1
|
Self JL, Judd MC, Huang J, Fields PI, Griffin PM, Wong KK. Epidemiology of Salmonellosis Among Infants in the United States: 1968-2015. Pediatrics 2023:191251. [PMID: 37161700 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-056140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Describe characteristics of gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and meningitis caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella among US infants. METHODS We analyze national surveillance data during 1968-2015 and active, sentinel surveillance data during 1996-2015 for culture-confirmed Salmonella infections by syndrome, year, serotype, age, and race. RESULTS During 1968-2015, 190 627 culture-confirmed Salmonella infections among infants were reported, including 165 236 (86.7%) cases of gastroenteritis, 6767 (3.5%) bacteremia, 371 (0.2%) meningitis, and 18 253 (9.7%) with other or unknown specimen sources. Incidence increased during the late 1970s-1980s, declined during the 1990s-early 2000s, and has gradually increased since the mid-2000s. Infants' median age was 4 months for gastroenteritis and bacteremia and 2 months for meningitis. The most frequently reported serotypes were Typhimurium (35 468; 22%) for gastroenteritis and Heidelberg for bacteremia (1954; 29%) and meningitis (65; 18%). During 1996-2015 in sentinel site surveillance, median annual incidence of gastroenteritis was 120, bacteremia 6.2, and meningitis 0.25 per 100 000 infants. Boys had a higher incidence of each syndrome than girls in both surveillance systems, but most differences were not statistically significant. Overall, hospitalization and fatality rates were 26% and 0.1% for gastroenteritis, 70% and 1.6% for bacteremia, and 96% and 4% for meningitis. During 2004-2015, invasive salmonellosis incidence was higher for Black (incident rate ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.6-2.8) and Asian (incident rate ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-1.8) than white infants. CONCLUSIONS Salmonellosis causes substantial infant morbidity and mortality; serotype heidelberg caused the most invasive infections. Infants with meningitis were younger than those with bacteremia or gastroenteritis. Research into risk factors for infection and invasive illness could inform prevention efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie L Self
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, CSELS, and
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael C Judd
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer Huang
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patricia I Fields
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Patricia M Griffin
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Karen K Wong
- Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nili S, Khanjani N, Bakhtiari B, Jahani Y, Dalaei H. The effect of meteorological variables on salmonellosis incidence in Kermanshah, West of Iran: a generalized linear model with negative binomial approach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1171-1177. [PMID: 34150303 PMCID: PMC8172766 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Salmonella is one of the main causes of gastroenteritis, and its incidence may be affected by meteorological variables. This is the first study about the effect of climatic factors on salmonella incidence in Kermanshah, Iran. METHODS Data about salmonellosis cases in Kermanshah were inquired from Center for Communicable Disease Control, at the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran, for the 2008 to 2018 time-frame. Meteorological variables including maximum, minimum and mean of temperature and humidity, sunshine hours and rainfall were inquired for the same time frame. Negative binomial generalized linear models (GLM) were used to assess the effect of meteorological variables on the weekly incidence of salmonellosis. RESULTS During the years under study, 569 confirmed cases were registered in Kermanshah province. Study results showed a 3 % increase in salmonellosis incidence, after 1 % increase in minimum humidity in the week before (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.03; 95 % confidence interval (CI):1.02-1.05) and also a 4 % increase in incidence for 1 °C increase in mean temperature in the same week (IRR: 1.04; 95 % CI:1.02-1.06). CONCLUSIONS Increase in minimum humidity and mean temperature may have a role in increasing the incidence of salmonellosis in Iran.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sairan Nili
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Narges Khanjani
- Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 76169-13555 Kerman, Iran
| | - Bahram Bakhtiari
- Water Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Yunes Jahani
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamideh Dalaei
- Research Deputy of Iranian Meteorological Organization (IRIMO), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Singh N, Beshearse E, Blanton JL, DeMent J, Havelaar AH. Spatial Epidemiology of Salmonellosis in Florida, 2009-2018. Front Public Health 2021; 8:603005. [PMID: 33681114 PMCID: PMC7931371 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.603005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica infections cause a high disease burden in the United States with an estimated 1.2 million illnesses annually. The state of Florida consistently has a relatively high incidence compared to other states in the United States. Nevertheless, studies regarding the epidemiology of nontyphoidal salmonellosis and its spatial and temporal patterns in Florida were rarely reported. We examined the spatial and temporal patterns of 62,947 salmonellosis cases reported to FL Health Charts between 2009 and 2018. Dominant serotypes circulating in Florida were also explored using whole genome sequencing (WGS) based serotype-prediction for 2,507 Salmonella isolates sequenced by the Florida Department of Health during 2017 and 2018. The representativeness of laboratory-sequenced isolates for reported cases was determined by regression modeling. The annual incidence rate of salmonellosis decreased from 36.0 per 100,000 population in 2009 to 27.8 per 100,000 in 2016, and gradually increased in 2017 and 2018. Increased use of culture-independent testing did not fully explain this increase. The highest incidence