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Lu G, Gao D, Liu Y, Yu X, Jiang W, Lv Z. Early and long-term responses of intestinal microbiota and metabolites to 131I treatment in differentiated thyroid cancer patients. BMC Med 2024; 22:300. [PMID: 39020393 PMCID: PMC11256643 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03528-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple high doses of 131I therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) might disrupt the balance of gut microbiota and metabolites. This study aimed to investigate the alterations of intestinal bacteria and metabolism over two courses of 131I therapy, explore the interactions, and construct diagnostic models reflecting enteric microecology based on 131I therapy. METHODS A total of 81 patients were recruited for the first 131I therapy (131I-1st), among whom 16 received a second course (131I-2nd) after half a year. Fecal samples were collected 1 day before (Pre-131I-1st/2nd) and 3 days after (Post-131I-1st/2nd) 131I therapy for microbiome (16S rRNA gene sequencing) and metabolomic (LC-MS/MS) analyses. RESULTS A total of six microbial genera and 11 fecal metabolites enriched in three pathways were identified to show significant differences between Pre-131I-1st and other groups throughout the two courses of 131I treatment. In the Post-131I-1st group, the beneficial bacteria Bifidobacterium, Lachnoclostridium, uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae, and Lachnospiraceae_UCG004 were abundant and the radiation-sensitive pathways of linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid, and tryptophan metabolism were inhibited compared with the Pre-131I-1st group. Compared with the Pre-131I-1st group, the Pre-131I-2nd group exhibited a reduced diversity of flora and differentially expressed metabolites, with a low abundance of beneficial bacteria and dysregulated radiation-sensitive pathways. However, less significant differences in microbiota and metabolites were found between the Pre/Post-131I-2nd groups compared with those between the Pre/Post-131I-1st groups. A complex co-occurrence was observed between 6 genera and 11 metabolites, with Lachnoclostridium, Lachnospiraceae_UCG004, Escherichia-Shigella, and LA-related metabolites contributing the most. Furthermore, combined diagnostic models of charactered bacteria and metabolites answered well in the early, long-term, and dose-dependent responses for 131I therapy. CONCLUSIONS Different stages of 131I therapy exert various effects on gut microecology, which play an essential role in regulating radiotoxicity and predicting the therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganghua Lu
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Mass Spectrometry Applied Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Dingwei Gao
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Mass Spectrometry Applied Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yixian Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Xiaqing Yu
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Mass Spectrometry Applied Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
| | - Wen Jiang
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Mass Spectrometry Applied Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Zhongwei Lv
- Clinical Nuclear Medicine Center, Imaging Clinical Medical Center, Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Mass Spectrometry Applied Research Center, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, China.
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200003, China.
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Horseman TS, Frank AM, Cannon G, Zhai M, Olson MG, Lin B, Li X, Hull L, Xiao M, Kiang JG, Burmeister DM. Effects of combined ciprofloxacin and Neulasta therapy on intestinal pathology and gut microbiota after high-dose irradiation in mice. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1365161. [PMID: 38807988 PMCID: PMC11130442 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1365161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Treatments that currently exist in the strategic national stockpile for acute radiation syndrome (ARS) focus on the hematopoietic subsyndrome, with no treatments on gastrointestinal (GI)-ARS. While the gut microbiota helps maintain host homeostasis by mediating GI epithelial and mucosal integrity, radiation exposure can alter gut commensal microbiota which may leave the host susceptible to opportunistic pathogens and serious sequelae such as sepsis. To mitigate the effects of hematopoietic ARS irradiation, currently approved treatments exist in the form of colony stimulating factors and antibiotics: however, there are few studies examining how these therapeutics affect GI-ARS and the gut microbiota. The aim of our study was to examine the longitudinal effects of Neulasta and/or ciprofloxacin treatment on the gut microbiota after exposure to 9.5 Gy 60Co gamma-radiation in mice. Methods The gut microbiota of vehicle and drug-treated mice exposed to sham or gamma-radiation was characterized by shotgun sequencing with alpha diversity, beta diversity, and taxonomy analyzed on days 2, 4, 9, and 15 post-irradiation. Results No significant alpha diversity differences were observed following radiation, while beta diversity shifts and taxonomic profiles revealed significant alterations in Akkermansia, Bacteroides, and Lactobacillus. Ciprofloxacin generally led to lower Shannon diversity and Bacteroides prevalence with increases in Akkermansia and Lactobacillus compared to vehicle treated and irradiated mice. While Neulasta increased Shannon diversity and by day 9 had more similar taxonomic profiles to sham than ciprofloxacin-or vehicle-treated irradiated animals. Combined therapy of Neulasta and ciprofloxacin induced a decrease in Shannon diversity and resulted in unique taxonomic profiles early post-irradiation, returning closer to vehicle-treated levels over time, but persistent increases in Akkermansia and Bacteroides compared to Neulasta alone. Discussion This study provides a framework for the identification of microbial elements that may influence radiosensitivity, biodosimetry and the efficacy of potential therapeutics. Moreover, increased survival from H-ARS using these therapeutics may affect the symptoms and appearance of what may have been subclinical GI-ARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S. Horseman
