Stojanov
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Seepo
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Jules Lin
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew C Chang
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stacey B Gabriel
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric S Lander
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David G Beer
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gad Getz
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Scott L Carter
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Joint Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam J Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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36
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Kaz AM, Grady WM, Stachler MD, Bass AJ. Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2015; 44:473-89. [PMID: 26021206 PMCID: PMC4449457 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) develops from Barrett's esophagus (BE), wherein normal squamous epithelia is replaced by specialized intestinal metaplasia in response to chronic gastroesophageal acid reflux. BE can progress to low- and high-grade dysplasia, intramucosal, and invasive carcinoma. Both BE and EAC are characterized by loss of heterozygosity, aneuploidy, specific genetic mutations, and clonal diversity. Given the limitations of histopathology, genomic and epigenomic analyses may improve the precision of risk stratification. Assays to detect molecular alterations associated with neoplastic progression could be used to improve the pathologic assessment of BE/EAC and to select high-risk patients for more intensive surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Kaz
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, R&D Department, Seattle, WA,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA,University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - William M. Grady
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA,University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Matthew D. Stachler
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Adam J. Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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37
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The use of molecular markers in predicting dysplasia and guiding treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2015; 29:113-24. [PMID: 25743460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The ability to stratify patients based on the risk of progression to oesophageal adenocarcinoma would provide benefit to patients as well as deliver a more cost effective surveillance programme. Current practice is to survey all patients with Barrett's oesophagus (BO) and use histological diagnoses to guide further management. However, reliance on histology alone has its drawbacks. We are currently unable to reliably stratify the risk of progression of patients with non-dysplastic BO based on any particular histological feature. There is also considerable variability in histological interpretation. An obvious recourse has been to rely on identifying molecular features possibly as an adjunct to histology, to better diagnose and stratify patients. To this end, p53 immunohistochemistry can be used as a useful adjunct to risk stratify and clarify histological grades, particularly low-grade dysplasia. Other markers of progression, although not yet in a clinically applicable format, are promising. Measurements of promoter methylation and also genomic instability such as loss of heterozygosity and copy number alterations show promise especially as high throughput genetic technologies reach maturity. The enduring hope is that these molecular biomarkers will make the transition to clinical applicability either in the direct endoscopic setting or even using non-endoscopic methods.
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38
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di Pietro M, Boerwinkel DF, Shariff MK, Liu X, Telakis E, Lao-Sirieix P, Walker E, Couch G, Mills L, Nuckcheddy-Grant T, Slininger S, O'Donovan M, Visser M, Meijer SL, Kaye PV, Wernisch L, Ragunath K, Bergman JJGHM, Fitzgerald RC. The combination of autofluorescence endoscopy and molecular biomarkers is a novel diagnostic tool for dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus. Gut 2015; 64:49-56. [PMID: 24721904 PMCID: PMC4283667 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-305975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endoscopic surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus (BO) is limited by sampling error and the subjectivity of diagnosing dysplasia. We aimed to compare a biomarker panel on minimal biopsies directed by autofluorescence imaging (AFI) with the standard surveillance protocol to derive an objective tool for dysplasia assessment. DESIGN We performed a cross-sectional prospective study in three tertiary referral centres. Patients with BO underwent high-resolution endoscopy followed by AFI-targeted biopsies. 157 patients completed the biopsy protocol. Aneuploidy/tetraploidy; 9p and 17p loss of heterozygosity; RUNX3, HPP1 and p16 methylation; p53 and cyclin A immunohistochemistry were assessed. Bootstrap resampling was used to select the best diagnostic biomarker panel for high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and early cancer (EC). This panel was validated in an independent cohort of 46 patients. RESULTS Aneuploidy, p53 immunohistochemistry and cyclin A had the strongest association with dysplasia in the per-biopsy analysis and, as a panel, had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.97 (95% CI 0.95 to 0.99) for diagnosing HGD/EC. The diagnostic accuracy for HGD/EC of the three-biomarker panel from AFI+ areas was superior to AFI- areas (p<0.001). Compared with the standard protocol, this panel had equal sensitivity for HGD/EC, with a 4.5-fold reduction in the number of biopsies. In an independent cohort of patients, the panel had a sensitivity and specificity for HGD/EC of 100% and 85%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A three-biomarker panel on a small number of AFI-targeted biopsies provides an accurate and objective diagnosis of dysplasia in BO. The clinical implications have to be studied further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David F Boerwinkel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Xinxue Liu
