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Mneimneh AT, Darwiche N, Mehanna MM. Investigating the therapeutic promise of drug-repurposed-loaded nanocarriers: A pioneering strategy in advancing colorectal cancer treatment. Int J Pharm 2024; 664:124473. [PMID: 39025341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Globally, colorectal cancer is a major health problem that ranks in third place in terms of occurrence and second in terms of mortality worldwide. New cases increase annually, with the absence of effective therapies, especially for metastatic colorectal cancer, emphasizing the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Although conventional treatments are commonly used in oncotherapy, their success rate is low, which leads to the exploration of novel technologies. Recent efforts have focused on developing safe and efficient cancer nanocarriers. With their nanoscale properties, nanocarriers have the potential to utilize internal metabolic modifications amid cancer and healthy cells. Drug repurposing is an emerging strategy in cancer management as it is a faster, cheaper, and safer method than conventional drug development. However, most repurposed drugs are characterized by low-key pharmacokinetic characteristics, such as poor aqueous solubility, permeability, retention, and bioavailability. Nanoparticles formulations and delivery have expanded over the past few decades, creating opportunities for drug repurposing and promises as an advanced cancer modality. This review provides a concise and updated overview of colorectal cancer treatment regimens and their therapeutic limitations. Furthermore, the chemotherapeutic effect of various FDA-approved medications, including statins, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidiabetic and anthelmintic agents, and their significance in colorectal cancer management. Along with the role of various nanocarrier systems in achieving the desired therapeutic outcomes of employing these redefined drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina T Mneimneh
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Nadine Darwiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mohammed M Mehanna
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon.
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2
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Yang J, Wang QL, Wang GN, Ye JC, Li ZQ, Wang JY, Liang ZH, Li SX, Sun C, Liao WT, Gao YJ, Wang J, Mao Y, Yu C, Feng GK, Zeng MS. A pan-KRAS degrader for the treatment of KRAS-mutant cancers. Cell Discov 2024; 10:70. [PMID: 38937452 PMCID: PMC11211324 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations are highly prevalent in a wide range of lethal cancers, and these mutant forms of KRAS play a crucial role in driving cancer progression and conferring resistance to treatment. While there have been advancements in the development of small molecules to target specific KRAS mutants, the presence of undruggable mutants and the emergence of secondary mutations continue to pose challenges in the clinical treatment of KRAS-mutant cancers. In this study, we developed a novel molecular tool called tumor-targeting KRAS degrader (TKD) that effectively targets a wide range of KRAS mutants. TKD is composed of a KRAS-binding nanobody, a cell-penetrating peptide selectively targeting cancer cells, and a lysosome-binding motif. Our data revealed that TKD selectively binds to KRAS in cancer cells and effectively induces KRAS degradation via a lysosome-dependent process. Functionally, TKD suppresses tumor growth with no obvious side effects and enhances the antitumor effects of PD-1 antibody and cetuximab. This study not only provides a strategy for developing drugs targeting "undruggable" proteins but also reveals that TKD is a promising therapeutic for treating KRAS-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiao-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guan-Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Cong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zi-Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Ting Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi-Jun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Mao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunjing Yu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guo-Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Fatemi N, Karimpour M, Bahrami H, Zali MR, Chaleshi V, Riccio A, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E, Totonchi M. Current trends and future prospects of drug repositioning in gastrointestinal oncology. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1329244. [PMID: 38239190 PMCID: PMC10794567 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1329244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers comprise a significant number of cancer cases worldwide and contribute to a high percentage of cancer-related deaths. To improve survival rates of GI cancer patients, it is important to find and implement more effective therapeutic strategies with better prognoses and fewer side effects. The development of new drugs can be a lengthy and expensive process, often involving clinical trials that may fail in the early stages. One strategy to address these challenges is drug repurposing (DR). Drug repurposing is a developmental strategy that involves using existing drugs approved for other diseases and leveraging their safety and pharmacological data to explore their potential use in treating different diseases. In this paper, we outline the existing therapeutic strategies and challenges associated with GI cancers and explore DR as a promising alternative approach. We have presented an extensive review of different DR methodologies, research efforts and examples of repurposed drugs within various GI cancer types, such as colorectal, pancreatic and liver cancers. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of employing the DR approach in GI cancers to inform future research endeavors and clinical trials in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeralsadat Fatemi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Karimpour
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hoda Bahrami
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Chaleshi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Andrea Riccio
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Zhu L, Gao S, Zhao X, Wang Y. Identification of biomarkers, pathways, and therapeutic targets for EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302110. [PMID: 37816585 PMCID: PMC10565673 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to map the hub genes and potential pathways that might be involved in the molecular pathogenesis of EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC. We performed bioinformatics analysis to identify differentially expressed genes, their function, gene interactions, and pathway analysis between EGFR-TKI-sensitive and EGFR-TKI-resistant patient-derived xenotransplantation samples based on Gene Expression Omnibus database. Survival analysis was performed via the GEPIA database (GEO). The relationship between the key gene ITGAM and the therapeutic candidates was retrieved from DGIdb. A total of 1,302 differentially expressed genes were identified based on GEO. The PPI network highlighted 10 potential hub genes. Only ITGAM was linked to poor DSF in NSCLC patients. A total of 10 drugs were predicted to be potential therapeutics for NSCLC with EGFR-TKI resistance. This study indicates the hub genes related to EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC through bioinformatics technologies which can improve the understanding of the mechanisms of EGFR-TKI resistance and provide novel insights into therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Xianya Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Anhui Public Health Clinical Center, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Fudan University Anhui Hospital), Hefei, China
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Xie W, Peng M, Liu Y, Zhang B, Yi L, Long Y. Simvastatin induces pyroptosis via ROS/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway in colon cancer. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:329. [PMID: 37974278 PMCID: PMC10652480 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01359-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome of patients with colon cancer is still unsatisfied nowadays. Simvastatin is a type of statins with anti-cancer activity, but its effect on colon cancer cells remains unclear. The present study is intended to determine the underlying mechanism of simvastatin in treatment of colon cancer. METHODS The viability and pyroptosis rate of cells treated and untreated with simvastatin were analysed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays, respectively. We used DCFH-DA and flow cytometry to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Levels of pyroptosis markers were detected by western blotting analysis or immunofluorescence staining. Besides, the anticancer properties of simvastatin on colon cancer were further demonstrated using a cell line based xenograft tumor model. RESULTS Simvastatin treatment in HCT116 and SW620 induced pyroptosis and suppressed cell proliferation, with changes in the expression level of NLPR3, ASC, cleaved-caspase-1, mature IL-1β, IL-18 and GSDMD-N. Moreover, inhibition of caspase-1 and ROS attenuated the effects of simvastatin on cancer cell viability. In addition, it was identified that simvastatin has an anti-tumor effect by down-regulating ROS production and inducing downstream caspase-1 dependent pyroptosis in the subcutaneous transplantation tumors of HCT116 cells in BALB/c nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Our in vitro and in vivo results indicated that simvastatin induced pyroptosis through ROS/caspase-1/GSDMD pathway, thereby serving as a potential agent for colon cancer treatment. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Translational medicine centre, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, P. R. China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Mingjing Peng
- Central laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Centre for Oncoplastic Surgery, Hunan Cancer hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P. R. China
| | - Bocheng Zhang
- Translational medicine centre, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, P. R. China
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Centre for Oncoplastic Surgery, Hunan Cancer hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P. R. China
| | - Liang Yi
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Centre for Oncoplastic Surgery, Hunan Cancer hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P. R. China
| | - Ying Long
- Translational medicine centre, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, P. R. China.
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Centre for Oncoplastic Surgery, Hunan Cancer hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P. R. China.
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Schelz Z, Muddather HF, Zupkó I. Repositioning of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors as Adjuvants in the Modulation of Efflux Pump-Mediated Bacterial and Tumor Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1468. [PMID: 37760764 PMCID: PMC10525194 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Efflux pump (EP)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) seems ubiquitous in bacterial infections and neoplastic diseases. The diversity and lack of specificity of these efflux mechanisms raise a great obstacle in developing drugs that modulate efflux pumps. Since developing novel chemotherapeutic drugs requires large investments, drug repurposing offers a new approach that can provide alternatives as adjuvants in treating resistant microbial infections and progressive cancerous diseases. Hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, also known as statins, are promising agents in this respect. Originally, statins were used in the therapy of dyslipidemia and for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases; however, extensive research has recently been performed to elucidate the functions of statins in bacterial infections and cancers. The mevalonate pathway is essential in the posttranslational modification of proteins related to vital eukaryotic cell functions. In this article, a comparative review is given about the possible role of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in managing diseases of bacterial and neoplastic origin. Molecular research and clinical studies have proven the justification of statins in this field. Further well-designed clinical trials are urged to clarify the significance of the contribution of statins to the lower risk of disease progression in bacterial infections and cancerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - István Zupkó
- Institute of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (Z.S.); (H.F.M.)
