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Dragnev KH, Dragnev CPC, Lubet RA. Major hurdles to the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in clinical prevention/interception studies: Do preclinical studies with EGFR inhibitors suggest approaches to overcome some of the limitations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1170444. [PMID: 37169023 PMCID: PMC10165497 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1170444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There are major hurdles to the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and any other agents with significant toxicities (which means practically the preponderance of potential effective agents) in the context of prevention/anti-progression (interception) studies. We will discuss epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors as examples, both in a primary prevention setting, where agent(s) are administered to individuals with no cancer but who might be considered at higher risk due to a variety of factors, and in anti-progression/interception studies, where agent(s) are administered to persons with known preinvasive lesions (e.g., colon adenomas, lung nodules, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions in the pancreas) in an attempt to reverse or inhibit progression of these lesions. Multiple potential hurdles will be examined, including: a) toxicity of agents, b) the likely range of subtypes of cancers affected by a given treatment (e.g., EGFR inhibitors against EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinomas), c) the availability of practical endpoints besides the blocking of cancer formation or pharmacokinetics related to the agents administered in a primary prevention study, and d) the interpretation of the regression or blockage of new preinvasive lesions in the anti-progression study. Such an anti-progression approach may help address some of the factors commented on regarding primary prevention (toxicity, potential target organ cancer subtypes) but still leaves major questions regarding interpretation of modulation of preinvasive endpoints when it may not be clear how frequently they progress to clinical cancer. Additionally, we address whether certain recent preclinical findings might be able to reduce the toxicities associated with these agents and perhaps even increase their potential efficacy. Antibodies and TKIs other than the EGFR inhibitors are not discussed because few if any had been tested as monotherapies in humans, making their efficacy harder to predict, and because a number have relatively rare but quite striking toxicities. Furthermore, most of the practical hurdles raised regarding the EGFR inhibitors are relevant to the other TKIs. Finally, we briefly discuss whether early detection employing blood or serum samples may allow identification of high-risk groups more amenable to agents with greater toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin H. Dragnev
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
- *Correspondence: Konstantin H. Dragnev,
| | | | - Ronald A. Lubet
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, United States
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Bouaoud J, Bossi P, Elkabets M, Schmitz S, van Kempen LC, Martinez P, Jagadeeshan S, Breuskin I, Puppels GJ, Hoffmann C, Hunter KD, Simon C, Machiels JP, Grégoire V, Bertolus C, Brakenhoff RH, Koljenović S, Saintigny P. Unmet Needs and Perspectives in Oral Cancer Prevention. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071815. [PMID: 35406587 PMCID: PMC8997728 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) may precede oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Reported rates of malignant transformation of OPMD range from 3 to 50%. While some clinical, histological, and molecular factors have been associated with a high-risk OPMD, they are, to date, insufficiently accurate for treatment decision-making. Moreover, this range highlights differences in the clinical definition of OPMD, variation in follow-up periods, and molecular and biological heterogeneity of OPMD. Finally, while treatment of OPMD may improve outcome, standard therapy has been shown to be ineffective to prevent OSCC development in patients with OPMD. In this perspective paper, several experts discuss the main challenges in oral cancer prevention, in particular the need to (i) to define an OPMD classification system by integrating new pathological and molecular characteristics, aiming (ii) to better identify OPMD at high risk of malignant transformation, and (iii) to develop treatment strategies to eradicate OPMD or prevent malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jebrane Bouaoud
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, CNRS 5286, INSERM 1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France;
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France; (V.G.); (C.B.)
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Paolo Bossi
- Medical Oncology, ASST Spedali Civili Brescia, I-25064 Brescia, Italy;
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, I-25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.E.); (S.J.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Sandra Schmitz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Head and Neck Surgery, Institut Roi Albert II, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Institut de Recherche Clinique et Expérimentale (Pole MIRO), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (S.S.); (J.-P.M.)
| | - Léon C. van Kempen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9712 CP Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Pierre Martinez
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, CNRS 5286, INSERM 1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France;
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France; (V.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Sankar Jagadeeshan
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (M.E.); (S.J.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ingrid Breuskin
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, F-94805 Villejuif, France;
| | - Gerwin J. Puppels
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Room Ee-1691, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Caroline Hoffmann
- INSERM U932 Research Unit, Department of Surgery, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Keith D. Hunter
- Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TA, UK;
| | - Christian Simon
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Jean-Pascal Machiels
- Department of Medical Oncology and Head and Neck Surgery, Institut Roi Albert II, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc and Institut de Recherche Clinique et Expérimentale (Pole MIRO), UCLouvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (S.S.); (J.-P.M.)
| | - Vincent Grégoire
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France; (V.G.); (C.B.)