- Medical Research Council, Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Pierre Lao-Sirieix
- Medical Research Council, Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elaine Walker
- Medical Research Council, Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George Couch
- Medical Research Council, Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leanne Mills
- Medical Research Council, Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Susan Slininger
- Digestive Disease Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Maria O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council, Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mike Visser
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren L Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip V Kaye
- Department of Pathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Krish Ragunath
- Digestive Disease Centre, NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS trust, Nottingham, UK
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Buas MF, Levine DM, Makar KW, Utsugi H, Onstad L, Li X, Galipeau PC, Shaheen NJ, Hardie LJ, Romero Y, Bernstein L, Gammon MD, Casson AG, Bird NC, Risch HA, Ye W, Liu G, Corley DA, Blount PL, Fitzgerald RC, Whiteman DC, Wu AH, Reid BJ, Vaughan TL. Integrative post-genome-wide association analysis of CDKN2A and TP53 SNPs and risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2740-7. [PMID: 25280564 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) in Western countries has increased markedly in recent decades. Although several risk factors have been identified for EA and its precursor, Barrett's esophagus (BE), including reflux, Caucasian race, male gender, obesity, and smoking, less is known about the role of inherited genetic variation. Frequent somatic mutations in the tumor suppressor genes CDKN2A and TP53 were recently reported in EA tumors, while somatic alterations at 9p (CDKN2A) and 17p (TP53) have been implicated as predictors of progression from BE to EA. Motivated by these findings, we used data from a genome-wide association study of 2515 EA cases and 3207 controls to analyze 37 germline single nucleotide polymorphisms at the CDKN2A and TP53 loci. Three CDKN2A polymorphisms were nominally associated (P < 0.05) with reduced risk of EA: rs2518720 C>T [intronic, odds ratio 0.90, P = 0.0121, q = 0.3059], rs3088440 G>A (3'UTR, odds ratio 0.84, P = 0.0186, q = 0.3059), and rs4074785 C>T (intronic, odds ratio 0.85, P = 0.0248, q = 0.3059). None of the TP53 single nucleotide polymorphisms reached nominal significance. Two of the CDKN2A variants identified were also associated with reduced risk of progression from BE to EA, when assessed in a prospective cohort of 408 BE patients: rs2518720 (hazard ratio 0.57, P = 0.0095, q = 0.0285) and rs3088440 (hazard ratio 0.34, P = 0.0368, q = 0.0552). In vitro functional studies of rs3088440, a single nucleotide polymorphism located in the seed sequence of a predicted miR-663b binding site, suggested a mechanism whereby the G>A substitution may attenuate miR-663b-mediated repression of the CDKN2A transcript. This study provides the first evidence that germline variation at the CDKN2A locus may influence EA susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Buas
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA,
| | - David M Levine
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Karen W Makar
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heidi Utsugi
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Lynn Onstad
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Patricia C Galipeau
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nicholas J Shaheen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Laura J Hardie
- Division of Epidemiology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Yvonne Romero
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MI 55905, USA, The Romero Registry, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MI 55905, USA
| | - Leslie Bernstein
- Department of Populations Sciences, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alan G Casson
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Nigel C Bird
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX UK
| | - Harvey A Risch
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Pharmacogenomic Epidemiology, Ontario Cancer Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Douglas A Corley
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, 94612 USA, San Francisco Medical Center, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, San Francisco, CA 94115 USA
| | - Patricia L Blount
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Rebecca C Fitzgerald
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison-MRC Research Centre and University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ UK
| | - David C Whiteman
- Cancer Control, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane Queensland 4006, Australia and
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Brian J Reid