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrew M. Frank
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Georgetta Cannon
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Min Zhai
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew G. Olson
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bin Lin
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xianghong Li
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lisa Hull
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mang Xiao
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Juliann G. Kiang
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - David M. Burmeister
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Xie LW, Lu HY, Tang LF, Tang FL, Zhu RQ, Wang DF, Cai S, Tian Y, Li M. Probiotic Consortia Protect the Intestine Against Radiation Injury by Improving Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2024:S0360-3016(24)00395-X. [PMID: 38485099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII) commonly occur during abdominal-pelvic cancer radiation therapy; however, no effective prophylactic or therapeutic agents are available to manage RIII currently. This study aimed to clarify the potential of probiotic consortium supplementation in alleviating RIII. METHODS AND MATERIALS Male C57BL/6J mice were orally administered a probiotic mixture comprising Bifidobacterium longum BL21, Lactobacillus paracasei LC86, and Lactobacillus plantarum Lp90 for 30 days before exposure to 13 Gy of whole abdominal irradiation. The survival rates, clinical scores, and histologic changes in the intestines of mice were assessed. The impacts of probiotic consortium treatment on intestinal stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and epithelial barrier function; oxidative stress; and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. A comprehensive examination of the gut microbiota composition was conducted through 16S rRNA sequencing, while changes in metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS The probiotic consortium alleviated RIII, as reflected by increased survival rates, improved clinical scores, and mitigated mucosal injury. The probiotic consortium treatment exhibited enhanced therapeutic effects at the histologic level compared with individual probiotic strains, although there was no corresponding improvement in survival rates and colon length. Moreover, the probiotic consortium stimulated intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation, enhanced the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, and regulated redox imbalance and inflammatory responses in irradiated mice. Notably, the treatment induced a restructuring of the gut microbiota composition, particularly enriching short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. Metabolomic analysis revealed distinctive metabolic changes associated with the probiotic consortium, including elevated levels of anti-inflammatory and antiradiation metabolites. CONCLUSIONS The probiotic consortium attenuated RIII by modulating the gut microbiota and metabolites, improving inflammatory symptoms, and regulating oxidative stress. These findings provide new insights into the maintenance of intestinal health with probiotic consortium supplementation and will facilitate the development of probiotic-based therapeutic strategies for RIII in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Xie
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hai-Yan Lu
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin-Feng Tang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng-Ling Tang
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui-Qiu Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Di-Fan Wang
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shang Cai
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Institute of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Liu X, Li Y, Gu M, Xu T, Wang C, Chang P. Radiation enteropathy-related depression: A neglectable course of disease by gut bacterial dysbiosis. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e6865. [PMID: 38457257 PMCID: PMC10923036 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiation enteropathy (RE) is common in patients treated with radiotherapy for pelvic-abdominal cancers. Accumulating data indicate that gut commensal bacteria determine intestinal radiosensitivity. Radiotherapy can result in gut bacterial dysbiosis. Gut bacterial dysbiosis contributes to the pathogenesis of RE. Mild to moderate depressive symptoms can be observed in patients with RE in clinical settings; however, the rate of these symptoms has not been reported. Studies have demonstrated that gut bacterial dysbiosis induces depression. In the state of comorbidity, RE and depression may be understood as local and abscopal manifestations of gut bacterial disorders. The ability of comorbid depression to worsen inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has long been demonstrated and is associated with dysfunction of cholinergic neural anti-inflammatory pathways. There is a lack of direct evidence for RE comorbid with depression. It is widely accepted that RE shares similar pathophysiologic mechanisms with IBD. Therefore, we may be able to draw on the findings of the relationship between IBD and depression. This review will explore the relationship between gut bacteria, RE, and depression in light of the available evidence and indicate a method for investigating the mechanisms of RE combined with depression. We will also describe new developments in the treatment of RE with probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbial transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and TherapyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology and TherapyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Meichen Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and TherapyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Tiankai Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and TherapyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Chuanlei Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery CenterThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Pengyu Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and TherapyThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunChina