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Cho S, Chun Y, He L, Ramirez CB, Ganesh KS, Jeong K, Song J, Cheong JG, Li Z, Choi J, Kim J, Koundouros N, Ding F, Dephoure N, Jang C, Blenis J, Lee G. FAM120A couples SREBP-dependent transcription and splicing of lipogenesis enzymes downstream of mTORC1. Mol Cell 2023; 83:3010-3026.e8. [PMID: 37595559 PMCID: PMC10494788 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master regulator of cell growth that stimulates macromolecule synthesis through transcription, RNA processing, and post-translational modification of metabolic enzymes. However, the mechanisms of how mTORC1 orchestrates multiple steps of gene expression programs remain unclear. Here, we identify family with sequence similarity 120A (FAM120A) as a transcription co-activator that couples transcription and splicing of de novo lipid synthesis enzymes downstream of mTORC1-serine/arginine-rich protein kinase 2 (SRPK2) signaling. The mTORC1-activated SRPK2 phosphorylates splicing factor serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1), enhancing its binding to FAM120A. FAM120A directly interacts with a lipogenic transcription factor SREBP1 at active promoters, thereby bridging the newly transcribed lipogenic genes from RNA polymerase II to the SRSF1 and U1-70K-containing RNA-splicing machinery. This mTORC1-regulated, multi-protein complex promotes efficient splicing and stability of lipogenic transcripts, resulting in fatty acid synthesis and cancer cell proliferation. These results elucidate FAM120A as a critical transcription co-factor that connects mTORC1-dependent gene regulation programs for anabolic cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungyun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yujin Chun
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Long He
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cuauhtemoc B Ramirez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kripa S Ganesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyungjo Jeong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Junho Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Gyu Cheong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhongchi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jungmin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Joohwan Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nikos Koundouros
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fangyuan Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Synthetic Biology, and Center for Neural Circuit Mapping, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Noah Dephoure
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - John Blenis
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Gina Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Zhang D, Fu Y, Liu Y, Wu Y, Chen J, Zhang L, Wang R, Chen Z, Liu T. 8-Methoxyflindersine-Induced Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Disorder Involving MAPK Signaling Activation in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098039. [PMID: 37175741 PMCID: PMC10179151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with a high lethal rate globally, and novel strategies for its prevention and therapy are urgently needed. In our previous work, 8-methoxyflindersine (8-MF), a quinoline alkaloid, was isolated from the Dictamni cortex, and its bioactivities were largely unknown. In this study, we found that 8-MF significantly inhibited cell viability in the CRC cell lines LoVo and RKO. The 8-MF-induced CRC cell apoptosis, as well as cell cycle disorder, were further verified by cyclins dysregulation in mRNA and protein levels. Further, the activation of MAPK family members p38 and ERK1/2 was observed after 8-MF treatment. Moreover, the protein-protein interaction of 8-MF with cyclins and MAPKs was demonstrated using the STRING database. The 8-MF could bind to p38 and ERK1/2 proteins in molecular docking. Taken together, we found that 8-MF induced apoptosis and cell cycle disorder involving MAPK signaling activation in CRC cells, indicating 8-MF as a novel lead compound candidate for the development of anti-tumor drugs for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianbao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yunmei Fu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Luting Zhang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of China, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of China, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Zaixing Chen
- Central Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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9
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Tsubaki M, Takeda T, Matsuda T, Kishimoto K, Takefuji H, Taniwaki Y, Ueda M, Hoshida T, Tanabe K, Nishida S. Statins enhances antitumor effect of oxaliplatin in KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer cells and inhibits oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:73. [PMID: 37069612 PMCID: PMC10108455 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND KRAS mutations are fraught with the progression of colorectal cancer and resistance to chemotherapy. There are pathways such as extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt downstream and farnesylation and geranylgeranylation upstream that are activated upon mutated KRAS. Previous studies have shown that statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, are effective to treat KRAS mutated colorectal cancer cells. Increased doses of oxaliplatin (L-OHP), a well-known alkylating chemotherapeutic drug, causes side effects such as peripheral neuropathy due to ERK1/2 activation in spinal cords. Hence, we examined the combinatorial therapeutic efficacy of statins and L-OHP to reduce colorectal cancer cell growth and abrogate neuropathy in mice. METHODS Cell survival and confirmed apoptosis was assessed using WST-8 assay and Annexin V detection kit. Detection of phosphorylated and total proteins was analyzed the western blotting. Combined effect of simvastatin and L-OHP was examined the allograft mouse model and L-OHP-induced neuropathy was assessed using cold plate and von Frey filament test. RESULTS In this study, we examined the effect of combining statins with L-OHP on induction of cell death in colorectal cancer cell lines and improvement of L-OHP-induced neuropathy in vivo. We demonstrated that combined administration with statins and L-OHP significantly induced apoptosis and elevated the sensitivity of KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer cells to L-OHP. In addition, simvastatin suppressed KRAS prenylation, thereby enhancing antitumor effect of L-OHP through downregulation of survivin, XIAP, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2, and upregulation of p53 and PUMA via inhibition of nuclear factor of κB (NF-κB) and Akt activation, and induction of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, simvastatin enhanced the antitumor effects of L-OHP and suppressed L-OHP-induced neuropathy via ERK1/2 activation in vivo. CONCLUSION Therefore, statins may be therapeutically useful as adjuvants to L-OHP in KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer and may also be useful in the treatment of L-OHP-induced neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Tsubaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takeda
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsuda
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Kana Kishimoto
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Honoka Takefuji
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Yuzuki Taniwaki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Misa Ueda
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Hoshida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan
- Department of Pharmacy, Japanese Red Cross Society Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Tanabe
- Department of Pharmacy, Japanese Red Cross Society Wakayama Medical Center, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shozo Nishida
- Division of Pharmacotherapy, Kindai University Faculty of Pharmacy, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan.
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10
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Wang Y, Zhang L, Shen Y, Yu EYW, Ding X. Nested Phosphorothioated Hybrid Primer-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Specific and Dye-Based Subattomolar Nucleic Acid Detection at Low Temperatures. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1261-1271. [PMID: 36867102 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Developing dye-based isothermal nucleic acid amplification (INAA) at low temperatures such as 37 °C remains a technical challenge. Here, we describe a nested phosphorothioated (PS) hybrid primer-mediated isothermal amplification (NPSA) assay which only utilizes EvaGreen (a DNA-binding dye) to achieve specific and dye-based subattomolar nucleic acid detection at 37 °C. The success of low-temperature NPSA essentially depends on employing Bacillus smithii DNA polymerase, a strand-displacing DNA polymerase with wide range of activation temperature. However, the NPSA's high efficiency entails nested PS-modified hybrid primers and the additives of urea and T4 Gene 32 Protein. To address the inhibition of urea on reverse transcription (RT), one-tube two-stage recombinase-aided RT-NPSA (rRT-NPSA) is established. By targeting human Kirsten rat sarcoma viral (KRAS) oncogene, NPSA (rRT-NPSA) stably detects 0.2 aM of KRAS gene (mRNA) within 90 (60) min. In addition, rRT-NPSA possesses subattomolar sensitivity to detect human ribosomal protein L13 mRNA. The NPSA/rRT-NPSA assays are also validated to obtain consistent results with PCR/RT-PCR methods on qualitatively detecting DNA/mRNA targets extracted from cultured cells and clinical samples. As a dye-based, low-temperature INAA method, NPSA inherently facilitates the development of miniaturized diagnostic biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lanxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yuqing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Evan Yi-Wen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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11
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Jo H, Kim ST, Lee J, Park SH, Park JO, Park YS, Lim HY, Yu JI, Park HC, Choi DH, Park Y, Cho YB, Huh JW, Yun SH, Kim HC, Lee WY, Kang WK. A Phase II Study of Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy with Capecitabine Plus Simvastatin in Patients with Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2023; 55:189-195. [PMID: 35681110 PMCID: PMC9873315 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2021.1527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this phase II trial was to evaluate whether the addition of simvastatin, a synthetic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, to preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with capecitabine confers a clinical benefit to patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with LARC (defined by clinical stage T3/4 and/or lymph node positivity) received preoperative radiation (45-50.4 Gy in 25-28 daily fractions) with concomitant capecitabine (825 mg/m2 twice per day) and simvastatin (80 mg, daily). Curative surgery was planned 4-8 weeks after completion of the CRT regimen. The primary endpoint was pathologic complete response (pCR). The secondary endpoints included sphincter-sparing surgery, R0 resection, disease-free survival, overall survival, the pattern of failure, and toxicity. RESULTS Between October 2014 and July 2017, 61 patients were enrolled; 53 patients completed CRT regimen and underwent total mesorectal excision. The pCR rate was 18.9% (n=10) by per-protocol analysis. Sphincter-sparing surgery was performed in 51 patients (96.2%). R0 resection was achieved in 51 patients (96.2%). One patient experienced grade 3 liver enzyme elevation. No patient experienced additional toxicity caused by simvastatin. CONCLUSION The combination of 80 mg simvastatin with CRT and capecitabine did not improve pCR in patients with LARC, although it did not increase toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Jo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Seung Tae Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Se Hoon Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Joon Oh Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Young Suk Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ho Yeong Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jeong Il Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hee Chul Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Doo Ho Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yoonah Park
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Yong Beom Cho
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jung Wook Huh
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Seong Hyeon Yun
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hee Cheol Kim
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Woo Yong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
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12
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Simvastatin in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: A Review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3827933. [PMID: 35873646 PMCID: PMC9303163 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3827933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug repositioning and drug reuse are the heated topics in the field of oncology in recent years. These two concepts refer to seeking effective drugs for cancer that are not originally intended to treat cancer. The survival benefits are then analyzed by combining the re-positioned drugs with conventional cancer treatment methods. Simvastatin is a clinically commonly used hyperlipidemia drug and exerts the effect of preventing cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have found that simvastatin has great potential in the treatment of colorectal cancer, and a large number of clinical studies have used simvastatin as an adjuvant drug to help treat metastatic colorectal cancer.