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thomas L Vaughan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98109, USA, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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di Pietro M, Alzoubaidi D, Fitzgerald RC. Barrett's esophagus and cancer risk: how research advances can impact clinical practice. Gut Liver 2014; 8:356-70. [PMID: 25071900 PMCID: PMC4113043 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2014.8.4.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), whose incidence has increased sharply in the last 4 decades. The annual conversion rate of BE to cancer is significant, but small. The identification of patients at a higher risk of cancer therefore poses a clinical conundrum. Currently, endoscopic surveillance is recommended in BE patients, with the aim of diagnosing either dysplasia or cancer at early stages, both of which are curable with minimally invasive endoscopic techniques. There is a large variation in clinical practice for endoscopic surveillance, and dysplasia as a marker of increased risk is affected by sampling error and high interobserver variability. Screening programs have not yet been formally accepted, mainly due to the economic burden that would be generated by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Screening programs have not yet been formally accepted, mainly due to the economic burden that would be generated by widespread indication to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. In fact, it is currently difficult to formulate an accurate algorithm to confidently target the population at risk, based on the known clinical risk factors for BE and EAC. This review will focus on the clinical and molecular factors that are involved in the development of BE and its conversion to cancer and on how increased knowledge in these areas can improve the clinical management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Durayd Alzoubaidi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Basildon and Thurrock University Hospital, Basildon, UK
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41
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Zeki SS, Haidry R, Graham TA, Rodriguez-Justo M, Novelli M, Hoare J, Dunn J, Wright NA, Lovat LB, McDonald SAC. Clonal selection and persistence in dysplastic Barrett's esophagus and intramucosal cancers after failed radiofrequency ablation. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108:1584-92. [PMID: 23939625 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2013.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is used to successfully eliminate Barrett's esophagus (BE)-related dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma and aims to cause reversion to squamous epithelium. However, in 20% of cases RFA fails to return the epithelium to squamous phenotype. Follow-up studies show a similar dysplasia recurrence rate. We hypothesize that failed RFA is due to clonally mutated epithelial populations harbored in RFA-privileged sites and that RFA can select for the mutant clonal expansion. METHODS A longitudinal case series of 19 patients with BE and high-grade dysplasia or intramucosal carcinoma were studied. DNA was extracted from individual Barrett's glands, deep esophageal glands within mucosal resections and biopsy specimens before and after RFA. Mutations were identified by targeted sequencing of genes commonly mutated in Barrett's adenocarcinoma. RESULTS Five patients demonstrated persistent post-RFA pathology with persistent mutations, sometimes detected in deep esophageal glands or neighboring squamous epithelium after several rounds of RFA preceded by mucosal resection. Recurrence of pathology in three other patients was characterized by de novo mutations. CONCLUSIONS Protumorigenic mutations can be found in post-ablation squamous mucosa as well as in mutant deep esophageal glands; both are associated with dysplasia recurrence. Following RFA, non-dysplastic Barrett's epithelium can contain mutant clones that are found in a subsequent adenocarcinoma. Ablation may also drive the clonal expansion of pre-existing clones after a "bottleneck" created by the RFA. Overall, recurrence of dysplasia post RFA reflects the multicentric origins of Barrett's clones and highlights the role of clonal selection in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S Zeki
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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42
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Podolski-Renić A, Jadranin M, Stanković T, Banković J, Stojković S, Chiourea M, Aljančić I, Vajs V, Tešević V, Ruždijić S, Gagos S, Tanić N, Pešić M. Molecular and cytogenetic changes in multi-drug resistant cancer cells and their influence on new compounds testing. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:683-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2247-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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43
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Baker AM, Graham TA, Wright NA. Pre-tumour clones, periodic selection and clonal interference in the origin and progression of gastrointestinal cancer: potential for biomarker development. J Pathol 2013; 229:502-14. [PMID: 23288692 DOI: 10.1002/path.4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Classically, the risk of cancer progression in premalignant conditions of the gastrointestinal tract is assessed by examining the degree of histological dysplasia. However, there are many putative pro-cancer genetic changes that have occurred in histologically normal tissue well before the onset of dysplasia. Here we summarize the evidence for such pre-tumour clones and the existing technology that can be used to locate these clones and characterize them at the genetic level. We also discuss the mechanisms by which pre-tumour clones may spread through large areas of normal tissue, and highlight emerging theories on how multiple clones compete and interact within the gastrointestinal mucosa. It is important to gain an understanding of these processes, as it is envisaged that certain pre-tumour changes may be powerful predictive markers, with the potential to identify patients at high risk of developing cancer at a much earlier stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Baker
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.