rate was observed in children, contributing 40.9% of total reported cases during this period. A seasonal pattern was observed with the incidence peaking in September and October, later than the national average pattern. Over these 10 years, the Northeast and Northwest regions of the state had higher reported incidence rates, while reported rates in the Southeast and South were gradually increasing over time. Serotypes were predicted based on WGS data in the EnteroBase platform. The top-five most prevalent serotypes in Florida during 2017–2018 were Enteritidis, Newport, Javiana, Sandiego and Braenderup. The highest percentage of isolates was from children under 5 years of age (41.4%), and stool (84.7%) was the major source of samples. A zero-inflated negative binomial regression model showed that the reported case number was a strong predictor for the number of lab-sequenced isolates in individual counties, and the geospatial distribution of sequenced isolates was not biased by other factors such as age group. The spatial and temporal patterns identified in this study along with the prevalence of different serotypes will be helpful for the development of efficient prevention and control strategies for salmonellosis in Florida.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nitya Singh
- Animal Sciences Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Elizabeth Beshearse
- Animal Sciences Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Food and Waterborne Disease Program, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Jason L Blanton
- Bureau of Public Health Laboratories, Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Jamie DeMent
- Food and Waterborne Disease Program, Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Arie H Havelaar
- Animal Sciences Department, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Welch K, Shipp-Hilts A, Eidson M, Saha S, Zansky S. Salmonella and the changing environment: systematic review using New York State as a model. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:179-195. [PMID: 30942769 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2018.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a public health concern, for which a complex interplay between host, agent, and environment exists. An improved understanding of causal processes can be used to better gauge the causes and trajectory of Salmonella in a changing environment. This would be useful in determining the impact of climate change on the New York State (NYS) environment, the effect of climate change on Salmonella in NYS, factors contributing to Salmonella vulnerability in humans, and aspects of climate change and Salmonella which necessitate further research. A systematic review was conducted to study associations between Salmonella and the environment. Using the search criteria, a total of 91 relevant articles were identified from four electronic databases. Key information was abstracted, organized, and synthesized to identify causal processes and linkages between climate change, the environment of NYS, and Salmonella-related outcomes, as well as risk factors to characterize Salmonella vulnerabilities. Three inter-related domains were identified for consideration and application to epidemiological research to confirm and extrapolate disease patterns using climate change scenarios: improved quantification of causal relationships, inclusion of factors linked to sectors not immediately associated with the exposure and outcome, and increased capacity to validate models in diverse settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Welch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, New York, 12144, USA and Office of Public Health Practice, New York State Department of Health, 1092 Corning Tower, Albany, New York, 12237, USA E-mail:
| | - Asante Shipp-Hilts
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, New York, 12144, USA and Office of Public Health Practice, New York State Department of Health, 1092 Corning Tower, Albany, New York, 12237, USA E-mail:
| | - Millicent Eidson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, 1 University Place, Rensselaer, New York, 12144, USA and Office of Public Health Practice, New York State Department of Health, 1092 Corning Tower, Albany, New York, 12237, USA E-mail:
| | - Shubhayu Saha
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Shelley Zansky
- Bureau of Communicable Disease Control, New York State Department of Health, 651 Corning Tower, Albany, New York, 12237, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Crim SM, Chai SJ, Karp BE, Judd MC, Reynolds J, Swanson KC, Nisler A, McCullough A, Gould LH. Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport Infections in the United States, 2004-2013: Increased Incidence Investigated Through Four Surveillance Systems. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:612-620. [PMID: 30036085 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Newport is the third most common Salmonella enterica serotype identified among the estimated 1.2 million human salmonellosis infections occurring annually in the United States. Risk factors for infection and food items implicated in outbreaks vary by antimicrobial resistance pattern. We conducted a descriptive analysis of data from four enteric disease surveillance systems capturing information on incidence, demographics, seasonality, geographic distribution, outbreaks, and antimicrobial resistance of Newport infections over a 10-year period from 2004 through 2013. Incidence increased through 2010, then declined to rates similar to those in the early years of the study. Incidence was highest in the South and among children <5 years old. Among isolates submitted for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 88% were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested (pansusceptible) and 8% were resistant to at least seven agents, including ceftriaxone. Rates of pansusceptible isolates were also highest in the South and among young children, particularly in 2010. Pansusceptible strains of Newport have been associated with produce items and environmental sources, such as creek water and sediment. However, the role of environmental transmission of Newport in human illness is unclear. Efforts to reduce produce contamination through targeted legislation, as well as collaborative efforts to identify sources of contamination in agricultural regions, are underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Crim