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13
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The Tumour Suppressor CYLD Is Required for Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of EGFR and Cetuximab-Induced Apoptosis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010173. [PMID: 35008337 PMCID: PMC8750287 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is frequently overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and is a target for the therapeutic antibody cetuximab (CTX). However, because only some patients have a significant clinical response to CTX, identification of its predictive biomarkers and potentiation of CTX-based therapies are important. We have recently reported a frequent downregulation of cylindromatosis (CYLD) in primary HNSCC, which led to increased cell invasion and cisplatin resistance. Here, we show that CYLD located mainly in lipid rafts was required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and degradation of the EGFR induced by EGF and CTX in HNSCC cells. The N-terminus containing the first cytoskeleton-associated protein-glycine domain of CYLD was responsible for this regulation. Loss of CYLD restricted EGFR to lipid rafts, which suppressed CTX-induced apoptosis without impeding CTX's inhibitory activity against downstream signalling pathways. Disruption of the lipid rafts with cholesterol-removing agents overcame this resistance by restoring CME and the degradation of EGFR. Regulation of EGFR trafficking by CYLD is thus critical for the antitumour activity of CTX. Our findings suggest the usefulness of a combination of cholesterol-lowering drugs with anti-EGFR antibody therapy in HNSCC.
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14
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Solanes-Casado S, Cebrián A, Rodríguez-Remírez M, Mahíllo I, García-García L, Río-Vilariño A, Baños N, de Cárcer G, Monfort-Vengut A, Castellano V, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, García-Foncillas J, Del Puerto-Nevado L. Overcoming PLK1 inhibitor resistance by targeting mevalonate pathway to impair AXL-TWIST axis in colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112347. [PMID: 34700228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic targets are revolutionizing colorectal cancer clinical management, opening new horizons in metastatic patients' outcome. Polo Like Kinase1 (PLK1) inhibitors have high potential as antitumoral agents, however, the emergence of drug resistance is a major challenge for their use in clinical practice. Overcoming this challenge represents a hot topic in current drug discovery research. BI2536-resistant colorectal cancer cell lines HT29R, RKOR, SW837R and HCT116R, were generated in vitro and validated by IG50 assays and xenografts models by the T/C ratio. Exons 1 and 2 of PLK1 gene were sequenced by Sanger method. AXL pathway, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Multidrug Resistance (MDR1) were studied by qPCR and western blot in resistant cells. Simvastatin as a re-sensitizer drug was tested in vitro and the drug combination strategies were validated in vitro and in vivo. PLK1 gene mutation R136G was found for RKOR. AXL pathway trough TWIST1 transcription factor was identified as one of the mechanisms involved in HT29R, SW837R and HCT116R lines, inducing EMT and upregulation of MDR1. Simvastatin was able to impair the mechanisms activated by adaptive resistance and its combination with BI2536 re-sensitized resistant cells in vitro and in vivo. Targeting the mevalonate pathway contributes to re-sensitizing BI2536-resistant cells in vitro and in vivo, raising as a new strategy for the clinical management of PLK1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Solanes-Casado
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha Cebrián
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Ignacio Mahíllo
- Department of Statistics, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura García-García
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anxo Río-Vilariño
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Baños
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo de Cárcer
- Cell Cycle & Cancer Biomarkers Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBm) CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Monfort-Vengut
- Cell Cycle & Cancer Biomarkers Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (IIBm) CSIC-UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Castellano
- Department of Pathology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Fernández-Aceñero
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús García-Foncillas
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Del Puerto-Nevado
- Translational Oncology Division, Oncohealth Institute, IIS - Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Mathien S, Tesnière C, Meloche S. Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Its Pharmacological Potential. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:263-296. [PMID: 34732541 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways that play essential roles in transducing extracellular environmental signals into diverse cellular responses to maintain homeostasis. These pathways are classically organized into an architecture of three sequentially acting protein kinases: a MAPK kinase kinase that phosphorylates and activates a MAPK kinase, which in turn phosphorylates and activates the effector MAPK. The activity of MAPKs is tightly regulated by phosphorylation of their activation loop, which can be modulated by positive and negative feedback mechanisms to control the amplitude and duration of the signal. The signaling outcomes of MAPK pathways are further regulated by interactions of MAPKs with scaffolding and regulatory proteins. Accumulating evidence indicates that, in addition to these mechanisms, MAPK signaling is commonly regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-mediated control of the stability and abundance of MAPK pathway components. Notably, the biologic activity of some MAPKs appears to be regulated mainly at the level of protein turnover. Recent studies have started to explore the potential of targeted protein degradation as a powerful strategy to investigate the biologic functions of individual MAPK pathway components and as a new therapeutic approach to overcome resistance to current small-molecule kinase inhibitors. Here, we comprehensively review the mechanisms, physiologic importance, and pharmacological potential of UPS-mediated protein degradation in the control of MAPK signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Accumulating evidence highlights the importance of targeted protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in regulating and fine-tuning the signaling output of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Manipulating protein levels of MAPK cascade components may provide a novel approach for the development of selective pharmacological tools and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mathien
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chloé Tesnière
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Zhou J, Ji Q, Li Q. Resistance to anti-EGFR therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer: underlying mechanisms and reversal strategies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:328. [PMID: 34663410 PMCID: PMC8522158 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cetuximab and panitumumab are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that are effective agents for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Cetuximab can prolong survival by 8.2 months in RAS wild-type (WT) mCRC patients. Unfortunately, resistance to targeted therapy impairs clinical use and efficiency. The mechanisms of resistance refer to intrinsic and extrinsic alterations of tumours. Multiple therapeutic strategies have been investigated extensively to overcome resistance to anti-EGFR mAbs. The intrinsic mechanisms include EGFR ligand overexpression, EGFR alteration, RAS/RAF/PI3K gene mutations, ERBB2/MET/IGF-1R activation, metabolic remodelling, microsatellite instability and autophagy. For intrinsic mechanisms, therapies mainly cover the following: new EGFR-targeted inhibitors, a combination of multitargeted inhibitors, and metabolic regulators. In addition, new cytotoxic drugs and small molecule compounds increase the efficiency of cetuximab. Extrinsic alterations mainly disrupt the tumour microenvironment, specifically immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and angiogenesis. The directions include the modification or activation of immune cells and suppression of CAFs and anti-VEGFR agents. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of resistance to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (anti-EGFR mAbs) and discuss diverse approaches to reverse resistance to this therapy in hopes of identifying more mCRC treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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17
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Analysis of Efficacy, Safety, and Prognostic Factors of mFOLFOX6 Regimen Combined with Cetuximab and Simvastatin in the Treatment of K-RAS Mutant Colorectal Cancer. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2280440. [PMID: 34557254 PMCID: PMC8455186 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2280440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality. The early symptoms are latent, and most patients are in the middle or late stage when they are diagnosed. The best opportunity for surgery has been lost, and surgical resection has failed to achieve good results. In clinical practice, targeted therapy or chemotherapy is usually the main treatment. The mFOLFOX6 regimen is a standardized regimen for the treatment of advanced CRC. The main drugs in this regimen are oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Patients with advanced CRC combined with standard chemotherapy regimens can achieve a higher resection rate of liver metastases in unresectable patients, which can achieve significant survival improvement. Therefore, in this study, oxaliplatin + calcium folinate + 5-Fu + mFOLFOX6 regimen was combined with cetuximab and simvastatin to treat CRC patients, and the clinical efficacy and prognosis were analyzed, as well as the prognostic factors. The results showed that the addition of simvastatin on the basis of conventional mFOLFOX6 regimen combined with cetuximab chemotherapy could effectively improve the efficacy, reduce the total incidence of adverse reactions, improve the overall survival rate, and prolong the overall survival time of patients. Pathological grade and peritoneal metastasis were the factors affecting the mean survival time of CRC patients.