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44
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di Pietro M, Fitzgerald RC. Screening and risk stratification for Barrett's esophagus: how to limit the clinical impact of the increasing incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2013; 42:155-73. [PMID: 23452636 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) and gastroesophageal reflux disease are the strongest risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma. To reduce the clinical impact of this disease, endoscopic screening to detect BE has been proposed and nonendoscopic diagnostic techniques are under investigation. Because screening would result in new diagnoses of BE and additional costs related to endoscopic surveillance, novel tools for risk stratification are also warranted. Dysplasia is the gold standard for risk stratification. Molecular biomarkers may provide a more objective and reproducible estimation of the individual risk, and further prospective studies are required as a prelude to introducing biomarkers into routine clinical practice.
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45
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Luebeck EG, Curtius K, Jeon J, Hazelton WD. Impact of tumor progression on cancer incidence curves. Cancer Res 2012; 73:1086-96. [PMID: 23054397 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer arises through a multistage process, but it is not fully clear how this process influences the age-specific incidence curve. Studies of colorectal and pancreatic cancer using the multistage clonal expansion (MSCE) model have identified two phases of the incidence curves. One phase is linear, beginning about age of 60 years, suggesting that at least two rare rate-limiting mutations occur before clonal expansion of premalignant cells. A second phase is exponential, seen in early-onset cancers occurring before the age of 60 years that are associated with premalignant clonal expansion. Here, we extend the MSCE model to include clonal expansion of malignant cells, an advance that permits study of the effects of tumor growth and extinction on the incidence of colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, and esophageal adenocarcinomas in the digestive tract. After adjusting the age-specific incidence for birth-cohort and calendar-year trends, we found that initiating mutations and premalignant cell kinetics can explain the primary features of the incidence curve. However, we also found that the incidence data of these cancers harbored information on the kinetics of malignant clonal expansion before clinical detection, including tumor growth rates and extinction probabilities on three characteristic time scales for tumor progression. In addition, the data harbored information on the mean sojourn times for premalignant clones until occurrence of either the first malignant cell or the first persistent (surviving) malignant clone. Finally, the data also harbored information on the mean sojourn time of persistent malignant clones to the time of diagnosis. In conclusion, cancer incidence curves can harbor significant information about hidden processes of tumor initiation, premalignant clonal expansion, and malignant transformation, and even some limited information on tumor growth before clinical detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Georg Luebeck
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, M1-B514, Seattle, WA 98185, USA.
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46
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Mayne GC, Bright T, Hussey DJ, Watson DI. Ablation of Barrett's oesophagus: towards improved outcomes for oesophageal cancer? ANZ J Surg 2012; 82:592-8. [PMID: 22901306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2012.06151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's oesophagus is the major risk factor for the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. The management of Barrett's oesophagus entails treating reflux symptoms with acid-suppressing medication or surgery (fundoplication). However, neither form of anti-reflux therapy produces predictable regression, or prevents cancer development. Patients with Barrett's oesophagus usually undergo endoscopic surveillance, which aims to identify dysplastic changes or cancer at its earliest stage, when treatment outcomes should be better. Alternative endoscopic interventions are now available and are suggested for the treatment of early cancer and prevention of progression of Barrett's oesophagus to cancer. Such treatments could minimize the risks associated with oesophagectomy. The current status of these interventions is reviewed. Various endoscopic interventions have been described, but with long-term outcomes uncertain, they remain somewhat controversial. Radiofrequency ablation of dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus might reduce the risk of cancer progression, although cancer development has been reported after this treatment. Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) allows a 1.5-2 cm diameter piece of oesophageal mucosa to be removed. This provides better pathology for diagnosis and staging, and if the lesion is confined to the mucosa and fully excised, EMR can be curative. The combination of EMR and radiofrequency ablation has been used for multifocal lesions, but long-term outcomes are unknown. The new endoscopic interventions for Barrett's oesophagus and early oesophageal cancer have the potential to improve clinical outcomes, although evidence that confirms superiority over oesphagectomy is limited. Longer-term outcome data and data from larger cohorts are required to confirm the appropriateness of these procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Mayne
- Flinders University Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.