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Fernandes A, Oliveira A, Soares R, Barata P. The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Gut Microbiota: What Can Animal Models Tell Us?-A Systematic Review. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:3877-3910. [PMID: 37232718 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiota is relatively stable; however, various factors can precipitate an imbalance that is known to be associated with various diseases. We aimed to conduct a systematic literature review of studies reporting the effects of ionizing radiation on the composition, richness, and diversity of the gut microbiota of animals. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases. The standard methodologies expected by Cochrane were utilized. RESULTS We identified 3531 non-duplicated records and selected twenty-nine studies after considering the defined inclusion criteria. The studies were found to be heterogeneous, with significant differences in the chosen populations, methodologies, and outcomes. Overall, we found evidence of an association between ionizing radiation exposure and dysbiosis, with a reduction of microbiota diversity and richness and alterations in the taxonomic composition. Although differences in taxonomic composition varied across studies, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Alistipes, and Akkermancia most consistently reported to be relatively more abundant after ionizing radiation exposure, whereas Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Lactobacillus were relatively reduced. CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the effect of ionizing exposure on gut microbiota diversity, richness, and composition. It paves the way for further studies on human subjects regarding gastrointestinal side effects in patients submitted to treatments with ionizing radiation and the development of potential preventive, therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernandes
- Department Nuclear Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, E.P.E., 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Oliveira
- Department Nuclear Medicine, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de São João, E.P.E., 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Soares
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barata
- i3S-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4200-150 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
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Xin JY, Wang J, Ding QQ, Chen W, Xu XK, Wei XT, Lv YH, Wei YP, Feng Y, Zu XP. Potential role of gut microbiota and its metabolites in radiation-induced intestinal damage. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114341. [PMID: 36442401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced intestinal damage (RIID) is a serious disease with limited effective treatment. Nuclear explosion, nuclear release, nuclear application and especially radiation therapy are all highly likely to cause radioactive intestinal damage. The intestinal microecology is an organic whole with a symbiotic relationship formed by the interaction between a relatively stable microbial community living in the intestinal tract and the host. Imbalance and disorders of intestinal microecology are related to the occurrence and development of multiple systemic diseases, especially intestinal diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that the gut microbiota and its metabolites play an important role in the pathogenesis and prevention of RIID. Radiation leads to gut microbiota imbalance, including a decrease in the number of beneficial bacteria and an increase in the number of harmful bacteria that cause RIID. In this review, we describe the pathological mechanisms of RIID, the changes in intestinal microbiota, the metabolites induced by radiation, and their mechanism in RIID. Finally, the mechanisms of various methods for regulating the microbiota in the treatment of RIID are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yun Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Qian-Qian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xi-Ke Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin-Tong Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yan-Hui Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yu Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Xian-Peng Zu
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Effect of Radium-223 on the Gut Microbiota of Prostate Cancer Patients: A Pilot Case Series Study. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4950-4959. [PMID: 36286051 PMCID: PMC9600596 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radium-223 (Ra-223) is a targeted nuclear medicine therapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer with bone metastases. Its major route of elimination is the intestine. There is overwhelming evidence that the gut microbiota is altered by ionizing radiation (IR) from radiotherapy treatments. Nevertheless, it is known that extrapolation of outcomes from radiotherapy to nuclear medicine is not straightforward. The purpose of this study was to prospectively determine the effect of Ra-223 on selected important bacteria from the gut microbiota. Stool samples from three prostate cancer patients and two healthy individuals were obtained, processed, and analysed. We specifically measured the relative change of the abundance of important bacteria, determined by the 2−ΔΔC method. We found that Ra-223 influenced the gut microbiota composition. The most relevant changes were increases of Proteobacteria and Atopobacter; and decreases of Bacteroidetes, Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium coccoides, and Bacteroides fragilis. Additionally, our experiment confirms that the composition of gut microbiota from prostate cancer patients is altered. No significant correlation was found between each subject’s gut microbiome profile and their clinical indices. Despite its limited sample, the results of this pilot study suggest that ionizing radiation from Ra-223 alters the gut microbiota composition and that the gut microbiota of prostate cancer patients has an increase of the bacteria with known prejudicial effects and a decrease of the ones with favorable effects.