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18
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Wang G, Han J, Wang G, Wu X, Huang Y, Wu M, Chen Y. ERO1α mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis via microRNA-101/EZH2 axis in colon cancer RKO and HT-29 cells. Hum Cell 2021; 34:932-944. [PMID: 33559868 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although colon cancer is a leading and typical gastrointestinal tumor, there is little published data on the underlying molecular mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we investigated the role of ERO1α and its impact on microRNA (miR)-101 expression and ER stress in colon cancer cells. Cell ER stress was established by treating RKO or HT-29 cells with 1 μM thapsigargin (THG). Cell biological behaviors were detected using CCK-8, bromodeoxyuridine assay, flow cytometry and western blot. We also investigated the expression of ERO1α and miR-101 after THG treatment using RT-qPCR. Moreover, effects of ERO1α and miR-101 on ER stress of colon cancer cells were detected. Additionally, miR-101 impact on EZH2 expression and relevance of this regulation was confirmed by RT-qPCR and luciferase reporter. The regulation of miR-101/EZH2 axis and Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ER stress were investigated. Our results demonstrated that THG induced ER stress in colon cancer cells. Silencing ERO1α further promoted ER stress-induced cell apoptosis. ERO1α knockdown up-regulated miR-101 expression and promoted colon cancer cell apoptosis via regulating miR-101. Surprisingly, miR-101 negatively regulated EZH2 expression via miRNA-mRNA targeting. Moreover, ER stress promoted colon cancer cell apoptosis via regulating miR-101/EZH2 axis. Wnt/β-catenin pathway was also involved in the regulation of ERO1α/miR-101/EZH2 in ER stress of colon cancer cells. These findings illustrated that silencing ERO1α regulated ER stress-induced apoptosis via miR-101/EZH2 axis in RKO and HT-29 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqin Wang
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiangqiong Han
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Gaowei Wang
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuesong Wu
- Department Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Youguang Huang
- Tumor Institute of Yunnan Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Min Wu
- Tumor Institute of Yunnan Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunlan Chen
- Cadre Medical Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, No. 517 Kunzhou Road, Xishan District, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, China.
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19
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Ahmadi M, Amiri S, Pecic S, Machaj F, Rosik J, Łos MJ, Alizadeh J, Mahdian R, da Silva Rosa SC, Schaafsma D, Shojaei S, Madrakian T, Zeki AA, Ghavami S. Pleiotropic effects of statins: A focus on cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165968. [PMID: 32927022 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The statin drugs ('statins') potently inhibit hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase by competitively blocking the active site of the enzyme. Statins decrease de novo cholesterol biosynthesis and thereby reduce plasma cholesterol levels. Statins exhibit "pleiotropic" properties that are independent of their lipid-lowering effects. For example, preclinical evidence suggests that statins inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis in specific cancer cell types. Furthermore, statins show chemo-sensitizing effects by impairing Ras family GTPase signaling. However, whether statins have clinically meaningful anti-cancer effects remains an area of active investigation. Both preclinical and clinical studies on the potential mechanisms of action of statins in several cancers have been reviewed in the literature. Considering the contradictory data on their efficacy, we present an up-to-date summary of the pleiotropic effects of statins in cancer therapy and review their impact on different malignancies. We also discuss the synergistic anti-cancer effects of statins when combined with other more conventional anti-cancer drugs to highlight areas of potential therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, R4046 - 351 Taché Ave, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Stevan Pecic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Filip Machaj
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marek J Łos
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Javad Alizadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Simone C da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | | | - Shahla Shojaei
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Amir A Zeki
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine. Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. U.C. Davis Lung Center, Davis, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mather, California, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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20
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Gachpazan M, Kashani H, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM, Rezayi M, Asgharzadeh F, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Avan A. The Impact of Statin Therapy on the Survival of Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:738-747. [PMID: 30539694 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181211165449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors that may play an important role in the evolution of cancers, due to their effects on cancer cell metabolism. Statins affect several potential pathways, including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and metastasis. The number of trials assessing the putative clinical benefits of statins in cancer is increasing. Currently, there are several trials listed on the global trial identifier website clinicaltrials.gov. Given the compelling evidence from these trials in a variety of clinical settings, there have been calls for a clinical trial of statins in the adjuvant gastrointestinal cancer setting. However, randomized controlled trials on specific cancer types in relation to statin use, as well as studies on populations without a clinical indication for using statins, have elucidated some potential underlying biological mechanisms, and the investigation of different statins is probably warranted. It would be useful for these trials to incorporate the assessment of tumour biomarkers predictive of statin response in their design. This review summarizes the recent preclinical and clinical studies that assess the application of statins in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers with particular emphasize on their association with cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Gachpazan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hoda Kashani
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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21
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A Differential Effect of Lovastatin versus Simvastatin in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0162-20.2020. [PMID: 32651266 PMCID: PMC7433894 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0162-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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22
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Tabuso M, Christian M, Kimani PK, Gopalakrishnan K, Arasaradnam RP. KRAS Status is Associated with Metabolic Parameters in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer According to Primary Tumour Location. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2537-2548. [PMID: 32594310 PMCID: PMC7471139 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is characterized by complex interplay between macroenvironmental factors and tumour microenvironment, leading to variable outcomes in CRC patients. To date, there is still a need to identify macroenvironment/microenvironment factors that could define subgroup of patients that would benefit from specific anti-cancer treatment in order to improve patient selection for individualized targeted-based therapy. Aim of this study was to evaluate associations between metabolic parameters and KRAS status in metastatic CRC (mCRC) according to a new tumour site classification. Retrospective data were extracted from a total of 201 patients diagnosed with mCRC between 2012 and 2017 extracted from an established CRC database at our tertiary institute. Clinical-pathological data, including age, gender, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, pre-CRC diagnosis serum lipid levels and KRAS status were recorded. Categorical characteristics were compared using chi-squared test. Continuous characteristics were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Log rank test was used to compare hazards for survival. In all comparisons, a two-sided P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Out of 201 patients, 170 patients with complete serum lipid profile were included in the analysis. In recto-sigmoid cancers there was a statistically significant association between high cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein (chol:HDL) ratio and KRAS mutation (OR 2.69, 95% CI 1.1–6.4, p = 0,02). In non recto-sigmoid cancers, high cholesterol was associated with KRAS WT (OR 0.39, CI 0.15–0.97, p = 0.04). In 22 patients with KRAS mutated recto-sigmoid cancer stage IV at diagnosis normal chol:HDL ratio was associated with a trend to better survival (p = 0.06). High chol:HDL ratio was significantly associated with KRAS mutated metastatic recto-sigmoid cancers. A subgroup of mCRC patients with KRAS mutated recto-sigmoid cancer may benefit from optimal lipid lowering treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tabuso
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK. .,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - M Christian
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
| | - P K Kimani
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - K Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - R P Arasaradnam
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.,The University of Warwick, School of life Sciences, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Coventry, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5BF, UK.,University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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23
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Abstract
Objective: To summarize the abnormal location of FLT3 caused by different glycosylation status which further leads to the distinguishing signaling pathways and discuss targeting on FLT3 glycosylation by drugs reported in recent literatures. Methods: We review FLT3 glycosylation in endoplasmic reticulum. The abnormal signal of mutant FLT3 with different glycosylation status is discussed. We also address potential FLT3 glycosylation-targeting strategies for the treatment. Results: Inhibition of FLT3 mutant cells by drugs reported in recent literatures involves the influence of glycosylation of FLT3: 2-deoxy-D-glucose, Tunicamycin and Fluvastatin are reported to inhibit N-glycosylation of FLT3; Pim-1 inhibitors are proved to block the inhibition of Pim-1 on FLT3 Oglycosylation; HSP90 inhibitors and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors are shown to increase fully glycosylated form of FLT3. Discussion: The FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene expressed only in CD34+ progenitor cells in bone marrow is located on chromosome 13q12 encoding FLT3 protein. FLT3 is initially synthesized as a 110 KD protein, which glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum to a 130 KD immature protein rich in mannose, and further processed into a mature 160 KD protein in the Golgi apparatus, which could be transferred to the cell surface. Therapy targeting on FLT3 glycosylation is a promising direction for AML treatment. Conclusions: The abnormal location of FLT3 caused by different glycosylation status leads to the distinguishing signaling pathways. Targeting on FLT3 glycosylation may provide a new perspective for therapeutic strategies. Abbreviations: ABCG2: ATP-binding cassette transporter breast cancer resistance protein; ATF: activating transcription factor; AML: acute myeloid leukemia; CHOP: CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein; 2-DG: 2-deoxy-D-glucose; EFS: event free survival; EPO: erythropoietin; EPOR: erythropoietin receptor; ERS: endoplasmic reticulum stress; FLT3: FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3; GPI: glycosylphosphatidylinositol; HSP: heat shock protein; ITD: internal tandem duplication; IRE1a: inositol-requiring enzyme 1 alpha; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; JMD: juxtamembrane domain; JAK: janus kinase; MAPK/ERK: mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase; OS: overall survival; PI3K/AKT: phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B; PERK: RNA-activated protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; Pgp: P-glycoprotein; PTX3: human pentraxin-3; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcriptions; TKD: tyrosine-kinase domain; TKI: tyrosine kinase inhibitor; TM: Tunicamycin; UPR: unfolded protein reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Hematology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyuan Chen
- Department of Hematology, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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24
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Considerations for Clinical Therapeutic Development of Statins for Neurodevelopmental Disorders. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0392-19.2020. [PMID: 32071072 PMCID: PMC7070444 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0392-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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25
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TPK1 as a predictive marker for the anti-tumour effects of simvastatin in gastric cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152820. [PMID: 31964553 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The potential anti-tumour role of statins has been reported in various cancer types, including gastric cancer (GC). However, there are no biomarkers to identify patients who may benefit most from this treatment. We tested the effects of statins on 8 GC cell lines. Genes differentially expressed in simvastatin-sensitive and -resistant cell lines were used to identify potential biomarkers of simvastatin sensitivity. Patient-derived cell lines were used to mimic in vivo conditions. In simvastatin-sensitive SNU-5 cells, the levels of the PARP and cleaved caspase-3 apoptosis markers increased upon exposure to simvastatin. The levels of the PARP and cleaved caspase-3 levels were unchanged by simvastatin exposure in simvastatin-resistant SNU-668 cells. The proportion of apoptotic cells was increased in SNU-5 cells but not in SNU-668 cells under the same drug exposure conditions. Comparison of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in sensitive and resistant cell lines identified 31 genes potentially involved in the cellular response to simvastatin. We confirmed that RNA expression of the TPK1 DEG was significantly increased in simvastatin-sensitive cell lines. TPK1 knockdown in a simvastatin-sensitive GC SNU5 cell line, decreased the anti-tumour effects of simvastatin, while TPK1 overexpression enhanced the anti-tumour effect of simvastatin. Therefore, TPK1 expression can be used as a predictive marker of the anti-tumour effects of statin treatment in patients with cancer, especially in those with GC.