- Radiation Oncology Department, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Bertolus
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France; (V.G.); (C.B.)
- Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ruud H. Brakenhoff
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Section Head and Neck Cancer Biology & Immunology, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Senada Koljenović
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Pierre Saintigny
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, CNRS 5286, INSERM 1052, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France;
- Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France; (V.G.); (C.B.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University Lyon, 28 Promenade Léa et Napoléon Bullukian, F-69008 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (P.S.)
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On the Cutting Edge of Oral Cancer Prevention: Finding Risk-Predictive Markers in Precancerous Lesions by Longitudinal Studies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061033. [PMID: 35326482 PMCID: PMC8947091 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early identification and management of precancerous lesions at high risk of developing cancers is the most effective and economical way to reduce the incidence, mortality, and morbidity of cancers as well as minimizing treatment-related complications, including pain, impaired functions, and disfiguration. Reliable cancer-risk-predictive markers play an important role in enabling evidence-based decision making as well as providing mechanistic insight into the malignant conversion of precancerous lesions. The focus of this article is to review updates on markers that may predict the risk of oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) in developing into oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs), which can logically be discovered only by prospective or retrospective longitudinal studies that analyze pre-progression OPL samples with long-term follow-up outcomes. These risk-predictive markers are different from those that prognosticate the survival outcome of cancers after they have been diagnosed and treated, or those that differentiate between different lesion types and stages. Up-to-date knowledge on cancer-risk-predictive markers discovered by longitudinally followed studies will be reviewed. The goal of this endeavor is to use this information as a starting point to address some key challenges limiting our progress in this area in the hope of achieving effective translation of research discoveries into new clinical interventions.
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Identification of Biomarkers Associated with Cancerous Change in Oral Leukoplakia Based on Integrated Transcriptome Analysis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:4599305. [PMID: 35096060 PMCID: PMC8791753 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4599305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective Oral leukoplakia (OLK) is the most common precancerous lesion in the oral cavity. This study aimed to explore key biomarkers for monitoring OLK for early diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and screen small-molecule drugs for the prevention of OSCC. Method The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database was explored to extract two microarray datasets, namely, GSE85195 and GSE25099. The data of the normal group, OLK group, and OSCC group were analyzed by weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify the most significant gene module and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The intersection genes were extracted as the key genes of OLK carcinogenesis. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were analyzed in the module. Connectivity Map and molecular docking were used to screen small-molecule drugs. The diagnostic values of four key genes were identified and verified in the GSE26549 dataset. Results WGCNA obtained the red module (r = −0.91, p < 0.05) with the strongest correlation with cancerous phenotype. GO enrichment analysis showed 60 pathways, including 28 biological processes, 11 cell components, and 21 molecular functions, and KEGG enrichment analysis showed 4 pathways (p < 0.05). In the differential expression analysis, there was no intersection between the upregulated genes and the red module genes. However, the intersection of the downregulated genes and the red module genes yielded 4 key genes: dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), keratin 3 (KRT3), keratin 76 (KRT76), and FAM3 metabolic regulation signal molecule B (FAM3B). The area under the curve of the diagnostic model constructed by these four genes was 0.963 (CI = 0.913–1.000). The sensitivity was 0.933, and the specificity was 0.923. The diagnostic model was successfully verified in GSE26549 (AUC = 0.745, CI = 0.638–0.851). Compared with the diagnostic models of the previous studies, the diagnostic efficiency of this model was the highest. The small-molecule drugs, selumetinib and benidipine, were selected according to the gene expression profile and showed binding activity when docking with the above molecules. Conclusions This study provides new targets and drugs for OLK. These targets could be used as the key diagnostic molecules for long-term follow-up of OLK. The small-molecule drugs selumetinib and benidipine could be used for the prevention and treatment of OSCC.