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Ionizing Radiation from Radiopharmaceuticals and the Human Gut Microbiota: An Ex Vivo Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810809. [PMID: 36142722 PMCID: PMC9506506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of three widely used radiopharmaceuticals with intestinal excretion on selected relevant bacteria that are part of the human gut microbiota, using an ex vivo approach. Fecal samples obtained from healthy volunteers were analyzed. Each sample was divided into four smaller aliquots. One served as the non-irradiated control. The other three were homogenized with three radiopharmaceutical solutions ([131I]NaI, [99mTc]NaTcO4, and [223Ra]RaCl2). Relative quantification of each taxa was determined by the 2−ΔΔC method, using the ribosomal gene 16S as an internal control (primers 534/385). Twelve fecal samples were analysed: three controls and nine irradiated. Our experiment showed fold changes in all analyzed taxa with all radiopharmaceuticals, but results were more significant with I-131, ranging from 1.87–83.58; whereas no relevant differences were found with Tc-99m and Ra-223, ranging from 0.98–1.58 and 0.83–1.97, respectively. This study corroborates limited existing research on how ionizing radiation changes the gut microbiota composition, providing novel data regarding the ex vivo effect of radiopharmaceuticals. Our findings justify the need for future larger scale projects.
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Development of an Optimal Model of Combined Radiation and Biological Lesions. Vet Med Int 2022; 2022:9433032. [PMID: 36118594 PMCID: PMC9477584 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9433032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the search for the effective medication in combined lesions includes the selection of an optimal experimental model for such injuries, there is actually a study aimed at developing an optimal model of combined radiation-biology (Pasteurella) lesions. The pathogen Pasteurella multocida (as one of the most frequent pathogenic agents involved in both isolated and combined radiation-biology lesions of agricultural animals) was used as a model of a biological agent to reproduce experimental biological research. We employed the “Chinchilla” rabbits of 2.5–3.0 kg body weight as a biological model for doing combined radiation Pasteurella lesion. When determining the optimal model of combined radiation-biology (Pasteurella) lesion, we consider that in the joint action of various pathological agents on the organism, there is a synergistic effect of explosion agents, previously specifying minimal doses of external γ-radiation and pasteurellosis pathogen that in the joint action of nonfatal doses would be lethal. The first stage of the experiments determined the minimal doses of gamma rays and pasteurellosis pathogen that in joint action causes combined radiation-biology pathology. We examined 66 rabbits divided into 11 groups of 6 animals each to determine minimal doses of infectious agent-pasteurellosis pathogen. The animals of the first 9 groups were given subcutaneously Pasteurella species at doses 1·109, 1·108, 1·107, 1·106, 1·105, 1·104, 1·103, 1·102, and 1·101 of microbial cells per animal of 0.3 ml suspension in volume; the 10th group of animals were given saline solution; the 11th served as a biological control group. In determining the minimal doses of gamma rays, we conducted experimental tests on 36 rabbits, which have been exposed to external γ-radiation in the “PUMA” system with a 137Cs radiation source of the exposure dose of 5.38 R/min at doses 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10, and 12 Gy. To specify the optimal model of radiation-pasteurellosis lesion, we used the rabbits subjected to a combined radiation-biology effect using minimal doses of gamma rays and pasteurellosis agent, leading to a lethal effect during their complex action. The researches revealed that 50% of the death of rabbits infected with pasteurellosis occurs using Pasteurella at a dose of 3.7·104 microbial cells per kilogram (LD50 = 3.7∙104 m.c./kg), and 50% of radiation death in rabbits occurs when irradiated their gamma rays at a dose of 8.0 Gy (LD50 = 8.0 Gy). The combined effect of nonlethal doses of the studied agents in the indicated doses on rabbits led to the aggravation of the course of radiation and pasteurellosis infection, causing the death of animals from combined radiation-pasteurellosis pathology. The model combined radiation-pasteurellosis disease ran its course rapidly, and the animals died 3 to 6 days after the onset. The autopsy of the animals that died from acute radiation-pasteurellosis pathogen had found swelling of the subcutaneous tissue in the pharynx and intermaxillary space of the neck, hyperemia, lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, numerous hemorrhages on the serous and mucous membranes and in the tissues of the parenchymal organs, serous or serous-fibrinous exudate, and in the chest and abdominal regions, pulmonary edema. The research stated that gamma radiation of rabbits at a dose of 8.0 Gy conducted before exposure with Pasteurella at LD50 (3.7·104 m.c./kg) declined the course of the pasteurellosis process, facilitated its generalization, and fastened the death of animals. Combined radiation-pasteurellosis infection ran its course rapidly, and the animals died within 3 to 6 days after the onset of the disease. The autopsy showed the pathologicoanatomic factors of the acute pasteurellosis: swelling of the subcutaneous tissue, purulent-catarrhal bronchopneumonitis, and pulmonary edema.
