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Koyama S, Yagita K, Hamasaki H, Noguchi H, Shijo M, Matsuzono K, Takase KI, Kai K, Aishima SI, Itoh K, Ninomiya T, Sasagasako N, Honda H. Novel method for classification of prion diseases by detecting PrP res signal patterns from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. Prion 2024; 18:40-53. [PMID: 38627365 PMCID: PMC11028012 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2024.2337981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Prion disease is an infectious and fatal neurodegenerative disease. Western blotting (WB)-based identification of proteinase K (PK)-resistant prion protein (PrPres) is considered a definitive diagnosis of prion diseases. In this study, we aimed to detect PrPres using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens from cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS), glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchorless prion disease (GPIALP), and V180I CJD. FFPE samples were prepared after formic acid treatment to inactivate infectivity. After deparaffinization, PK digestion was performed, and the protein was extracted. In sCJD, a pronounced PrPres signal was observed, with antibodies specific for type 1 and type 2 PrPres exhibited a strong or weak signals depending on the case. Histological examination of serial sections revealed that the histological changes were compatible with the biochemical characteristics. In GSS and GPIALP, prion protein core-specific antibodies presented as PrPres bands at 8-9 kDa and smear bands, respectively. However, an antibody specific for the C-terminus presented as smears in GSS, with no PrPres detected in GPIALP. It was difficult to detect PrPres in V180I CJD. Collectively, our findings demonstrate the possibility of detecting PrPres in FFPE and classifying the prion disease types. This approach facilitates histopathological and biochemical evaluation in the same sample and is safe owing to the inactivation of infectivity. Therefore, it may be valuable for the diagnosis and research of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Koyama
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yagita
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideomi Hamasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideko Noguchi
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shijo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Kyushu Central Hospital of the Mutual Aid Association of Public School Teachers, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Matsuzono
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | - Keita Kai
- Department of Pathology, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Aishima
- Department of Scientific Pathology Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Itoh
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Ninomiya
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naokazu Sasagasako
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Muscular Center, National Hospital Organization, Omuta National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Neuropathology Center, National Hospital Organization, Omuta National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
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Banerjee G, Collinge J, Fox NC, Lashley T, Mead S, Schott JM, Werring DJ, Ryan NS. Clinical considerations in early-onset cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain 2023; 146:3991-4014. [PMID: 37280119 PMCID: PMC10545523 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is an important cerebral small vessel disease associated with brain haemorrhage and cognitive change. The commonest form, sporadic amyloid-β CAA, usually affects people in mid- to later life. However, early-onset forms, though uncommon, are increasingly recognized and may result from genetic or iatrogenic causes that warrant specific and focused investigation and management. In this review, we firstly describe the causes of early-onset CAA, including monogenic causes of amyloid-β CAA (APP missense mutations and copy number variants; mutations of PSEN1 and PSEN2) and non-amyloid-β CAA (associated with ITM2B, CST3, GSN, PRNP and TTR mutations), and other unusual sporadic and acquired causes including the newly-recognized iatrogenic subtype. We then provide a structured approach for investigating early-onset CAA, and highlight important management considerations. Improving awareness of these unusual forms of CAA amongst healthcare professionals is essential for facilitating their prompt diagnosis, and an understanding of their underlying pathophysiology may have implications for more common, late-onset, forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Banerjee
- MRC Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- The Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Clinical and Movement Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, W1 1PJ, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit at University College London (UCL), Institute of Prion Diseases, UCL, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Jonathan M Schott
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David J Werring
- Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Natalie S Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Kim DY, Shim KH, Bagyinszky E, An SSA. Prion Mutations in Republic of Republic of Korea, China, and Japan. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010625. [PMID: 36614069 PMCID: PMC9820783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prion gene (PRNP) mutations are associated with diverse disease phenotypes, including familiar Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS), and fatal familial insomnia (FFI). Interestingly, PRNP mutations have been reported in patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease, and frontotemporal dementia. In this review, we describe prion mutations in Asian countries, including Republic of Republic of Korea, China, and Japan. Clinical phenotypes and imaging data related to these mutations have also been introduced in detail. Several prion mutations are specific to Asians and have rarely been reported in countries outside Asia. For example, PRNP V180I and M232R, which are rare in other countries, are frequently detected in Republic of Korea and Japan. PRNP T188K is common in China, and E200K is significantly more common among Libyan Jews in Israel. The A117V mutation has not been detected in any Asian population, although it is commonly reported among European GSS patients. In addition, V210I or octapeptide insertion is common among European CJD patients, but relatively rare among Asian patients. The reason for these differences may be geographical or ethical isolation. In terms of clinical phenotypes, V180I, P102L, and E200K present diverse clinical symptoms with disease duration, which could be due to other genetic and environmental influences. For example, rs189305274 in the ACO1 gene may be associated with neuroprotective effects in cases of V180I mutation, leading to longer disease survival. Additional neuroprotective variants may be possible in cases featuring the E200K mutation, such as KLKB1, KARS, NRXN2, LAMA3, or CYP4X1. E219K has been suggested to modify the disease course in cases featuring the P102L mutation, as it may result in the absence of prion protein-positive plaques in tissue stained with Congo red. However, these studies analyzed only a few patients and may be too preliminary. The findings need to be verified in studies with larger sample sizes or in other populations. It would be interesting to probe additional genetic factors that cause disease progression or act as neuroprotective factors. Further studies are needed on genetic modifiers working with prions and alterations from mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yeong Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hwan Shim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Environment, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (S.S.A.A.)
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (S.S.A.A.)
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Noguchi H, Koyama S, Yagita K, Shijo M, Matsuzono K, Hamasaki H, Kanemaru T, Okamoto T, Kai K, Aishima S, Abe K, Sasagasako N, Honda H. Silence of resident microglia in GPI anchorless prion disease and activation of microglia in Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 82:38-48. [PMID: 36331509 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
GPI anchorless prion diseases (GPIALPs) show numerous coarse prion protein (PrP) deposits in the CNS but neuropil spongiform changes are mild and the incidence of dementia is low. Here, we examined differences in resident microglial phenotypes between GPIALP (D178fs25) and the other prion diseases Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) disease and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) with respect to homeostasis and activation. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 2 GPIALP (D178fs25), 4 GSS (P102L), and 4 sCJD cases. Homeostatic microglia expressing TMEM119 and P2RY12 were preserved in GPIALP compared to GSS and sCJD. Microglia/macrophage activation in GSS and sCJD was associated with the extent of spongiform change. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed TMEM119 and P2RY12 in PrP plaque cores. Activated microglia/macrophages expressing HLA-DR and CD68 were predominant in GSS and sCJD whereas in GPIALP, homeostatic microglia were retained and activated microglia/macrophages were rarely observed. These data suggest that PrP deposition in GPIALP is less toxic and that microglia may be immune-tolerant to PrP deposition. This may be associated with milder tissue damage and a low incidence of dementia. Whereas microglia/macrophage activation is considered to be a reaction to tissue injury, this study shows that the degree of microglia/macrophage activity might influence the extent of tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Noguchi
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Koyama
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yagita
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shijo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Matsuzono
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hideomi Hamasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kanemaru
- Department of Morphology Core Unit, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Keita Kai
- Department of Pathology, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Shinichi Aishima
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naokazu Sasagasako
- Department of Neurology, Neuro Muscular Center, National Hospital Organization Omuta National Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Honda H, Mori S, Watanabe A, Sasagasako N, Sadashima S, Đồng T, Satoh K, Nishida N, Iwaki T. Abnormal prion protein deposits with high seeding activities in the skeletal muscle, femoral nerve, and scalp of an autopsied case of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neuropathology 2021; 41:152-158. [PMID: 33543531 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the general autopsy findings of abnormal prion protein (PrP) deposits with their seeding activities, as assessed by the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) method, in a 72-year-old female patient with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD). At 68 years of age, she presented with gait disturbance and visual disorders. Electroencephalography showed periodic synchronous discharge. Myoclonus was also observed. A genetic test revealed that PRNP codon 129 was methionine/methionine (MM). She died of pneumonia three years and four months after disease onset, and a general autopsy was performed. The brain weighed 650 g and appeared markedly atrophic. Immunohistochemistry for