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McCarthy C, Fedele S, Ottensmeier C, Shaw RJ. Early-Phase Interventional Trials in Oral Cancer Prevention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153845. [PMID: 34359746 PMCID: PMC8345124 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oral cancer is a devastating disease with increasing incidence worldwide. Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is a potentially malignant disorder and patients with OED are at increased risk of developing oral cancer. Current strategies for management of OED include surgery or close observation and both fail to address the underlying pathogenesis of the disease. There is an urgent need for evidence-based medical treatments for OED to prevent oral cancer development in this cohort. Chemoprevention trials to date have not delivered therapeutic agents for routine clinical practice. Historically, there has been significant heterogeneity in the design of oral cancer chemoprevention trials, with most failing to selectively recruit patients with biopsy-proven OED, which limits the usefulness of the findings in the OED population. The present paper aims to review the current evidence and the methodology of early-phase trials in oral cancer chemoprevention. Novel strategies in oral cancer chemoprevention will also be discussed. Abstract The increasing breadth of molecular targets, promise of immune-targeted therapies and repurposed agents have heightened interest in cancer prevention. While, to date, testing of oral cancer chemoprevention strategies has failed to deliver therapeutic agents for routine clinical practice, there remains an urgent need for further clinical research to overcome this hurdle. Patients at the greatest risk of disease stand to benefit the most from inclusion in clinical trials; therefore, there is a need to carefully define this population using validated clinical and molecular markers. Safety, tolerability and the efficacy of interventions is assessed through carefully selected endpoints. These endpoints may include pharmacodynamic, clinical, histological and on-target molecular modifications as an individual or as a composite endpoint. Early-phase trials provide an area of opportunity to explore novel and repurposed agents in the setting of oral cancer chemoprevention, eventually leading to phase III trials with clinical endpoints such as transformation and clinical outcome; these studies are large, lengthy and expensive and should be reserved for the most promising of agents. This paper will explore current evidence in oral cancer chemoprevention, drug repurposing, selection of appropriate endpoints for early-phase trials and novel therapeutic angles in oral cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline McCarthy
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK; (C.O.); (R.J.S.)
- Department of Oral Medicine, Liverpool University Dental Hospital, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-7904-363-109
| | - Stefano Fedele
- Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 21 University Street, London WC1E 6DE, UK;
- National Institute for Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Maple House Suite A 1st floor, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7DN, UK
| | - Christian Ottensmeier
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK; (C.O.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Richard J. Shaw
- Liverpool Head and Neck Centre, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9TA, UK; (C.O.); (R.J.S.)
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Bouaoud J, Foy JP, Tortereau A, Michon L, Lavergne V, Gadot N, Boyault S, Valantin J, De Souza G, Zrounba P, Bertolus C, Bendriss-Vermare N, Saintigny P. Early changes in the immune microenvironment of oral potentially malignant disorders reveal an unexpected association of M2 macrophages with oral cancer free survival. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1944554. [PMID: 34239777 PMCID: PMC8238000 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1944554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of the immune microenvironment is critical to the development of immuno-based strategies for the prevention of oral potentially malignant disorders transformation to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We used laser capture microdissection and RNA-sequencing to profile the expression of 13 matched pairs of epithelial versus stromal compartments from normal mucosa, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and invasive tumors in the 4-nitroquinolein (4-NQO) murine model of oral carcinogenesis. Genes differentially expressed at each step of transformation were defined. Immune cell deconvolution and enrichment scores of various biological processes including immune-related ones were computed. Immunohistochemistry was also performed to characterize the immune infiltrates by T-cells (T-cells CD3+, helper CD4+, cytotoxic CD8+, regulatory FoxP3+), B-cells (B220+), and macrophages (M1 iNOS+, M2 CD163+) at each histological step. Enrichment of three independent M2 macrophages signatures were computed in 86 oral leukoplakia with available clinical outcome. Most gene expression changes were observed in the stromal compartment and related to immune biological processes. Immune cell deconvolution identified infiltration by the macrophage population as the most important quantitatively especially at the stage of dysplasia. In 86 patients with oral leukoplakia, three M2 macrophages signatures were independently associated with improved oral cancer-free survival. This study provides a better understanding of the dynamics of the immune microenvironment during oral carcinogenesis and highlights an unexpected association of M2 macrophages gene expression signatures with oral cancer free survival in patients with oral leukoplakia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jebrane Bouaoud
- Tumor Escape, Resistance and Immunity Department, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre De Recherche En Cancérologie De Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Des Hôpitaux De Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Foy