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The Role of the Human Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Radiation Enteropathy. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081613. [PMID: 36014031 PMCID: PMC9415405 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome plays a key role in regulating host physiology. In a stable state, both the microbiota and the gut work synergistically. The overall homeostasis of the intestinal flora can be affected by multiple factors, including disease states and the treatments given for those diseases. In this review, we examine the relatively well-characterised abnormalities that develop in the microbiome in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, and compare and contrast them to those that are found in radiation enteropathy. We discuss how these changes may exert their effects at a molecular level, and the possible role of manipulating the microbiome through the use of a variety of therapies to reduce the severity of the underlying condition.
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11
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Protective effect of the stressed supernatant from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and its metabolic analysis. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:428. [PMID: 35751720 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
There are numerous factors restricting wide application of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in dairy industry, causing urgent demands for novel bioprotectants. Protective effects and metabolites of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis (L. lactis) from ultraviolet (UV)-induced supernatant were investigated and the protective mechanism was explored. The strain viability of the group treated with the supernatant of continuous UV irradiation (V1) and the group with intermittent UV irradiation (V2) was 8.45 and 14.13 times of the control group, respectively. Further exploration on the protective of L. lactis supernatant, under different dose of UV treatment, showed it was dose-dependent. The condition for the supernatant with best protective effect was vertical distance 50.00 cm, horizontal distance 25.00 cm, intermittent UV irradiation (30 s interval 30 s) for 4.5 min (V2), which was chose for untargeted metabolite analysis. And that in V1 was for comparative study. There were 181 up-regulated metabolites in V1 and 161 up-regulated metabolites in V2, respectively. Most of the up-regulated metabolites were related to secondary metabolite synthesis, environmental microbial metabolism, antibiotic synthesis and amino acid biosynthesis. Notably, production of dithiothreitol (DTT) in V2 was 65.2-fold higher than that in the control group. Trehalose in ABC transporter pathway was also up-regulated in the metabolites induced by UV. Results indicated that L. lactis could adapt to the UV stress by adjusting metabolic pathways and producing special metabolites to protect itself. This research offers the basis for robust strain development and contributes to initial study on potential bioprotectant.