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26
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Fong W, To KKW. Drug repurposing to overcome resistance to various therapies for colorectal cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3383-3406. [PMID: 31087119 PMCID: PMC11105507 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of novel treatment modalities provides effective therapeutic options, apart from conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, to fight against colorectal cancer. Unfortunately, drug resistance remains a huge challenge in clinics, leading to invariable occurrence of disease progression after treatment initiation. While novel drug development is unfavorable in terms of time frame and costs, drug repurposing is one of the promising strategies to combat resistance. This approach refers to the application of clinically available drugs to treat a different disease. With the well-established safety profile and optimal dosing of these approved drugs, their combination with current cancer therapy is suggested to provide an economical, safe and efficacious approach to overcome drug resistance and prolong patient survival. Here, we review both preclinical and clinical efficacy, as well as cellular mechanisms, of some extensively studied repurposed drugs, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, statins, metformin, chloroquine, disulfiram, niclosamide, zoledronic acid and angiotensin receptor blockers. The three major treatment modalities in the management of colorectal cancer, namely classical cytotoxic chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy, are covered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Fong
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Room 801N, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Area 39, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kenneth K W To
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Room 801N, Lo Kwee-Seong Integrated Biomedical Sciences Building, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Area 39, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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27
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Lee S, Lim J, Yu J, Ahn J, Lee Y, Jeon NL. Engineering tumor vasculature on an injection-molded plastic array 3D culture (IMPACT) platform. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2071-2080. [PMID: 31049508 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00148d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in microfluidic organ-on-a-chip technology have enabled the growth of 3D microphysiological systems for diverse biological studies. Fabrication and usage limitations inherent to conventional soft lithographic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based microfluidic platforms drive demands for more accessible, standardized, and mass producible platforms for wider applications. Here, we introduce a novel injection-molded plastic array 3D culture (IMPACT) platform, a microfluidic system designed for easy and diverse patterning of 3D cellular hydrogel. The flexibility of the IMPACT platform enabled simultaneous high-content morphological profiling of the effect of nine different types of tumor cells on vascular formation. Moreover, screening of three different known anti-tumor drugs (5-FU, axitinib and cetuximab) was done at various delivered dosages. We observed distinct and expected molecular mechanism dependent response on both tumor and vasculature in response to treatment, confirming the applicability of the IMPACT as high-content drug testing tool. Therefore, we propose IMPACT as the next generation of 3D microfluidic co-culture platform compatible with any biological, clinical, and pharmaceutical investigations requiring robust high-throughput and high-content assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somin Lee
- Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Li Y, He X, Ding Y, Chen H, Sun L. Statin uses and mortality in colorectal cancer patients: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med 2019; 8:3305-3313. [PMID: 31069997 PMCID: PMC6558478 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common types of cancer and a leading cause of death worldwide. Previous studies indicated that statins may have a potential protective effect on CRC. METHODS We conducted this meta-analysis to systematically assess the overall and cancer-specific survival benefit of statin uses on CRC patients. Related references were identified through PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, and SCOPUS from inception to August 2017. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) were adopted to calculate summary hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), using a random-effects model. RESULTS Total fourteen studies involving 130 994 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Six studies reported the association between pre-diagnosis statin uses and CRC mortality, while 11 studies investigated mortality in patients using statins after CRC diagnosis. For pre-diagnosis statin uses, the pooled HR of all-cause mortality (ACM) was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.79-0.92) and the pooled HR of cancer-specific mortality (CSM) was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.79-0.86). In terms of post-diagnosis statin uses, the pooled HR of ACM was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.76-0.98), and the pooled HR of CSM was 0.79 (95% CI, 0.70-0.89). For post-diagnosis statin uses, there is no difference in ACM when stratified by KRAS gene (KRAS) mutation status. Results of ACM and CSM did not markedly alter in other subgroup analyses. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis demonstrates that both pre-diagnosis and post-diagnosis statin uses are associated with reduced ACM and CSM for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xingkang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu'e Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongyang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leimin Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University Medical School, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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29
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Ahmadi Y, Karimian R, Panahi Y. Effects of statins on the chemoresistance-The antagonistic drug-drug interactions versus the anti-cancer effects. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1856-1865. [PMID: 30372891 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been growing interest in the potential anti-cancer activity of statins based on evidence of their anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and radiosensitizing properties, but no studies have focused on the effects of statins on the chemoresistance. In spite of their direct cytostatic/cytotoxic effects on the cancer cells, statins via drug interactions may affect therapeutic effects of the chemotherapy agents and so cause chemoresistance in cancer cells. Here, we aim to present the molecular mechanisms underlying cytotoxic effects of statins on the cancer cells against those mechanisms by which statins may lead to chemoresistance, in order to clarify whether the positive effects of the co-treatment of statins on the efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents is due to the natural anti-cancer effects of statins or it is due to increasing the cellular concentrations of chemotherapy drugs in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Ahmadi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramin Karimian
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Systems biology and poisonings institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Jang HJ, Kim HS, Kim JH, Lee J. The Effect of Statin Added to Systemic Anticancer Therapy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7100325. [PMID: 30287761 PMCID: PMC6210992 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have demonstrated that statins have anticancer properties and act in an additive or synergistic way when combined with anticancer therapy. We conducted this meta-analysis of randomized, controlled phase II or III trials to evaluate the effect of statins added to systemic anticancer therapy in patients with solid cancer. A systematic literature search was performed to identify all randomized trials that were designed to investigate the effect of statins in patients with cancer using PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Web of Science (up to August 2018). From eight randomized controlled trials, 1760 patients were included in the pooled analyses of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for grade 3–5 adverse events (AEs) and overall response rate (ORR) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The addition of statin to anticancer agents did not significantly increase the incidence of grade 3–5 AEs (OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.81–1.29, p = 0.78). However, the combination of statin and anticancer agents did not improve ORR (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.77–1.20, p = 0.72) compared with that of anticancer therapy alone. In addition, statins added to systemic anticancer therapy failed to prolong PFS (HR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.90–1.10, p = 0.92) and OS (HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.76–1.11, p = 0.52). In conclusion, this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials does not support clinical benefits of statins added to systemic anticancer therapy in patients with solid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Jang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred-Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwasung 18450, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea.
| | - Hyeong Su Kim
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea.
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Division of Hemato-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul 07441, Korea.
| | - Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongtan Sacred-Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Hwasung 18450, Gyeonggi-Do, Korea.