- Tumor Escape, Resistance and Immunity Department, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre De Recherche En Cancérologie De Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Des Hôpitaux De Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Lucas Michon
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Lavergne
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Gadot
- Tumor Escape, Resistance and Immunity Department, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre De Recherche En Cancérologie De Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sandrine Boyault
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Valantin
- Tumor Escape, Resistance and Immunity Department, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre De Recherche En Cancérologie De Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Philippe Zrounba
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Department of Surgery, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Chloé Bertolus
- Department of Translational Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique Des Hôpitaux De Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare
- Tumor Escape, Resistance and Immunity Department, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre De Recherche En Cancérologie De Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Saintigny
- Tumor Escape, Resistance and Immunity Department, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre De Recherche En Cancérologie De Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Translational Medicine, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Monteiro L, Mello FW, Warnakulasuriya S. Tissue biomarkers for predicting the risk of oral cancer in patients diagnosed with oral leukoplakia: A systematic review. Oral Dis 2020; 27:1977-1992. [PMID: 33290585 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We performed a systematic review to evaluate the published biomarkers related to oral leukoplakia (OL), aiming to identify the biomarkers that indicate any future risk of cancer in patients with oral leukoplakia. METHODS A search strategy was developed for three main electronic databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and EBSCO, and also for Google Scholar, until February 28, 2020. The study selection was performed in a two-phase process aiming at studies assessing tissue biomarkers for "malignant transformation of OL." Risk of bias analysis of included studies was performed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies Tool. RESULTS From 3,130 articles initially identified by searching databases, a total of 46 studies were included in this systematic review, with a combined sample of 3,783 patients, of whom 1,047 presented with malignant transformation of a previously diagnosed OL as reported by the authors. The cancer incidence in the whole group was 27.6% (range: 5.4% to 54.1%). The studies were derived from different geographic areas, including Asia (n = 21), Europe (n = 15), North America (n = 9), and Oceania (n = 1). There were 49 different molecular biomarkers evaluated in the 46 included studies: p53 and podoplanin proteins were the most frequently reported, followed by abnormalities at particular chromosomal loci (e.g., LOH). Risk of bias analysis revealed concerns associated with "measurement of prognostic factor," "study confounding" and "statistical analysis and reporting." CONCLUSIONS Substantial heterogeneity and lack of standardized reporting of data among the studies were identified. The most promising biomarkers reported to have a significant association with the malignant transformation in OL included podoplanin and chromosomal loci abnormalities. A critical examination of the follow-up studies on OL published so far indicated that tissue biomarkers that could predict the risk of oral cancer in patients with OL are still in a discovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Monteiro
- Medicine and Oral Surgery Department, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde (IINFACTS), IUCS - Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde (CESPU), Gandra, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Weber Mello
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London and WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer, London, UK
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The 4-NQO mouse model: An update on a well-established in vivo model of oral carcinogenesis. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 163:197-229. [PMID: 33785166 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The early detection and management of oral premalignant lesions (OPMDs) improve their outcomes. Animal models that mimic histological and biological processes of human oral carcinogenesis may help to improve the identification of OPMD at-risk of progression into oral squamous cell carcinoma and to develop preventive strategies for the entire field of cancerization. No animal model is perfectly applicable for investigating human oral carcinogenesis. However, the 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) mouse model is well established and mimics several morphological, histological, genomic and molecular features of human oral carcinogenesis. Some of the reasons for the success of this model include its reproducible experimental conditions with limited variation, the possibility of realizing longitudinal studies with invasive intervention or gene manipulation, and sample availability for all stages of oral carcinogenesis, especially premalignant lesions. Moreover, the role of histological and molecular alterations in the field of cancerization (i.e., macroscopically healthy mucosa exposed to a carcinogen) during oral carcinogenesis can be easily explored using this model. In this review, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of this model for studying human oral carcinogenesis. In summary, the 4-NQO-induced murine oral cancer model is relevant for investigating human oral carcinogenesis, including the immune microenvironment, and for evaluating therapeutic and chemoprevention agents.
