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Dos Santos L, Cristino de Oliveira A, Marcondes Silva Lotz R, Manera F, Fernandes RC, Moreira Castilho B, Höfelmann DA. Trajectory Patterns of Weight and Length in Children: From Birth Until 2-Years of Age. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38990649 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2024.2374412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to identify trajectory patterns of weight and length in children from birth until two years of life and establish associations with maternal and child characteristics. METHODS A mixed-cohort study was conducted in public health services in Colombo-PR, Brazil, between 2018 and 2022. Pregnancy information was gathered through anthropometric data collection and questionnaires. Birth data were extracted from birth record forms, while weight and length data in the first two years of life were obtained from physical and electronic health service records. Weight and length trajectory patterns were identified using a group-based trajectory model. The definition of the number of trajectory patterns to be selected considered the model fit to the type of variable, its practical utility, as well as the probabilities of group membership. RESULTS Two trajectory patterns of weight and length were identified among the children. The majority exhibited a pattern of weight (67.8%, n = 382) and length (90.9%, n = 472) considered high and stable, with a tendency to decelerate from one and a half years of age. The probability of belonging to the lower weight gain group was associated with female sex (41.5%, p < 0.001), smoking during pregnancy (48.7%, p = 0.008), prematurity (65.0%, p = 0.001), cesarean delivery (36.4%, p = 0.009), small for gestational age (69.0%, p < 0.001), and twinning (69.2%, p = 0.002). Similarly, the probability of belonging to the lower length gain group was associated with female sex (11.7%, p < 0.001), smoking during pregnancy (20.6%, p = 0.003), cesarean delivery (10.1%, p = 0.048), born small for gestational age (46.4%, p < 0.001), and twinning (46.1%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Conditions during pregnancy and childbirth can impact growth patterns in the first two years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais Dos Santos
- Post-Graduate Program of Public Health, Department of Public Health, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Andressa Cristino de Oliveira
- Post-Graduate Program of Food and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Marcondes Silva Lotz
- Post-Graduate Program of Food and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Manera
- Post-Graduate Program of Food and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Renata Cordeiro Fernandes
- Post-Graduate Program of Food and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Barbara Moreira Castilho
- Post-Graduate Program of Food and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Doroteia Aparecida Höfelmann
- Post-Graduate Program of Public Health, Department of Public Health, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program of Food and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Kong KL, Lee JK, Shisler S, Thanos PK, Huestis MA, Hawk L, Eiden RD. Prenatal tobacco and cannabis co-exposure and offspring obesity development from birth to mid-childhood. Pediatr Obes 2023; 18:e13010. [PMID: 36734672 PMCID: PMC10288513 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the association between prenatal tobacco exposure and child obesity risk is well-established, less is known about co-exposure to tobacco and cannabis. OBJECTIVE Determine the relation between prenatal substance co-exposure and obesity risk. METHODS In a diverse sample of pregnant women, we examined the association between prenatal substance exposure (tobacco-only and co-exposure) and child BMI (kg/m2 ) trajectories from birth to mid-childhood (n = 262), overweight/obese status based on BMI percentiles from toddlerhood (24 months) to mid-childhood (9-12 years), and adiposity outcomes at mid-childhood (fat mass [kg], fat mass [%] and fat free mass [kg]; n = 128). Given that the major goal of this study was to examine the associations between prenatal substance exposure and child outcomes, we oversampled pregnant women for substance use (with tobacco as the primary focus). RESULTS Multilevel models demonstrated that children in both exposure groups had a steeper increase in BMI trajectory from birth to mid-childhood and among co-exposed children, girls had a steeper increase than boys. Odds ratio of having obesity by mid-childhood was 12 times higher among those co-exposed than non-exposed. Co-exposure led to significantly greater fat mass and fat mass % compared with no exposure, but exposure to only tobacco was no different than no exposure. CONCLUSIONS Results highlight potentiating effects of cannabis exposure in the context of maternal tobacco use in pregnancy on obesity risk and the importance of multi-method assessments of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ling Kong
- Baby Health Behavior Lab, Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children’s Mercy Research Institute, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri- Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jin-kyung Lee