PrP revealed synaptic PrP deposits and coarse PrP deposits in the cerebral cortices, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and brainstem. Western blot analysis identified type 1 proteinase-K-resistant PrP in frontal cortex samples. PrP deposits were also observed in systemic organs, including the femoral nerve, psoas major muscle, abdominal skin, adrenal medulla, zona reticularis of the adrenal gland, islet cells of the pancreas, and thyroid gland. The RT-QuIC method revealed positive seeding activities in all examined organs, including the frontal cortex, femoral nerve, psoas major muscle, scalp, abdominal skin, adrenal gland, pancreas, and thyroid gland. The following 50% seeding dose (SD50 ) values were 9.5 (frontal cortex); 8 ± 0.53 (femoral nerve); 7 ± 0.53 (psoas major muscle); and 7.88 ± 0.17 (scalp). The SD50 values for the adrenal gland, dermis, pancreas, and thyroid gland were 6.12 ± 0.53, 5.25, 4.75, and 4.5, respectively. PrP deposits in general organs may be associated with long-term disease duration. This case indicated the necessity for general autopsies in sCJD cases to establish strict infection control procedures for surgical treatment and to examine certain organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Mori
- Department of Neuropathology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Akihiro Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Muscular Center, National Omuta Hospital, Omuta, Japan
| | - Naokazu Sasagasako
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Muscular Center, National Omuta Hospital, Omuta, Japan
| | - Shoko Sadashima
- Department of Neuropathology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Trang Đồng
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuya Satoh
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toru Iwaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Honda H, Matsuzono K, Satoh K, Fujisawa M, Suzuki SO, Furuyama C, Kitamoto T, Fujimoto S, Abe K, Iwaki T. Detection of cutaneous prion protein deposits could help diagnose GPI-anchorless prion disease with neuropathy. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:2133-2137. [PMID: 33420752 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE To investigate prion protein (PrP) deposits in cutaneous tissues of patients of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchorless prion diseases with neuropathy. METHODS Cutaneous tissue samples from three patients with GPI-anchorless prion diseases were obtained, two cutaneous biopsy samples from the lower leg of Case 1 (Y162X) and Case 3 (D178fs25), and a cutaneous sample taken from the abdomen during an autopsy of Case 2 (D178fs25). We performed immunohistochemistry for PrP to look for abnormal PrP deposits. RESULTS PrP deposits were observed in the dermal papilla, the sweat glands, the hair follicles, the arrector pili muscles, and peripheral nerves of all examined cases of GPI-anchorless prion disease with neuropathy. The abnormal PrP accumulation was frequently localized at the basement membrane, and colocalized with laminin. CONCLUSION Immunohistochemical detection of PrP in cutaneous samples could be used to definitively diagnose GPI-anchorless PrP disease with neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Matsuzono
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kota Satoh
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fujisawa
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School for Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi O Suzuki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chiaki Furuyama
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kitamoto
- Division of CJD Science and Technology, Department of Neurological Science, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigeru Fujimoto
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Iwaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Honda H, Matsumoto M, Shijo M, Hamasaki H, Sadashima S, Suzuki SO, Aishima S, Kai K, Nakayama KI, Sasagasako N, Iwaki T. Frequent Detection of Pituitary-Derived PrPres in Human Prion Diseases. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:922-929. [PMID: 31504701 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Human prion diseases including sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), inherited prion diseases, and acquired human prion diseases are lethal neurodegenerative diseases. One of the major sources of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was human growth hormone (hGH-iCJD) derived from contaminated cadaveric pituitaries. The incidence of hGH-iCJD has decreased since changing from growth hormone extracted from human cadaveric pituitaries to recombinant pituitary hormones. However, extensive analysis on the localization and detecting of abnormal prion protein in the pituitary gland are limited. In this study, we examined 9 autopsied brains and pituitary glands from 6 patients with prion disease (3 Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease, 2 sCJD, and 1 dura mater graft-associated CJD) and 3 individuals with nonprion diseases. Western blot analysis of pituitary samples demonstrated unique glycoforms of normal cellular prion protein with molecular weights of 30–40 kDa, which was higher than the typical 25–35 kDa prion protein in brains. Proteomic analysis also revealed prion protein approximately the molecular weight of 40 kDa in pituitary samples. Moreover, proteinase K-resistant Prion protein was frequently detected in pituitary samples of the prion diseases. Immunohistochemistry for Prion protein revealed mosaic cellular distribution preferentially in growth hormone- or prolactin-producing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Division of Proteomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shijo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Hideomi Hamasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Shoko Sadashima