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Combinatorial approaches targeting the EGFR family and c-Met in SCCHN. Oral Oncol 2020; 112:105074. [PMID: 33142224 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop novel combinations of inhibitors targeting EGFR family members and c-Met for the treatment of recurrent SCCHN. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three different c-Met inhibitors in combination with a pan-HER inhibitor (crizotinib/afatinib, tivantinib/afatinib and cabozantinib/afatinib) were investigated for their anti-tumor effects on SCCHN cell lines in vitro. In vivo activity of the combinations was tested in SCCHN cell line xenografts and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) animal models generated from patients with recurrent SCCHN. RESULTS Western blot assay indicated that activation of EGFR, HER2, HER3, and c-Met was blocked by all three combinations and the downstream PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways were inhibited. Sulforhodamine B colorimetric assay revealed SCCHN cell growth was more effectively inhibited by the combinations than by single agents, particularly in cell lines with high c-Met expression. Furthermore, the combinations were more potent in inducing apoptosis than each of the single agents. In the PDX models, the combination treatments exhibited significantly better efficacy in tumor growth inhibition compared to the respective single agents. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we demonstrated that the simultaneous targeting of EGFR, HER2, and c-Met is more effective than the individual inhibition of these targets in vitro and in SCCHN cell line xenograft and PDX models. Our findings pave the way for further clinical investigation of such combinations in SCCHN.
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Oral potentially malignant disorders: A scoping review of prognostic biomarkers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 153:102986. [PMID: 32682268 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to map evidence regarding biomarkers for malignant transformation of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). Seventy-three longitudinal studies investigating prognostic biomarkers for OPMD malignant transformation were included, encompassing 5612 disorders and 108 biomarkers, of which 72 were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Most biomarkers were assessed in one or two studies, while five (p53, Ki-67, podoplanin, p16, and DNA ploidy) were analyzed in five or more studies. All studies investigating podoplanin (n = 8) reported a significant association between positive/high immunoexpression and malignant transformation. Similarly, all studies assessing DNA ploidy (n = 5) found that aneuploidy or gross genomic aberrations were significantly associated with malignant transformation. Included studies often presented mixed data from different OPMD subtypes, inadequate description of population characteristics, and lack of adjusted analysis for confounding factors. One hundred and eight biomarkers were identified and, from these, podoplanin immunoexpression and DNA ploidy were considered promising candidates for future long-term clinical research.
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Lin N, Li W, Wang X, Hou S, Yu D, Zhao X, Jin C, Yao G, Yan W, You Y. Upregulation of miR-340 Inhibits Tumor Growth and Mesenchymal Transition via Targeting c-MET in Glioblastoma. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:3343-3352. [PMID: 32494198 PMCID: PMC7229788 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s250772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is involved in various cancers including glioblastoma. Our previous study has shown that miR-340 negatively correlated with EMT process in glioblastoma. Purpose In the present study, we aim to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of miR-340 in EMT process of glioblastomas. Materials and Methods Using RT-qPCR assay, we analyzed the expression of miR-340 in glioma cell lines and normal human glia (NHA) cell line. Using CCK8, Colony formation assays, transwell and Western blot assays, we investigated tumor growth and EMT process. Using luciferase reporter assay, we confirmed a target of miR-340. Results Our results showed that miR-340 was down-regulated in glioma cell lines (U87, U251 and LN229) compared to NHA cells. MiR-340 overexpression remarkably inhibited cell proliferation and invasion as well as up-regulated E-cadherin expression and down-regulated N-cadherin, Vimentin, ZEB1, Slug and Snail expressions in U251 and LN229 cells. Further studies have confirmed c-MET as a target gene of miR-340. The EMT-inhibitory effect of miR-340 was lost after c-MET expression was restored. We also identified the antitumorigenic activity of miR-340 in vivo. Conclusion These results demonstrated that miR-340 functioned as a tumor suppressor via targeting EMT process and could be a potential therapeutic candidate for treating glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chuzhou Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital Chuzhou, Chuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiefeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqiang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chuzhou Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital Chuzhou, Chuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chuzhou Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital Chuzhou, Chuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chuzhou Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital Chuzhou, Chuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunjing Jin
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoquan Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chuzhou Clinical College of Anhui Medical University, The First People's Hospital Chuzhou, Chuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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12