- Department of Psychology and The Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Shannon Shisler
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Institute on Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Larry Hawk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rina D. Eiden
- Department of Psychology and The Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
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White O, Roeder N, Blum K, Eiden RD, Thanos PK. Prenatal Effects of Nicotine on Obesity Risks: A Narrative Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159477. [PMID: 35954830 PMCID: PMC9368674 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine usage by mothers throughout pregnancy has been observed to relate to numerous deleterious effects in children, especially relating to obesity. Children who have prenatally been exposed to nicotine tend to have lower birth weights, with an elevated risk of becoming overweight throughout development and into their adolescent and adult life. There are numerous theories as to how this occurs: catch-up growth theory, thrifty phenotype theory, neurotransmitter or endocrine imbalances theory, and a more recent examination on the genetic factors relating to obesity risk. In addition to the negative effect on bodyweight and BMI, individuals with obesity may also suffer from numerous comorbidities involving metabolic disease. These may include type 1 and 2 diabetes, high cholesterol levels, and liver disease. Predisposition for obesity with nicotine usage may also be associated with genetic risk alleles for obesity, such as the DRD2 A1 variant. This is important for prenatally nicotine-exposed individuals as an opportunity to provide early prevention and intervention of obesity-related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia White
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (O.W.); (N.R.)
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Nicole Roeder
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (O.W.); (N.R.)
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine & Primary Care (Office of Provost), Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Rina D. Eiden
- Department of Psychology, Social Science Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA;
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (O.W.); (N.R.)
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(716)-881-7520
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Hartel TC, Turawa EB, Oelofse A, De Smidt JJA. Effect of maternal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy on birth weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in infants, children and adolescents: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061811. [PMID: 35840294 PMCID: PMC9295650 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy are particularly prevalent in low socioeconomic status populations, with an adverse association with birth outcomes and cardiometabolic risk factors. However, the direct and indirect effects of prenatal cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy on cardiometabolic risk in offspring have been rather inconsistent. This may be attributed to multiple factors, such as the amount and timing of exposure to tobacco smoking and alcohol during pregnancy; the influence of maternal, environmental and socioeconomic factors; or how risk factors were defined by individual researchers and studies. Therefore, this review aims to provide a summary of the most recent evidence on birth outcomes and cardiometabolic risk in children associated with alcohol and/or tobacco exposure in utero. METHODS AND ANALYSIS PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science will be searched to identify published articles from 1 January 2001. Clinical studies that investigate the association between maternal cigarette smoking or alcohol consumption and birth weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in infants, children and adolescents will be included. Prospective cohort, case-control studies and birth cohort studies will be eligible for inclusion. Grey literature will be searched including conference proceedings, Google Scholar and the ProQuest Dissertation and Theses database. Only studies published in English will be included, with no restrictions regarding country, race or gender. Two independent reviewers will conduct the literature search and article screening. Eligibility criteria will be based on the population (infants, children, adolescents), exposure (maternal cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption or both), comparator (control group with no exposure during pregnancy) and outcomes (birth weight and cardiometabolic risk factors). Quality assessment and risk of bias will be assessed using a risk of bias tool for observational studies, and data will be extracted for analysis using a researcher-generated data extraction form. A meta-analysis will be performed to estimate pooled effect sizes if there are sufficient good-quality studies available. Sources of heterogeneity will be explored using subgroup analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical clearance will not be required as this review will extract publicly available secondary data. Findings from this review will be disseminated via publication in a peer-review journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021286630.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Charlene Hartel
- Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - André Oelofse
- Medical Bioscience, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Western Cape, South Africa
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Ostlund BD, Pérez-Edgar KE, Shisler S, Terrell S, Godleski S, Schuetze P, Eiden RD. Prenatal substance exposure and maternal hostility from pregnancy to toddlerhood: Associations with temperament profiles at 16 months of age. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:1566-1583. [PMID: 35095214 PMCID: PMC8794013 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether infant temperament was predicted by level of and change in maternal hostility, a putative transdiagnostic vulnerability for psychopathology, substance use, and insensitive parenting. A sample of women (N = 247) who were primarily young, low-income, and had varying levels of substance use prenatally (69 nonsmokers, 81 tobacco-only smokers, and 97 tobacco and marijuana smokers) reported their hostility in the third trimester of pregnancy and at 2, 9, and 16 months postpartum, and their toddler's temperament and behavior problems at 16 months. Maternal hostility decreased from late pregnancy to 16 months postpartum. Relative to pregnant women who did not use substances, women who used both marijuana and tobacco prenatally reported higher levels of hostility while pregnant and exhibited less change in hostility over time. Toddlers who were exposed to higher levels of prenatal maternal hostility were more likely to be classified in temperament profiles that resemble either irritability or inhibition, identified via latent profile analysis. These two profiles were each associated with more behavior problems concurrently, though differed in their association with competence. Our results underscore the utility of transdiagnostic vulnerabilities in understanding the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology risk and are discussed in regards to the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan D. Ostlund
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | | | - Shannon Shisler
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Sarah Terrell
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
| | - Stephanie Godleski
- Department of Psychology, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, USA
| | - Pamela Schuetze
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, Buffalo, USA
| | - Rina D. Eiden
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA
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Salvy SJ, Dutton GR, Borgatti A, Kim YI. Habit formation intervention to prevent obesity in low-income preschoolers and their mothers: A randomized controlled trial protocol. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 70:88-98. [PMID: 29802965 PMCID: PMC6060620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-income and racial/ethnic minority mothers and their young children are at increased risk for obesity. Lack of access to evidence-based obesity prevention and treatment services further contributes to these disparities. METHODS This two-arm, parallel, randomized controlled trial (RCT) tests the effectiveness of a simple obesity intervention (HABITS) delivered as part of ongoing home visitation services, compared to the existing home visitation services without obesity-related content on mothers' and children's obesity risks. HABITS focuses on habit formation and modifications of food and activity cues in the home to support habit formation. Habit formation is focused on improving five behaviors: 1) fruits/vegetables, 2) fried foods, 3) sugar-sweetened beverages, 4) physical activity and 5) self-monitoring. Participants will be 298 mothers (>50% African American; 100% low income) and their children (3-5yo at baseline) enrolled in a home visitation program in central Alabama. Home visitors will be randomly assigned to deliver the home visitation curriculum with or without HABITS as part of their weekly home visits for 9 months. Assessments of mothers (weight, waist circumference, and habit strength of targeted behaviors), children (rate of weight gain), and the food/activity household environment will be conducted at enrollment, post-intervention (9 month), and one year post-intervention follow-up. DISCUSSION This research is poised to have a substantial impact because the delivery modalities of current obesity efforts disproportionally restrict the reach and engagement of underserved, low-income children and their caregivers who are most at-risk for health and obesity disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jeanne Salvy
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Medical Towers 616, 1717 11th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States.
| | - Gareth R Dutton
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Medical Towers 615, 1717 11th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States.
| | - Alena Borgatti
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Medical Towers 640, 1717 11th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States.
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Medical Towers 616, 1717 11th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States.