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31
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Askarizadeh A, Butler AE, Badiee A, Sahebkar A. Liposomal nanocarriers for statins: A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics appraisal. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:1219-1229. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Askarizadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | | | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
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32
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Liu BS, Dai XY, Xia HW, Xu HJ, Tang QL, Gong QY, Nie YZ, Bi F. Geranylgeranyl transferase 1 inhibitor GGTI‑298 enhances the anticancer effect of gefitinib. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:4023-4029. [PMID: 30106149 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is responsible for the resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib and erlotinib, and is thereby associated with the progression of tumors in non‑small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Immunoblotting results revealed that geranylgeranyl transferase 1 inhibitor (GGTI)‑298, a geranylgeranyl transferase 1 inhibitor with potential antitumor effects, effectively inhibited the phosphorylation of EGFR and its downstream target protein kinase B (AKT). A combination of gefitinib and GGTI‑298 amplified the inhibition of the EGFR‑AKT signaling pathway. In addition, GGTI‑298 treatment produced a synergistic effect on the inhibition of proliferation as indicated by the combination index values of <1 when combined with gefitinib in the NSCLC cell lines HCC827 and A549. These synergistic effects were also observed to induce apoptosis and migration inhibition. Further mechanistic studies demonstrated that GGTI‑298 inhibited the activity of Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), and downregulation of RhoA with small interfering RNA impaired the phosphorylation of EGFR, which suggested that EGFR inhibition by GGTI‑298 may be exerted mainly through RhoA mediation. These results presented a novel, promising therapeutic strategy involving a combination of two drugs for targeting EGFR signaling in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Sheng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Dai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Wei Xia
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Huan-Ji Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Lin Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Yong Gong
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Zhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digest Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Feng Bi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bifulco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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34
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Castellanos-Esparza YC, Wu S, Huang L, Buquet C, Shen R, Sanchez-Gonzalez B, García Latorre EA, Boyer O, Varin R, Jiménez-Zamudio LA, Janin A, Vannier JP, Li H, Lu H. Synergistic promoting effects of pentoxifylline and simvastatin on the apoptosis of triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2018; 52:1246-1254. [PMID: 29436616 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentoxifylline (PTX), a xanthine family molecule and simvastatin (SIM), an anti-hypercholesterolemic agent, have recently been considered as sensitizers to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The present in vitro study evaluated their antitumor synergistic effects on MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cells characterized by the triple‑negative phenotype (TNP). The anti-proliferative effects of these two agents were evaluated by MTT and clonogenic assays. Cell cycle progression was examined using propidium iodide staining. Apoptosis was investigated by Annexin V labeling, and by examining caspase 3 activity and DNA fragmentation. Autophagic vesicles and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were monitored by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate molecular targets. Our results revealed that when used alone, PTX and SIM exerted antitumor effects. Nevertheless, used in combination, the inhibition of cell proliferation was synergistically superior (80% vs 42%) than that observed following treatment with each agent alone after 48 h. PTX alone (0.5 mM) induced both apoptosis (25%) and autophagy (25%); however, when used in combination with SIM (0.5 µM), the balance between these processes was disrupted and the cells underwent apoptosis (>65%) as opposed to autophagy (<13%). This imbalance was associated with an increase in ERK1/2 and AKT activation, but not with an increase in mTOR phosphorylation, and with the suppression of the NF-κB pathway. In addition, in the cells treated with both agents, almost 78% of the cells were arrested at the G0/G1 phase and lost their colony-forming ability (38±5%) compared to the cells treated with PTX alone (115±5%). On the whole, these results suggest that the induction of autophagy may be a protective mechanism preventing MDA‑MB‑231 cancer cell death. The combined use of PTX and SIM may drive dormant autophagic cancer cells to undergo apoptosis and thus this may be a novel treatment strategy for breast cancer characterized by the TNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Cristina Castellanos-Esparza
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Medical Research Unit S-1165/Paris Diderot University, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Shuang Wu
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Medical Research Unit S-1165/Paris Diderot University, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Limin Huang
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Medical Research Unit S-1165/Paris Diderot University, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Buquet
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 1234/Rouen University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Rong Shen
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Medical Research Unit S-1165/Paris Diderot University, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Berenice Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Immunochemistry Laboratory I, Immunology Department, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Ethel Awilda García Latorre
- Immunochemistry Laboratory I, Immunology Department, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Olivier Boyer
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 1234/Rouen University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Remi Varin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 1234/Rouen University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Luis Antonio Jiménez-Zamudio
- Immunochemistry Laboratory I, Immunology Department, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Anne Janin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Medical Research Unit S-1165/Paris Diderot University, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vannier
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 1234/Rouen University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Hong Li
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Unit 1234/Rouen University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - He Lu
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research, Medical Research Unit S-1165/Paris Diderot University, University Institute of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
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Luput L, Licarete E, Drotar DM, Nagy AL, Sesarman A, Patras L, Rauca VF, Porfire A, Muntean D, Achim M, Tomuta I, Vlase L, Catoi C, Dragos N, Banciu M. In Vivo Double Targeting of C26 Colon Carcinoma Cells and Microenvironmental Protumor Processes Using Liposomal Simvastatin. J Cancer 2018; 9:440-449. [PMID: 29344291 PMCID: PMC5771352 DOI: 10.7150/jca.21560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Besides cholesterol lowering effects, simvastatin (SIM) at very high doses possesses antitumor actions. Moreover our previous studies demonstrated that tumor-targeted delivery of SIM by using long-circulating liposomes (LCL) improved the therapeutic index of this drug in murine melanoma-bearing mice. To evaluate whether this finding can be exploited for future therapy of colorectal cancer the antitumor activity and the underlying mechanisms of long-circulating liposomal simvastatin (LCL-SIM) efficacy for inhibition of C26 murine colon carcinoma growth in vivo were investigated. Materials and Methods: To find LCL-SIM dose with the highest therapeutic index, dose-response relationship and side effects of different LCL-SIM doses were assessed in C26 colon carcinoma-bearing mice. The underlying mechanisms of LCL-SIM versus free SIM treatments were investigated with regard to their actions on C26 cell proliferation and apoptosis (via tumor tissues immunostaining for PCNA and Bax markers), tumor inflammation (via western blot analysis of NF-κΒ production), angiogenesis (using an angiogenic protein array), and oxidative stress (by HPLC assessment of malondialdehyde). Results: Our findings suggest that LCL-SIM antitumor activity on C26 colon carcinoma is a result of the tumor-targeting property of the liposome formulation, as free SIM treatment was ineffective. Moreover, LCL-SIM exerted significant antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic actions on C26 cells, notable suppressive effects on two main supportive processes for tumor development, inflammation and angiogenesis, and only slight anti-oxidant actions. Conclusion: Our data proved that LCL-SIM antitumor activity in C26 colon carcinoma was based on cytotoxic effects on these cancer cells and suppressive actions on tumor angiogenesis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Luput
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Emilia Licarete
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Denise Minerva Drotar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Andras-Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Veterinary Toxicology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Sesarman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laura Patras
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valentin Florian Rauca
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Porfire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dana Muntean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Marcela Achim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioan Tomuta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Laurian Vlase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu", 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cornel Catoi
- Department of Veterinary Toxicology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicolae Dragos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Taxonomy and Ecology Department, Institute of Biological Research, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Manuela Banciu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, 400271, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Simvastatin enhances radiation sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells. Surg Endosc 2017; 32:1533-1539. [PMID: 28916945 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-017-5841-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neoadjuvant chemoradiation (CRT) for rectal cancer induces variable responses, and better response has been associated with improved oncologic outcomes. Our group has previously shown that the administration of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, commonly known as statins, is associated with improved response to neoadjuvant CRT in rectal cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to study the effects of simvastatin on colorectal cancer cells and explore its potential as a radiation-sensitizer in vitro. METHODS Four colorectal cancer cell lines (SW480, DLD1, SW837, and HRT18) were used to test the effects of simvastatin alone, radiation alone, and combination therapy. Outcome measures included ATP-based cell viability, colony formation, and protein (immunoblot) assays. RESULTS The combination of radiation and simvastatin inhibited colony formation and cell viability of all four CRC lines, to a greater degree than either treatment alone (p < 0.01). In addition, the effects of simvastatin in this combination therapy were dose dependent, with increased concentrations resulting in more potentiated inhibitory effects. The radiosensitizing effects of simvastatin on cell viability were negated by the presence of exogenous GGPP in the media. On protein analyses of irradiated cells, simvastatin treatment inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2, in a dose-dependent manner, while the total levels of ERK1/2 remained stable. In addition, the combined treatment resulted in increased levels of cleaved caspase 3, indicating greater apoptotic activity in the cells treated with radiation and simvastatin together. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with simvastatin hindered CRC cell viability and enhanced radiation sensitivity in vitro. These effects were tied to the depletion of GGPP and the decreased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, suggesting a prominent role for the EGFR-RAS-ERK1/2 pathway, through which statin enhances radiation sensitivity.
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Papanagnou P, Stivarou T, Papageorgiou I, Papadopoulos GE, Pappas A. Marketed drugs used for the management of hypercholesterolemia as anticancer armament. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4393-4411. [PMID: 28932124 PMCID: PMC5598753 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s140483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of novel pharmacologic agents as well as their approval for sale in markets all over the world is a tedious and pricey process. Inevitably, oncologic patients commonly experience unwanted effects of new anticancer drugs, while the acquisition of clinical experience for these drugs is largely based on doctor–patient partnership which is not always effective. The repositioning of marketed non-antineoplastic drugs that hopefully exhibit anticancer properties into the field of oncology is a challenging option that gains ground and attracts preclinical and clinical research in an effort to override all these hindrances and minimize the risk for reduced efficacy and/or personalized toxicity. This review aims to present the anticancer properties of drugs used for the management of hypercholesterolemia. A global view of the antitumorigenicity of all marketed antihypercholesterolemic drugs is of major importance, given that atherosclerosis, which is etiologically linked to hypercholesterolemia, is a leading worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality, while hypercholesterolemia and tumorigenesis are known to be interrelated. In vitro, in vivo and clinical literature data accumulated so far outline the mechanistic basis of the antitumor function of these agents and how they could find application at the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodora Stivarou
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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38
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Park HJ, Park JB, Lee SJ, Song M. Phellinus linteus Grown on Germinated Brown Rice Increases Cetuximab Sensitivity of KRAS-Mutated Colon Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081746. [PMID: 28800074 PMCID: PMC5578136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, and it has recently become a leading cause of death worldwide. Among colon cancers, the v-ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)-mutated form is notorious for its non-druggable features. Cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor, has been introduced as an antitumor therapy; however, secondary resistance and side effects significantly limit its effective use in these cancers. In this study, we prepared Phellinuslinteus on germinated brown rice (PBR) extracts to increase the sensitivity of KRAS-mutated colon cancers to cetuximab. The combined treatment of PBR extract and cetuximab suppressed SW480 cell viability/proliferation, with the cells exhibiting altered cellular morphology and clonogenic potential. AnnexinV–fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide–stained flow cytometry and Western blotting were performed, and PBR extract combined with cetuximab treatment increased apoptosis of the SW480 cells and suppressed their KRAS protein expression. The potential of PBR as a synergistic anticancer agent was further investigated in a tumor-xenografted mouse model. Tumor growth was significantly suppressed with PBR extract and cetuximab co-treatment. In conclusion, PBR increased the sensitivity of KRAS-mutated colon cancer cells to cetuximab, which indicates the potential use of PBR as a medical food against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Park
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Gachon University, Kyungji-Do 13120, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Bin Park
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Division of Bioindustry, Silla University, Busan 46958, Korea.
| | - Sang-Jae Lee
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Division of Bioindustry, Silla University, Busan 46958, Korea.