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Villa A, Celentano A, Glurich I, Borgnakke WS, Jensen SB, Peterson DE, Delli K, Ojeda D, Vissink A, Farah CS. World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Prognostic biomarkers in oral leukoplakia: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Oral Dis 2020; 25 Suppl 1:64-78. [PMID: 31140698 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the prognostic biomarker candidates for stratification and long-term surveillance of oral leukoplakia progressing to cancer via a systematic literature review. MATERIALS AND METHODS Systematic searches with no date restrictions were conducted on March 29, 2018, targeting the databases PubMed (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), EBM (Ovid), and Web of Science (ISI). Bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Biomarkers were stratified based on hallmarks of cancer. RESULTS Inclusion criteria were met by 25 of 3,415 studies. A range of biomarkers were evaluated experimentally for risk stratification, prognosis, and surveillance of oral leukoplakia in tissue, blood, and saliva. However, the studies were highly heterogeneous and require further validation. Biomarkers reported in these studies included inflammatory or oxidative markers, growth factors, ion channels, genetic and cellular regulatory factors, and epigenetic biomarkers. Studies tended to include small sample sizes, under-reported or variably reported histopathological data, did not address potential confounding, reported limited/variable follow-up data, or lacked a control group. Inclusion of subsets from chemoprevention trials may have introduced bias regarding reported malignant transformation rates and accuracy of prognostic biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS This review identified insufficient longitudinal evidence to support validated prognostic biomarkers for oral leukoplakia. Further studies are needed to identify molecular targets with the potential to mitigate risk of malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Villa
- Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Antonio Celentano
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ingrid Glurich
- Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield, Wisconsin
| | - Wenche S Borgnakke
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Siri Beier Jensen
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Douglas E Peterson
- Oral Medicine Section, Department of Oral Health and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Konstantina Delli
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Ojeda
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Arjan Vissink
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Camile S Farah
- Australian Centre for Oral Oncology Research & Education, Perth, Westren Australia, Australia
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13
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Nisa L, Francica P, Giger R, Medo M, Elicin O, Friese-Hamim M, Wilm C, Stroh C, Bojaxhiu B, Quintin A, Caversaccio MD, Dettmer MS, Buchwalder M, Brodie TM, Aebersold DM, Zimmer Y, Carey TE, Medová M. Targeting the MET Receptor Tyrosine Kinase as a Strategy for Radiosensitization in Locoregionally Advanced Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 19:614-626. [PMID: 31744898 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) along with surgery is the mainstay of treatment in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Radioresistance represents a major source of treatment failure, underlining the urgent necessity to explore and implement effective radiosensitization strategies. The MET receptor widely participates in the acquisition and maintenance of an aggressive phenotype in HNSCC and modulates the DNA damage response following ionizing radiation (IR). Here, we assessed MET expression and mutation status in primary and metastatic lesions within a cohort of patients with advanced HNSCC. Moreover, we investigated the radiosensitization potential of the MET inhibitor tepotinib in a panel of cell lines, in vitro and in vivo, as well as in ex vivo patient-derived organotypic tissue cultures (OTC). MET was highly expressed in 62.4% of primary tumors and in 53.6% of lymph node metastases (LNM), and in 6 of 9 evaluated cell lines. MET expression in primaries and LNMs was significantly associated with decreased disease control in univariate survival analyses. Tepotinib abrogated MET phosphorylation and to distinct extent MET downstream signaling. Pretreatment with tepotinib resulted in variable radiosensitization, enhanced DNA damage, cell death, and G2-M-phase arrest. Combination of tepotinib with IR led to significant radiosensitization in one of two tested in vivo models. OTCs revealed differential patterns of response toward tepotinib, irradiation, and combination of both modalities. The molecular basis of tepotinib-mediated radiosensitization was studied by a CyTOF-based single-cell mass cytometry approach, which uncovered that MET inhibition modulated PI3K activity in cells radiosensitized by tepotinib but not in the resistant ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluís Nisa
- Department for BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paola Francica
- Department for BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Giger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matúš Medo
- Department for BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olgun Elicin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manja Friese-Hamim
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Merck HealthCare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Wilm
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Merck HealthCare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christopher Stroh
- Translational Innovation Platform Oncology, Merck HealthCare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Beat Bojaxhiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Quintin
- Department for BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco D Caversaccio
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Mélanie Buchwalder
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tess M Brodie
- Department for BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Mass Cytometry Facility, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel M Aebersold
- Department for BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yitzhak Zimmer
- Department for BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michaela Medová
- Department for BioMedical Research, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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14
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Chen D, Wang CY. Targeting cancer stem cells in squamous cell carcinoma. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:152-165. [PMID: 31598386 PMCID: PMC6770277 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly aggressive tumor and the sixth
most common cancer worldwide. Current treatment strategies for HNSCC are surgery,
radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or combinatorial therapies. However, the overall