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Molnar DS, Granger DA, Shisler S, Eiden RD. Prenatal and postnatal cigarette and cannabis exposure: Effects on Secretory Immunoglobulin A in early childhood. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 67:31-36. [PMID: 29597003 PMCID: PMC5970978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Secretory Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) plays a critical role in immune functioning by preventing pathogens from adhering to epithelial mucosa. Most infectious agents enter the body via mucosal surfaces, thus SIgA serves in the defense against respiratory, intestinal, and urinogenitary infections, as well as periodontal disease and caries. This study examined the possibility that pre- and postnatal exposure to cigarette and cannabis is associated with individual differences in Secretory Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) levels in early childhood. METHODS Participants were 50 mother/infant (29 boys; 35% Caucasian) dyads recruited at their first prenatal appointment in a large northeastern community hospital in the United States. Repeated assessments of pre- and postnatal cigarette and cannabis were conducted beginning in the first trimester of pregnancy, using multiple methods (i.e., saliva, meconium, self-report). Infants were grouped into those prenatally exposed to either cigarette only (n = 19), cigarette and cannabis (n = 19), or with no prenatal substance exposure (n = 12). At age 5 years, the children's saliva was collected and assayed for SIgA. RESULTS There were group differences in SIgA levels as a function of prenatal exposure to cigarette and cannabis - children in the cigarette only and the cigarette and cannabis groups had higher SIgA levels compared to the non-exposed children. Children who experienced the combination of postnatal exposure to cigarette and cannabis had higher levels of SIgA, even after accounting for prenatal exposures and other covariates relevant to immune system functioning. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal and postnatal exposure to cigarette and cannabis may be associated with hyperactivity of mucosal immunity in early childhood. Links between cigarette and cannabis exposure and health problems in early childhood may be partially explained by prenatal and postnatal exposure-related changes in mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S Molnar
- Department of Child and Youth Studies, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada; Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Douglas A Granger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Salivary Bioscience Research, University of California at Irvine, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, USA; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Shannon Shisler
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rina D Eiden
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Hanioka T, Ojima M, Tanaka K, Taniguchi N, Shimada K, Watanabe T. Association between secondhand smoke exposure and early eruption of deciduous teeth: a cross-sectional study. Tob Induc Dis 2018; 16:04. [PMID: 31516404 PMCID: PMC6659493 DOI: 10.18332/tid/84892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure is a risk factor for early childhood caries. Here we examined the association between SHS exposure and early tooth eruption (ETE) to clarify the additional etiology of an increased chance of contact between the tooth’s surface and acid produced by fermenting oral bacteria. METHODS Data of 388 child–mother pairs who attended health checkups at public health centers were assessed for children aged ≥18 months. SHS exposure was reported as maternal smoking during pregnancy and household smoking after birth. Associations between SHS exposure and ETE (≥3 canines in the oral cavity) were tested using multivariable analyses of the dose-response relationship. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed for birth-weight subgroups and SHS exposure variables, respectively. RESULTS ETE prevalence was 65.5%, 68.1%, and 76.9% in the no, medium-dose (ceased partway and sometimes), and highest-dose (every day) exposure groups, respectively, during pregnancy, and 61.5%, 75.0%, and 75.5%, respectively, after birth. The association between the highest dose exposure during pregnancy and ETE was not significant (OR=1.42, 95% CI: 0.34–5.96, p=0.631), whereas that between highest dose exposure after birth and ETE was significant (OR=2.13, 95% CI: 1.06–4.31, p=0.034); this association was distinct in the subgroup of children with smaller birth weights (<3000 g) (OR=3.19, 95% CI: 1.08–9.44, p=0.036). The dose-response relationship was consistently significant for exposure after birth (p<0.05). The sensitivity analysis that employed no SHS exposure, as a reference, revealed that exposure after birth but no exposure during pregnancy was significantly associated with ETE (OR=2.29, 95% CI: 1.19–4.40, p=0.013). However, the association between exposure during pregnancy and ETE was consistently non-significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS When controlling for variables of birth weight and exposure type, SHS exposure after birth was independently associated with the early eruption of deciduous canines. Further studies are warranted to examine the trajectory of SHS exposure after birth, ETE, and early childhood caries incidence. ABBREVIATIONS ETE: Early tooth eruption, SHS: Secondhand smoke
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hanioka
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Ojima
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Health Care, BAIKA Women’s University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Tanaka
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Nao Taniguchi
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Shimada
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Fukuoka Nursing College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Department of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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