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Poonacha KNT, Villa TG, Notario V. The Interplay among Radiation Therapy, Antibiotics and the Microbiota: Impact on Cancer Treatment Outcomes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:331. [PMID: 35326794 PMCID: PMC8944497 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy has been used for more than a century, either alone or in combination with other therapeutic modalities, to treat most types of cancer. On average, radiation therapy is included in the treatment plans for over 50% of all cancer patients, and it is estimated to contribute to about 40% of curative protocols, a success rate that may reach 90%, or higher, for certain tumor types, particularly on patients diagnosed at early disease stages. A growing body of research provides solid support for the existence of bidirectional interaction between radiation exposure and the human microbiota. Radiation treatment causes quantitative and qualitative changes in the gut microbiota composition, often leading to an increased abundance of potentially hazardous or pathogenic microbes and a concomitant decrease in commensal bacteria. In turn, the resulting dysbiotic microbiota becomes an important contributor to worsen the adverse events caused in patients by the inflammatory process triggered by the radiation treatment and a significant determinant of the radiation therapy anti-tumor effectiveness. Antibiotics, which are frequently included as prophylactic agents in cancer treatment protocols to prevent patient infections, may affect the radiation/microbiota interaction through mechanisms involving both their antimicrobial activity, as a mediator of microbiota imbalances, and their dual capacity to act as pro- or anti-tumorigenic effectors and, consequently, as critical determinants of radiation therapy outcomes. In this scenario, it becomes important to introduce the use of probiotics and/or other agents that may stabilize the healthy microbiota before patients are exposed to radiation. Ultimately, newly developed methodologies may facilitate performing personalized microbiota screenings on patients before radiation therapy as an accurate way to identify which antibiotics may be used, if needed, and to inform the overall treatment planning. This review examines currently available data on these issues from the perspective of improving radiation therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomás G. Villa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15705 La Coruña, Spain;
| | - Vicente Notario
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Malo ME, Frank C, Khokhoev E, Gorbunov A, Dontsov A, Garg R, Dadachova E. Mitigating effects of sublethal and lethal whole-body gamma irradiation in a mouse model with soluble melanin. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2022; 42:011508. [PMID: 35037901 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac3dcf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The field of radiation countermeasures is growing, however, currently there are no effective and non-toxic compounds which could be administered orally to the individuals post exposure to high doses of ionising radiation. The pigment melanin is ubiquitous through all kingdoms of life and provides selective advantage under radiation stress through its role as a chemical and physical shield, and its capacity to respond and react to exposures. Soluble allomelanin was administered to mice following whole-body exposure to lethal or sublethal doses of gamma radiation to determine its capacity to mitigate the effects of acute radiation syndrome, and its utility as a radiation countermeasure. Allomelanin has shown a trend to improve survival post an 8 Gy sublethal radiation exposure when administered up to 48 h post-irradiation. Furthermore, it improved median and overall survival to a 10 Gy lethal radiation exposure, specifically when administered at 24 h post-irradiation. Histological analysis on the jejunum region of the small intestine of this treatment group indicated that alterations of the mucosal and submucosal architecture, and disruption of the lymphatic system associated with lethal radiation exposure were mitigated when allomelanin was administered at 24 h post-irradiation. Based on this work soluble allomelanin derived from a fungal source could serve as an easily sourced, cost-effective, and viable countermeasure to accidental radiation exposure and merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E Malo
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Connor Frank
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | | - Alexander Dontsov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ravendra Garg
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Fernandes A, Oliveira A, Soares R, Barata P. The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Gut Microbiota, a Systematic Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:3025. [PMID: 34578902 PMCID: PMC8465723 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human gut microbiota is defined as the microorganisms that collectively inhabit the intestinal tract. Its composition is relatively stable; however, an imbalance can be precipitated by various factors and is known to be associated with various diseases. Humans are daily exposed to ionizing radiation from ambient and medical procedures, and gastrointestinal side effects are not rare. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted. Primary outcomes were changes in composition, richness, and diversity of the gut microbiota after ionizing radiation exposure. Standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane were used. RESULTS A total of 2929 nonduplicated records were identified, and based on the inclusion criteria, 11 studies were considered. Studies were heterogeneous, with differences in population and outcomes. Overall, we found evidence for an association between ionizing radiation exposure and dysbiosis: reduction in microbiota diversity and richness, increase in pathogenic bacteria abundance (Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria), and decrease in beneficial bacteria (Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium). CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the importance of considering the influence of ionizing radiation exposure on gut microbiota, especially when considering the side effects of abdominal and pelvic radiotherapy. Better knowledge of these effects, with larger population studies, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernandes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, E.P.E., 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Ana Oliveira
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, E.P.E., 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Raquel Soares
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Barata
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, 4099-001 Porto, Portugal