- The Research Center for Extremophiles & Marine Microbiology, Silla University, Busan 46958, Korea.
| | - Minjung Song
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Division of Bioindustry, Silla University, Busan 46958, Korea.
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Voorneveld PW, Reimers MS, Bastiaannet E, Jacobs RJ, van Eijk R, Zanders MMJ, Herings RMC, van Herk-Sukel MPP, Kodach LL, van Wezel T, Kuppen PJK, Morreau H, van de Velde CJH, Hardwick JCH, Liefers GJ. Statin Use After Diagnosis of Colon Cancer and Patient Survival. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:470-479.e4. [PMID: 28512021 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Statin use has been associated with a reduced incidence of colorectal cancer and might also affect survival of patients diagnosed with colon cancer. Statins are believed to inhibit Ras signaling and may also activate the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells. We investigated the effects of statins on overall survival of patients with a diagnosis of colon cancer, and whether their effects were associated with changes in KRAS or the BMP signaling pathways. METHODS Data were derived from the PHARMO database network (Netherlands) and linked to patients diagnosed with colon cancer from 2002 through 2007, listed in the Eindhoven Cancer Registry. We obtained information on causes of death from statistics Netherlands. We constructed a tissue microarray of 999 colon cancer specimens from patients who underwent surgical resection from 2002 through 2008. Survival was analyzed with statin user status after diagnosis as a time-dependent covariate. Multivariable Poisson regression survival models and Cox analyses were used to study the effect of statins on survival. Tumor tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for levels of SMAD4, BMPR1A, BMPR1B, and BMPR2 proteins. Tumor tissues were considered to have intact BMP signaling if they contained SMAD4 plus BMPR1A, BMPR1B, or BMPR2. DNA was isolated from tumor tissues and analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect mutations in KRAS. The primary outcome measures were overall mortality and cancer-specific mortality. RESULTS In this cohort, 21.0% of the patients (210/999) were defined as statin users after diagnosis of colon cancer. Statin use after diagnosis was significantly associated with reduced risk of death from any cause (adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.51-0.87; P = .003) and death from cancer (adjusted RR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.89; P = .007). Statin use after diagnosis was associated with reduced risk of death from any cause or from cancer for patients whose tumors had intact BMP signaling (adjusted RR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.22-0.68; P = .001), but not for patients whose tumors did not have BMP signaling (adjusted RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.55-1.21; P = .106; P < .0001 for the interaction). Statin use after diagnosis was not associated with reduced risk of death from any cause or from cancer for patients whose tumors did not contain KRAS mutations (adjusted RR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.56-1.18; P = .273) or whose tumors did have KRAS mutations (adjusted RR, 0.59; 95% CI 0.35-1.03; P = .062; P = .90 for the interaction). CONCLUSIONS In an analysis of 999 patients with a diagnosis of colon cancer, we associated statin with reduced risk of death from any cause or from cancer. The benefit of statin use is greater for patients whose tumors have intact BMP signaling, independent of KRAS mutation status. Randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip W Voorneveld
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Marlies S Reimers
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Bastiaannet
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands; Department of Gerontology & Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger J Jacobs
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Eijk
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ron M C Herings
- PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, the Netherlands
| | | | - Liudmila L Kodach
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van Wezel
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J K Kuppen
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Morreau
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | | | - James C H Hardwick
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit Jan Liefers
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
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40
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Basak S, Mondal S, Dey S, Bhattacharya P, Saha A, Deep Punetha V, Abbas A, Gopal Sahoo N. Fabrication of β-cyclodextrin-mediated single bimolecular inclusion complex: characterization, molecular docking, in-vitro release and bioavailability studies for gefitinib and simvastatin conjugate. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Introduction of multiple molecules in a single inclusion complex, albeit cheaper, lacks conclusive attempts in earlier drug delivery reports. This manuscript emphasizes simultaneous incorporation of two anticancer drugs, gefitinib (G) and simvastatin (S), in a single molecule of β-cyclodextrin for the first time to achieve effective drug delivery.
Methods
The inclusion complex (GSBCD) was prepared by cosolvent evaporation technique using β-cyclodextrin (BCD) as carrier. Characterization of GSBDC was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, COSY, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and dynamic light scattering analyses, which were ascribed to the complex formation inside BCD cavity, micronization of drugs and conversion to amorphous state.
Key findings
The complex revealed entrapment of G and S in 3 ± 0.48: 2 ± 0.19 molar ratio and showed more than 3.5 and 10 fold increase in drug release in in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Docking and COSY studies revealed molecular alignment into BCD central cavity that been achieved via hydrogen bonding between certain groups of the ligands (G and S) and the polar heads of BCD. Partial incorporation of the molecular backbone inside inclusion complex suggests superficial contact with the solvent indicating slow steady release kinetics.
Conclusions
This approach of forming inclusion complex with multiple molecules within a single cavity can be a landmark for further studies in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Basak
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, India
| | - Sandip Mondal
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, India
| | - Suddhasattya Dey
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur, India
| | | | - Achintya Saha
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Vinay Deep Punetha
- Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Ali Abbas
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nanda Gopal Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttrakhand, India
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Lou E, D'Souza D, Nelson AC. Therapeutic Response of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Harboring a KRAS Missense Mutation After Combination Chemotherapy With the EGFR Inhibitor Panitumumab. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2017; 15:427-432. [PMID: 28404754 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2017.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, subset analyses of retrospective and prospective clinical studies have determined that KRAS-mutated metastatic colorectal cancers do not respond effectively to inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with the EGFR-targeting monoclonal antibodies cetuximab or panitumumab. Within the past few years, the scope of tested variants in the KRAS oncogene has expanded significantly, and testing of all RAS family genes has become more widely available in clinical laboratories. Expert consensus guidelines have recommended not using EGFR inhibitors in patients with KRAS-mutated tumors. However, with increasing identification of low-prevalence variants, it is conceivable that some RAS mutations do not provide equivalent resistance to EGFR inhibition compared with the most prevalent mutations at codons 12, 13, and 61. This report describes a case of a patient with metastatic colon cancer harboring the p.A59T variant of KRAS, with objective radiographic response (36% decrease per RECIST 1.1) and carcinoembryonic antigen biomarker response to panitumumab therapy given with FOLFIRI chemotherapy. We propose that A59T represents one potential exception to the guidelines that KRAS mutant tumors fail to respond to therapy with EGFR inhibitors, altering the paradigm of using this generalized approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Lou
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Donna D'Souza
- Departments of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Andrew C Nelson
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Moon DC, Lee HS, Lee YI, Chung MJ, Park JY, Park SW, Song SY, Chung JB, Bang S. Concomitant Statin Use Has a Favorable Effect on Gemcitabine-Erlotinib Combination Chemotherapy for Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:1124-30. [PMID: 27401642 PMCID: PMC4960377 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.5.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Erlotinib-gemcitabine combined chemotherapy is considered as the standard treatment for unresectable pancreatic cancer. This study aimed to determine the clinical factors associated with response to this treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 180 patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer who received ≥2 cycles of gemcitabine-erlotinib combination therapy as first-line palliative chemotherapy between 2006 and 2014. "Long-term response" was defined as tumor stabilization after >6 chemotherapy cycles. RESULTS The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 3.9 and 8.1 months, respectively. On univariate analysis, liver metastasis (p=0.023) was negatively correlated with long-term response. Locally advanced stage (p=0.017), a history of statin treatment (p=0.01), and carcinoembryonic antigen levels <4.5 (p=0.029) had a favorable effect on long-term response. On multivariate analysis, a history of statin treatment was the only independent favorable factor for long-term response (p=0.017). Prognostic factors for OS and PFS were significantly correlated with liver metastasis (p=0.031 and 0.013, respectively). A history of statin treatment was also significantly associated with OS after adjusting for all potential confounders (hazard ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.26-0.92; p=0.026). CONCLUSION These results suggest that statins have a favorable effect on "long-term response" to gemcitabine-erlotinib chemotherapy in unresectable pancreatic cancer patients. Statins may have a chemoadjuvant role in stabilizing long-term tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Chang Moon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine and Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Seung Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine and Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Il Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine and Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Jae Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine and Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Youp Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine and Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Woo Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine and Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Young Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine and Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Bock Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine and Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungmin Bang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine and Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Seoul, Korea.