5-year survival rate of HNSCC patients remains at about 50%. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), a
small population among tumor cells, are able to self-renew and differentiate into
different tumor cell types in a hierarchical manner, similar to normal tissue. In HNSCC,
CSCs are proposed to be responsible for tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, drug
resistance, and recurrence. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular
characteristics of CSCs in HNSCC. We summarize current approaches used in the literature
for identification of HNSCC CSCs, and mechanisms required for CSC regulation. We also
highlight the role of CSCs in treatment failure and therapeutic targeting options for
eliminating CSCs in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demeng Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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15
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Lippman SM, Abate-Shen C, Colbert Maresso KL, Colditz GA, Dannenberg AJ, Davidson NE, Disis ML, DuBois RN, Szabo E, Giuliano AR, Hait WN, Lee JJ, Kensler TW, Kramer BS, Limburg P, Maitra A, Martinez ME, Rebbeck TR, Schmitz KH, Vilar E, Hawk ET. AACR White Paper: Shaping the Future of Cancer Prevention - A Roadmap for Advancing Science and Public Health. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2019; 11:735-778. [PMID: 30530635 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The recent pace, extent, and impact of paradigm-changing cancer prevention science has been remarkable. The American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) convened a 3-day summit, aligned with five research priorities: (i) Precancer Atlas (PCA). (ii) Cancer interception. (iii) Obesity-cancer linkage, a global epidemic of chronic low-grade inflammation. (iv) Implementation science. (v) Cancer disparities. Aligned with these priorities, AACR co-led the Lancet Commission to formally endorse and accelerate the NCI Cancer Moonshot program, facilitating new global collaborative efforts in cancer control. The expanding scope of creative impact is perhaps most startling-from NCI-funded built environments to AACR Team Science Awarded studies of Asian cancer genomes informing global primary prevention policies; cell-free epigenetic marks identifying incipient neoplastic site; practice-changing genomic subclasses in myeloproliferative neoplasia (including germline variant tightly linked to JAK2 V617F haplotype); universal germline genetic testing for pancreatic cancer; and repurposing drugs targeting immune- and stem-cell signals (e.g., IL-1β, PD-1, RANK-L) to cancer interception. Microbiota-driven IL-17 can induce stemness and transformation in pancreatic precursors (identifying another repurposing opportunity). Notable progress also includes hosting an obesity special conference (connecting epidemiologic and molecular perspectives to inform cancer research and prevention strategies), co-leading concerted national implementation efforts in HPV vaccination, and charting the future elimination of cancer disparities by integrating new science tools, discoveries and perspectives into community-engaged research, including targeted counter attacks on e-cigarette ad exploitation of children, Hispanics and Blacks. Following this summit, two unprecedented funding initiatives were catalyzed to drive cancer prevention research: the NCI Cancer Moonshot (e.g., PCA and disparities); and the AACR-Stand Up To Cancer bold "Cancer Interception" initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Departments of Urology, Medicine, Systems Biology, and Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Karen L Colbert Maresso
- Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Graham A Colditz
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Nancy E Davidson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary L Disis
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Raymond N DuBois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Eva Szabo
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Anna R Giuliano
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - William N Hait
- Janssen Research and Development LLC., Raritan, New Jersey
| | - J Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Paul Limburg
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Sheikh Ahmed Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, UC San Diego, LaJolla, California
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Cancer Epidemiology & Cancer Risk and Disparity, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | | | - Eduardo Vilar
- Departments of Clinical Cancer Prevention and GI Medical Oncology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ernest T Hawk
- Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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16
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Inferring novel genes related to oral cancer with a network embedding method and one-class learning algorithms. Gene Ther 2019; 26:465-478. [PMID: 31455874 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancer (OC) is one of the most common cancers threatening human lives. However, OC pathogenesis has yet to be fully uncovered, and thus designing effective treatments remains difficult. Identifying genes related to OC is an important way for achieving this purpose. In this study, we proposed three computational models for inferring novel OC-related genes. In contrast to previously proposed computational methods, which lacked the learning procedures, each proposed model adopted a one-class learning algorithm, which can provide a deep insight into features of validated OC-related genes. A network embedding algorithm (i.e., node2vec) was applied to the protein-protein interaction network to produce the representation of genes. The features of the OC-related genes were used in the training of the one-class algorithm, and the performance of the final inferring model was improved through a feature selection procedure. Then, candidate genes were produced by applying the trained inferring model to other genes. Three tests were performed to screen out the important candidate genes. Accordingly, we obtained three inferred gene sets, any two of which were different. The inferred genes were also different from previous reported genes and some of them have been included in the public Oral Cancer Gene Database. Finally, we analyzed several inferred genes to confirm whether they are novel OC-related genes.
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