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Mao A, Sun C, Katsube T, Wang B. A Minireview on Gastrointestinal Microbiota and Radiosusceptibility. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820963859. [PMID: 33239996 PMCID: PMC7672743 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820963859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota maintains a symbiotic relationship with the host and plays a key role in modulating many important biological processes and functions of the host, such as metabolism, inflammation, immune and stress response. It is becoming increasingly apparent that GI microbiota is susceptible to a wide range of environmental factors and insults, for examples, geographic location of birth, diet, use of antibiotics, and exposure to radiation. Alterations in GI microbiota link to various diseases, including radiation-induced disorders. In addition, GI microbiota composition could be used as a biomarker to estimate radiosusceptibility and radiation health risk in the host. In this minireview, we summarized the documented studies on radiation-induced alterations in GI microbiota and the relationship between GI microbiota and radiosusceptibility of the host, and mainly discussed the possible mechanisms underlying GI microbiota influencing the outcome of radiation response in humans and animal models. Furthermore, we proposed that GI microbiota manipulation may be used to reduce radiation injury and improve the health of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Mao
- Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Takanori Katsube
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bing Wang
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
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16
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Plavc G, Jesenko T, Oražem M, Strojan P. Challenges in Combining Immunotherapy with Radiotherapy in Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3197. [PMID: 33143094 PMCID: PMC7692120 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has recently become a standard part of the treatment of recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC), although the response rates are low. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have now illuminated several mechanisms by which radiotherapy (RT) enhances the effect of ICI. From RT-induced immunogenic cancer cell death to its effect on the tumor microenvironment and vasculature, the involved mechanisms are diverse and intertwined. Moreover, the research of these interactions is challenging because of the thin line between immunostimulatory and the immunosuppressive effect of RT. In the era of active research of immunoradiotherapy combinations, the significance of treatment and host-related factors that were previously seen as being less important is being revealed. The impact of dose and fractionation of RT is now well established, whereas selection of the number and location of the lesions to be irradiated in a multi-metastatic setting is something that is only now beginning to be understood. In addition to spatial factors, the timing of irradiation is as equally important and is heavily dependent on the type of ICI used. Interestingly, using smaller-than-conventional RT fields or even partial tumor volume RT could be beneficial in this setting. Among host-related factors, the role of the microbiome on immunotherapy efficacy must not be overlooked nor can we neglect the role of gut irradiation in a combined RT and ICI setting. In this review we elaborate on synergistic mechanisms of immunoradiotherapy combinations, in addition to important factors to consider in future immunoradiotherapy trial designs in R/M HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaber Plavc
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.O.); (P.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Tanja Jesenko
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Oražem
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.O.); (P.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Primož Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.O.); (P.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Jones CB, Davis CM, Sfanos KS. The Potential Effects of Radiation on the Gut-Brain Axis. Radiat Res 2020; 193:209-222. [DOI: 10.1667/rr15493.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine M. Davis
- Division of Behavioral Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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Lu L, Li W, Sun C, Kang S, Li J, Luo X, Su Q, Liu B, Qin S. Phycocyanin Ameliorates Radiation-Induced Acute Intestinal Toxicity by Regulating the Effect of the Gut Microbiota on the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB Pathway. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2019; 44:1308-1317. [PMID: 31769063 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation-induced gastrointestinal syndrome, including nausea, diarrhea, and dehydration, contributes to morbidity and mortality after medical or industrial radiation exposure, which seriously affects patient quality of life after treatment. No safe and effective radiation countermeasure has been approved for clinical therapy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of phycocyanin (PC) against radiation-induced acute intestinal injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were orally administered 50 mg/kg PC once per day for 1 month before exposure to total-abdominal x-ray irradiation at a single dose of 12 Gy. The effects of PC on intestinal histopathology and integrity, gut microbiota, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), inflammatory cytokines, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88)/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling were evaluated. RESULTS Severe histopathological damage, such as intestinal mucosal epithelial cell apoptosis, necrosis, and nuclear rupture, was most clearly observed 24 hours after total-abdominal x-ray irradiation. Intestinal integrity was damaged by irradiation, which manifested in reduced levels of the tight-junction proteins Claudin-1, Occludin, and zonula occludens-1(ZO-1). PC pretreatment significantly ameliorated radiation-induced intestinal injury. PC also modulated the gut microbiota composition, increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria and decreasing that of harmful bacteria, which in turn lowered LPS levels and suppressed TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB pathway activation. Finally, levels of corresponding inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6, were also downregulated. CONCLUSION PC protects against mouse intestinal injury from high-dose radiation by regulating the effect of the gut microbiota on the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB pathway, suggesting PC as a promising natural radiation countermeasure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuhe Kang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Xingping Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Qiong Su
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Bioresource Utilization, Yantai Institute of Costal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Song Qin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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