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Badran MM, Harisa GI, AlQahtani SA, Alanazi FK, Zoheir KM. Pravastatin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles: Formulation, characterization and cytotoxicity studies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Synergistic Effects of Simvastatin and Irinotecan against Colon Cancer Cells with or without Irinotecan Resistance. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:7891374. [PMID: 26966430 PMCID: PMC4757714 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7891374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims. We here investigated whether the combination of simvastatin and irinotecan could induce the synergistic effect on colon cancer cells with or without resistance to irinotecan. Methods. We investigated cell proliferation assay and assessed cell death detection ELISA and caspase-3 activity assay of various concentrations of simvastatin and irinotecan to evaluate the efficacy of drug combination on colon cancer cells with or without irinotecan resistance. Results. The IC50 values of simvastatin alone and irinotecan alone were 115.4 ± 0.14 μM (r = 0.98) and 62.5 ± 0.18 μM (r = 0.98) in HT-29 cells without resistance to irinotecan. The IC50 values of these two drugs were 221.9 ± 0.22 μM (r = 0.98) and 195.9 ± 0.16 μM (r = 0.99), respectively, in HT-29 cell with resistance to irinotecan. The results of combinations of the various concentrations of two drugs showed that combined treatment with irinotecan and simvastatin more efficiently suppressed cell proliferation of HT-29 cells even with resistance to irinotecan as well as without resistance. Furthermore, the combination of simvastatin and irinotecan at 2 : 1 molar ratio showed the best synergistic interaction. Conclusion. Simvastatin could act synergistically with irinotecan to overcome irinotecan resistance of colon cancer.
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Lim SH, Kim TW, Hong YS, Han SW, Lee KH, Kang HJ, Hwang IG, Lee JY, Kim HS, Kim ST, Lee J, Park JO, Park SH, Park YS, Lim HY, Jung SH, Kang WK. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-centre phase III trial of XELIRI/FOLFIRI plus simvastatin for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1421-6. [PMID: 26505681 PMCID: PMC4815882 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this randomised phase III trial was to evaluate whether the addition of simvastatin, a synthetic 3-hydroxy-3methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, to XELIRI/FOLFIRI chemotherapy regimens confers a clinical benefit to patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer. Methods: We undertook a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of 269 patients previously treated for metastatic colorectal cancer and enrolled in 5 centres in South Korea. Patients were randomly assigned (1 : 1) to one of the following groups: FOLFIRI/XELIRI plus simvastatin (40 mg) or FOLFIRI/XELIRI plus placebo. The FOLFIRI regimen consisted of irinotecan at 180 mg m−2 as a 90-min infusion, leucovorin at 200 mg m−2 as a 2-h infusion, and a bolus injection of 5-FU 400 mg m−2 followed by a 46-h continuous infusion of 5-FU at 2400 mg m−2. The XELIRI regimen consisted of irinotecan at 250 mg m−2 as a 90-min infusion with capecitabine 1000 mg m−2 twice daily for 14 days. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included response rate, duration of response, overall survival (OS), time to progression, and toxicity. Results: Between April 2010 and July 2013, 269 patients were enrolled and assigned to treatment groups (134 simvastatin, 135 placebo). The median PFS was 5.9 months (95% CI, 4.5–7.3) in the XELIRI/FOLFIRI plus simvastatin group and 7.0 months (95% CI, 5.4–8.6) in the XELIRI/FOLFIRI plus placebo group (P=0.937). No significant difference was observed between the two groups with respect to OS (median, 15.9 months (simvastatin) vs 19.9 months (placebo), P=0.826). Grade ⩾3 nausea and anorexia were noted slightly more often in patients in the simvastatin arm compared with with the placebo arm (4.5% vs 0.7%, 3.0% vs 0%, respectively). Conclusions: The addition of 40 mg simvastatin to the XELIRI/FOLFIRI regimens did not improve PFS in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer nor did it increase toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - T W Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Y S Hong
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S-W Han
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K-H Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - H J Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - I G Hwang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Chungang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Y Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - H S Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S T Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - J O Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S H Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Y S Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - H Y Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S-H Jung
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - W K Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Lim T, Lee I, Kim J, Kang WK. Synergistic Effect of Simvastatin Plus Radiation in Gastric Cancer and Colorectal Cancer: Implications of BIRC5 and Connective Tissue Growth Factor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 93:316-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Safety and efficacy of the addition of simvastatin to cetuximab in previously treated KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:1242-7. [PMID: 26386973 PMCID: PMC4648966 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0285-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Cetuximab is registered for use in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with RAS wild-type tumours only. Simvastatin blocks the mevalonate pathway and thereby interferes with the post-translational modification (prenylation) of KRAS. We hypothesize that the activitated KRAS pathway in KRAS mutant tumors can be inhibited by simvastatin rendering these tumors sensitive to the EGFR inhibitor cetuximab. Methods A Simon two-stage, single-arm, phase II study was performed to test the efficacy and safety of the addition of simvastatin to cetuximab in patients with a KRAS mutation in their CRC tumour who were previously treated with fluoropyrimidine, oxaliplatin and irinotecan based regimens. The primary endpoint was to test the percentage of patients alive and free from progression 12.5 weeks after the first administration of cetuximab. Our hypothesis was that at least 40 % was free from progression, comparable to, though slightly lower than in KRAS wild-type patients. Results Four of 18 included patients (22.2 %) were free from progression at the primary endpoint time. The time to progression in these 4 patients ranged from 20.3 to 47 weeks. Conclusion Based on the current study we conclude that the theoretical concept of KRAS modulation with simvastatin was not applicable in the clinic, as we were not able to restore sensitivity to cetuximab in CRC patients harbouring a somatic KRAS mutation.
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Safety and efficacy of the addition of simvastatin to panitumumab in previously treated KRAS mutant metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:872-7. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Licarete E, Sesarman A, Banciu M. Exploitation of pleiotropic actions of statins by using tumour-targeted delivery systems. J Microencapsul 2015; 32:619-31. [PMID: 26299551 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2015.1073383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins are drugs traditionally used to lower cholesterol levels in blood. At concentrations 100- to 500-fold higher than those needed for reaching cholesterol lowering activity, they have anti-tumour activity. This anti-tumour activity is based on statins pleiotropic effects derived from their ability to inhibit the mevalonate synthesis and include anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic actions and modulatory effects on intra-tumour oxidative stress. Thus, in this review, we summarise the possible pleiotropic actions of statins involved in tumour growth inhibition. Since the administration of these high doses of statins is accompanied by severe side effects, targeted delivery of statins seems to be the appropriate strategy for efficient application of statins in oncology. Therefore, we also present an overview of the current status of targeted delivery systems for statins with possible utilisation in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Licarete
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania and.,b Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Alina Sesarman
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania and.,b Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Manuela Banciu
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania and.,b Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
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Lee JA, Shinn P, Jaken S, Oliver S, Willard FS, Heidler S, Peery RB, Oler J, Chu S, Southall N, Dexheimer TS, Smallwood J, Huang R, Guha R, Jadhav A, Cox K, Austin CP, Simeonov A, Sittampalam GS, Husain S, Franklin N, Wild DJ, Yang JJ, Sutherland JJ, Thomas CJ. Novel Phenotypic Outcomes Identified for a Public Collection of Approved Drugs from a Publicly Accessible Panel of Assays. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130796. [PMID: 26177200 PMCID: PMC4503722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic assays have a proven track record for generating leads that become first-in-class therapies. Whole cell assays that inform on a phenotype or mechanism also possess great potential in drug repositioning studies by illuminating new activities for the existing pharmacopeia. The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) pharmaceutical collection (NPC) is the largest reported collection of approved small molecule therapeutics that is available for screening in a high-throughput setting. Via a wide-ranging collaborative effort, this library was analyzed in the Open Innovation Drug Discovery (OIDD) phenotypic assay modules publicly offered by Lilly. The results of these tests are publically available online at www.ncats.nih.gov/expertise/preclinical/pd2 and via the PubChem Database (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) (AID 1117321). Phenotypic outcomes for numerous drugs were confirmed, including sulfonylureas as insulin secretagogues and the anti-angiogenesis actions of multikinase inhibitors sorafenib, axitinib and pazopanib. Several novel outcomes were also noted including the Wnt potentiating activities of rotenone and the antifolate class of drugs, and the anti-angiogenic activity of cetaben.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Lee
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Paul Shinn
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Susan Jaken
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Sarah Oliver
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Francis S. Willard
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Steven Heidler
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Peery
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Oler
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shaoyou Chu
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Noel Southall
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas S. Dexheimer
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Smallwood
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Ruili Huang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rajarshi Guha
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen Cox
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Christopher P. Austin
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anton Simeonov
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - G. Sitta Sittampalam
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Saba Husain
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Natalie Franklin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David J. Wild
- Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeremy J. Yang
- Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, Bloomington, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Sutherland
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJS); (CJT)
| | - Craig J. Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJS); (CJT)
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