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shua J Chai
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Beth E Karp
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael C Judd
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jared Reynolds
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Krista C Swanson
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Amie Nisler
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - L Hannah Gould
- 1 Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Association between wetland presence and incidence of Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana infections in selected US sites, 2005–2011. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:2991-2997. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817001790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYSalmonella causes an estimated 1·2 million illnesses annually in the USA. Salmonella enterica serotype Javiana (serotype Javiana) is the fourth most common serotype isolated from humans, with the majority of illnesses occurring in southeastern states. The percentage of wetland cover by wetland type and the average incidence rates of serotype Javiana infection in selected counties of the Foodborne Disease Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) were examined. This analysis explored the relationship between wetland environments and incidence in order to assess whether regional differences in environmental habitats may be associated with observed variations in incidence. Findings suggest that environmental habitats may support reservoirs or contribute to the persistence of serotype Javiana, and may frequently contribute to the transmission of infection compared with other Salmonella serotypes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections in Africa cause an enormous burden of illness. These infections are often devastating, with mortality estimated at 20%, even with appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Two major groups-young children and HIV-infected adults-suffer the great majority of these infections. In children, younger age itself, as well as malaria, malnutrition, and HIV infection, are prominent risk factors. In adults, HIV infection is by far the most important risk factor. The most common serotypes in invasive infections are Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhimurium and Enteritidis. In recent years, a specific strain of Salmonella Typhimurium, multilocus sequence type 313, has caused epidemics of invasive disease. Little is known about risk factors for exposure to NTS, making the design of rational interventions to decrease exposure difficult. Antimicrobial therapy is critically important for treatment of invasive NTS infections. Thus, the emergence and spread of resistance to agents commonly used for treatment of invasive NTS infection, now including third-generation cephalosporins, is an ominous development. Already, many invasive NTS infections are essentially untreatable in many health care facilities in sub-Saharan Africa. Several candidate vaccines are in early development and, if safe and effective, could be promising. Interventions to prevent exposure to NTS (e.g., improved sanitation), to prevent the occurrence of disease if exposure does occur (e.g., vaccination, malaria control), and to prevent severe disease and death in those who become ill (e.g., preserving antimicrobial effectiveness) are all important in reducing the toll of invasive NTS disease in sub-Saharan Africa.
Collapse
|
8
|
Nair A, Balasaravanan T, Malik SVS, Mohan V, Kumar M, Vergis J, Rawool DB. Isolation and identification of Salmonella from diarrheagenic infants and young animals, sewage waste and fresh vegetables. Vet World 2015; 8:669-73. [PMID: 27047154 PMCID: PMC4774732 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.669-673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, distribution, and identification of Salmonella serotypes in diarrheagenic infants and young animals, including sewage waste and fresh vegetables. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 550 samples were processed for the isolation of Salmonella spp., using standard microbiological and biochemical tests. Further polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Salmonella genus was carried out using self-designed primers targeting invA gene and thereafter identification of important serotypes namely Salmonella Enterica serovar Typhimurium, Salmonella Enterica serovar Enteritidis, Salmonella Enterica serovar Typhi was performed using published standardized multiplex PCR. RESULTS An overall low prevalence of 2.5% (14/550) was observed. The observed prevalence of Salmonella spp. in diarrheagenic infants was 1.2% (05/400), diarrheagenic young animals 4% (02/50), sewage waste 10% (05/50), and fresh vegetables 4% (02/50), respectively. In diarrheagenic infants, of the five Salmonella isolates identified, two were Salmonella Typhimurium, two Salmonella Enteritidis, and one was unidentified and hence designated as other Salmonella serovar. All the Salmonella isolates identified from diarrheagenic young animals and sewage waste belonged to other Salmonella serovar, whereas, of the two isolates recovered from fresh vegetables, one was identified as other Salmonella serovar, and one as Salmonella Typhimurium, respectively. CONCLUSION Isolation of Salmonella spp. especially from sewage waste and fresh vegetable is a matter of great concern from public health point of view because these sources can accidentally serve as a potential vehicle for transmission of Salmonella spp. to animals and human beings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Nair
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T. Balasaravanan
- Department of Biotechnology, Nehru Arts & Science College, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. V. S Malik
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vysakh Mohan
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manesh Kumar
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jess Vergis
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak B. Rawool
- Division of Veterinary Public Health, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|