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Satoshi O Suzuki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Keita Kai
- Department of Pathology, Saga University Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Division of Proteomics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University
| | - Naokazu Sasagasako
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-Muscular Center, National Omuta Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toru Iwaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences
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Kovač V, Čurin Šerbec V. Prion Proteins Without the Glycophosphatidylinositol Anchor: Potential Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomark Insights 2018; 13:1177271918756648. [PMID: 29449775 PMCID: PMC5808966 DOI: 10.1177/1177271918756648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP) is a biomolecule that is involved in neuronal signaling, myelinization, and the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In the cell, PrP is shed by the ADAM10 protease. This process generates PrP molecules that lack glycophosphatidylinositol anchor, and these molecules incorporate into toxic aggregates and neutralize toxic oligomers. Due to this dual role, these molecules are important biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we present shed PrP as a potential biomarker, with a focus on PrP226*, which may be the main biomarker for predicting neurodegenerative diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerija Kovač
- Department for the Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladka Čurin Šerbec
- Department for the Production of Diagnostic Reagents and Research, Blood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Ghetti B, Piccardo P, Zanusso G. Dominantly inherited prion protein cerebral amyloidoses - a modern view of Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 153:243-269. [PMID: 29887140 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63945-5.00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Among genetically determined neurodegenerative diseases, the dominantly inherited prion protein cerebral amyloidoses are characterized by deposition of amyloid in cerebral parenchyma or blood vessels. Among them, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease has been the first to be described. Their clinical, neuropathologic, and molecular phenotypes are distinct from those observed in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and related spongiform encephalopathies. It is not understood why specific mutations in the prion protein gene (PRNP) cause cerebral amyloidosis and others cause CJD. A significant neurobiologic event in these amyloidoses is the frequent coexistence of prion amyloid with tau neurofibrillary pathology, a phenomenon suggesting that similar pathogenetic mechanisms may be shared among different diseases in the sequence of events occurring in the cascade from amyloid formation to tau aggregation. This chapter describes the clinical, neuropathologic, and biochemical phenotypes associated with each of the PRNP mutations causing an inherited cerebral amyloidosis and emphasizes the variability of phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Pedro Piccardo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluigi Zanusso
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Honda H, Sasaki K, Takashima H, Mori D, Koyama S, Suzuki SO, Iwaki T. Different Complicated Brain Pathologies in Monozygotic Twins With Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:854-863. [PMID: 28922846 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker disease (GSS) is an autosomal, dominantly inherited prion disease. In this study, we present different complicated brain pathologies determined postmortem of monozygotic GSS twin sisters. Case 1 showed cerebellar ataxia at the age of 58 years, and died at 66 years. Case 2 became symptomatic at the age of 75 years, and died at 79 years. There was a 17-year difference in the age of onset between the twins. Postmortem examination revealed numerous prion protein (PrP) plaques in the brains of both cases. The spongiform change and brain atrophy in case 1 were more severe compared with those in case 2. Western-blot analysis identified proteinase-resistant PrP (PrPres) at the molecular weight of 21-30 kDa and 8 kDa in the twins. Gel filtration revealed that PrPres was mainly composed of PrP oligomer. PrPres signal patterns were similar between the twins. Additionally, case 1 showed α-synucleinopathy and case 2 showed Alzheimer disease pathology. These different proteinopathies were involved in the amyloid plaque formations of both cases. The degree of GSS pathology was mainly related to disease duration. The amyloid plaque formations could be decorated by concomitant neuropathological changes such as α-synucleinopathy and tauopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Department of Pathology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan
| | - Kensuke Sasaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Department of Pathology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takashima
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Department of Pathology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Department of Pathology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan
| | - Sachiko Koyama
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Department of Pathology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan
| | - Satoshi O Suzuki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Department of Pathology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan
| | - Toru Iwaki
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Neurology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan; Department of Pathology, Saga-Ken Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan
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