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Milinkovic V, Bankovic J, Rakic M, Milosevic N, Stankovic T, Jokovic M, Milosevic Z, Skender-Gazibara M, Podolski-Renic A, Pesic M, Ruzdijic S, Tanic N. Genomic instability and p53 alterations in patients with malignant glioma. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:200-6. [PMID: 22664273 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to detect the level of genomic instability and p53 alterations in anaplastic astrocytoma and primary glioblastoma patients, and to evaluate their impact on glioma pathogenesis and patients outcome. AP-PCR DNA profiling revealed two types of genetic differences between tumor and normal tissue: qualitative changes which represent accumulation of changes in DNA sequence and are the manifestation of microsatellite and point mutation instability (MIN-PIN) and quantitative changes which represent amplifications or deletions of existing chromosomal material and are the manifestation of chromosomal instability (CIN). Both types of alterations were present in all analyzed samples contributing almost equally to the total level of genomic instability, and showing no differences between histological subtypes. p53 alterations were detected in 40% of samples, predominantly in anaplastic astrocytoma. The higher level of genomic instability was observed in elderly patients (>50 years) and patents with primary glioblastoma. Level of genomic instability had no impact on patients' survival, while presence of p53 alterations seemed to be a favorable prognostic factor in this case. Our results indicate that extensive genomic instability is one of the main features of malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Milinkovic
- Institute for Biological Research, Sinisa Stankovic, Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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Poehlmann A, Kuester D, Malfertheiner P, Guenther T, Roessner A. Inflammation and Barrett's carcinogenesis. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:269-80. [PMID: 22541897 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is one of the most common premalignant lesions in which normal squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by metaplastic columnar epithelium. Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) develops through progression from BE to low- and high-grade dysplasia (LGD/HGD) and to adenocarcinoma. It is widely accepted that inflammation can increase cancer risk, promoting tumor progression. Therefore, inflammation is regarded as the seventh hallmark of cancer. In recent years, the inflammation-cancer connection of Barrett's carcinogenesis has been intensively studied, unraveling genetic abnormalities. Besides genetic alterations, inflammation is also epigenetically linked to loss of protein expression through transcriptional silencing via promoter methylation. Key mediators linking inflammation and Barrett's carcinogenesis include reactive oxygen species (ROS), NFκB, inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, and specific microRNAs (miRNAs). Therefore, the decipherment of molecular pathways that contain these and novel inflammatory key mediators is of major importance for diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. The detailed elucidation of the signaling molecules involved in Barrett's carcinogenesis will be important for the development of pharmaceutical inhibitors. We herein give an overview of the current knowledge of the inflammation-mediated genetic and epigenetic alterations involved in Barrett's carcinogenesis. We highlight the role of oxidative stress and deregulated DNA damage checkpoints besides the NFκB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Poehlmann
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
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49
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Kountourakis P, Ajani JA, Davila M, Lee JH, Bhutani MS, Izzo JG. Barrett's Esophagus: A Review of Biology and Therapeutic Approaches. GASTROINTESTINAL CANCER RESEARCH : GCR 2012; 5:49-57. [PMID: 22690258 PMCID: PMC3369601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnosis and therapy, esophageal cancer remains a highly lethal disease. The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has risen faster than that of any other cancer in the western world, and Barrett's esophagus (BE) may be a significant contributing factor. In-depth knowledge of biology of cancer progression and cancer could lead to the identification of biomarkers that are the hallmark of BE's progression. By integrating validated biomarkers of progression into clinical practice, there is a possibility of identifying high-risk patient population for targeted surveillance, and such biomarkers may serve as novel therapeutic targets for chemoprevention and therapy. Clinical management of BE has improved considerably due to the improvements in endoscopic resection and ablation techniques. We discuss the current status of biology and therapeutic approaches to BE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Davila
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | - Jeffrey H. Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
| | | | - Julie G. Izzo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, TX
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Prediction of Adenocarcinoma in Esophagectomy Specimens Based Upon Analysis of Preresection Biopsies of Barrett Esophagus With At Least High-Grade Dysplasia. Am J Surg Pathol 2012; 36:134-41. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3182354e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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