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Yang Y, Wang X, Zheng J, Men Y, Zhang Y, Liu L, Han Y, Hou S, Sun Z. Amino acid transporter (AAT) gene family in Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum L. Gaertn.): Characterization, expression analysis and functional prediction. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:330-344. [PMID: 35839952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum L. Gaertn., TB) is an ancient minor crop and an important food source for humans to supplement nutrients such as flavonoids and essential amino acids. Amino acid transporters (AATs) play critical roles in plant growth and development through the transport of amino acids. In this study, 104 AATs were identified in TB genome and divided into 11 subfamilies by phylogenetic relationships. Tandem and segmental duplications promoted the expansion of FtAAT gene family, and the variations of gene sequence, protein structure and expression pattern were the main reasons for the functional differentiation of FtAATs. Based on RNA-seq and qRT-PCR, the expression patterns of FtAATs in different tissues and under different abiotic stresses were analyzed, and several candidate FtAATs that might affect grain development and response to abiotic stresses were identified, such as FtAAP12 and FtCAT7. Finally, combined with the previous studies, the expression patterns and phylogenetic relationships of AATs in multiple species, the functions of multiple high-confidence FtAAT genes were predicted, and the schematic diagram of FtAATs in TB was initially drawn. Overall, this work provided a framework for further functional analysis of FtAAT genes and important clues for the improvement of TB quality and stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Agriculture, Ministerial and Provincial Co-Innovation Centre for Endemic Crops Production with High-quality and Effciency in Loess Plateau, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Xinfang Wang
- College of Agriculture, Ministerial and Provincial Co-Innovation Centre for Endemic Crops Production with High-quality and Effciency in Loess Plateau, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yihan Men
- College of Agriculture, Ministerial and Provincial Co-Innovation Centre for Endemic Crops Production with High-quality and Effciency in Loess Plateau, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Yijuan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Ministerial and Provincial Co-Innovation Centre for Endemic Crops Production with High-quality and Effciency in Loess Plateau, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Longlong Liu
- Center for Agricultural Genetic Resources Research, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- College of Agriculture, Ministerial and Provincial Co-Innovation Centre for Endemic Crops Production with High-quality and Effciency in Loess Plateau, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China
| | - Siyu Hou
- College of Agriculture, Ministerial and Provincial Co-Innovation Centre for Endemic Crops Production with High-quality and Effciency in Loess Plateau, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China.
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- College of Agriculture, Ministerial and Provincial Co-Innovation Centre for Endemic Crops Production with High-quality and Effciency in Loess Plateau, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan 030031, Shanxi, China.
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Yang Y, Chai Y, Liu J, Zheng J, Zhao Z, Amo A, Cui C, Lu Q, Chen L, Hu YG. Amino acid transporter (AAT) gene family in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.): widespread family expansion, functional differentiation, roles in quality formation and response to abiotic stresses. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:519. [PMID: 34238217 PMCID: PMC8268433 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amino acid transporters (AATs) plays an essential roles in growth and development of plants, including amino acids long-range transport, seed germination, quality formation, responsiveness to pathogenic bacteria and abiotic stress by modulating the transmembrane transfer of amino acids. In this study, we performed a genome-wide screening to analyze the AAT genes in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.), especially those associated with quality formation and abiotic stresses response. Results A total number of 94 AAT genes were identified and divided into 12 subfamilies by their sequence characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. A large number (58/94, 62%) of AAT genes in foxtail millet were expanded via gene duplication, involving 13 tandem and 12 segmental duplication events. Tandemly duplicated genes had a significant impact on their functional differentiation via sequence variation, structural variation and expression variation. Further comparison in multiple species showed that in addition to paralogous genes, the expression variations of the orthologous AAT genes also contributed to their functional differentiation. The transcriptomic comparison of two millet cultivars verified the direct contribution of the AAT genes such as SiAAP1, SiAAP8, and SiAUX2 in the formation of grain quality. In addition, the qRT-PCR analysis suggested that several AAT genes continuously responded to diverse abiotic stresses, such as SiATLb1, SiANT1. Finally, combined with the previous studies and analysis on sequence characteristics and expression patterns of AAT genes, the possible functions of the foxtail millet AAT genes were predicted. Conclusion This study for the first time reported the evolutionary features, functional differentiation, roles in the quality formation and response to abiotic stresses of foxtail millet AAT gene family, thus providing a framework for further functional analysis of SiAAT genes, and also contributing to the applications of AAT genes in improving the quality and resistance to abiotic stresses of foxtail millet, and other cereal crops. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07779-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongmao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhangchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aduragbemi Amo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunge Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiumei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yin-Gang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. .,Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Tian R, Yang Y, Chen M. Genome-wide survey of the amino acid transporter gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Identification, expression analysis and response to abiotic stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1372-1387. [PMID: 32781128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs), which transport amino acids across cell membranes, play important roles in alleviating plant damage under stresses and in plant growth. To data, little is known about the AAT genes in wheat because of its complex genome. In this study, a total of 296 AAT genes were identified from the latest wheat genome sequence (IWGSC v1.1) and classified into 12 distinct subfamilies based upon their sequence composition and phylogenetic relationship. The expansion of the wheat AAT family was mainly the results of whole-genome duplication (WGD) and tandem events. The unequal expansion of different subfamilies brought new features to TaAATs. TaAATs were highly expressed and exhibited distinct expression patterns in different tissues. On the basis of homology and expression pattern analysis, we identified several wheat AAT family members that may affect grain quality. In addition, TaAAP3, TaATLa2 and TaATLb13 exhibited sustained expression in response to drought and high-temperature stress. These genes are involved in the response of wheat to abiotic stress by regulating the transport and distribution of amino acids. Overall, our results help to understand the complexity of TaAATs and provide a theoretical basis for further identification and utilization of AATs in wheat and other crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizheng Tian
- Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Maohua Chen
- Northwest A&F University, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, China.
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Wu H, Marhadour S, Lei ZW, Dugaro É, Gaillard C, Porcheron B, Marivingt-Mounir C, Lemoine R, Chollet JF, Bonnemain JL. Use of D-glucose-fenpiclonil conjugate as a potent and specific inhibitor of sucrose carriers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5599-5613. [PMID: 29088431 PMCID: PMC5853465 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Until now, specific inhibitors of sucrose carriers were not available. This led us to study the properties of the recently synthesized D-glucose-fenpiclonil conjugate (D-GFC). This large amphiphilic glucoside exhibited an extremely low phloem systemicity in contrast to L-amino acid-fenpiclonil conjugates. Using Ricinus seedlings, the effect of D-GFC on 0.5 mM [14C]sucrose (Suc), 3-O-[3H]methylglucose, and [3H]glutamine uptake by cotyledon tissues was compared with that of p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (PCMBS). D-GFC dramatically inhibited H+-Suc symport at the same concentrations as PCMBS (0.5 and 1 mM), but in contrast to the thiol reagent, it did not affect 3-O-methylglucose and glutamine transport, nor the acidification of the incubation medium by cotyledon tissues. Similarly, 0.5 mM D-GFC inhibited active Suc uptake by Vicia faba leaf tissues and by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells transformed with AtSUC2, a gene involved in Suc phloem loading in Arabidopsis, by approximately 80%. The data indicated that D-GFC was a potent inhibitor of Suc uptake from the endosperm and of Suc phloem loading. It is the first chemical known to exhibit such specificity, at least in Ricinus, and this property permitted the quantification of the two routes involved in phloem loading of endogenous sugars after endosperm removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiang Wu
- Laboratoire EBI (Écologie et Biologie des Interactions), UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe SEVE (Sucres, Échanges Végétaux, Environnement), Université de Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, Poitiers cedex, France
- IC2MP (Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers), UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Sophie Marhadour
- IC2MP (Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers), UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Zhi-Wei Lei
- Guizhou Tea Reasearch Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Émilie Dugaro
- IC2MP (Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers), UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Cécile Gaillard
- Laboratoire EBI (Écologie et Biologie des Interactions), UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe SEVE (Sucres, Échanges Végétaux, Environnement), Université de Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Benoit Porcheron
- Laboratoire EBI (Écologie et Biologie des Interactions), UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe SEVE (Sucres, Échanges Végétaux, Environnement), Université de Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Cécile Marivingt-Mounir
- IC2MP (Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers), UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Rémi Lemoine
- Laboratoire EBI (Écologie et Biologie des Interactions), UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe SEVE (Sucres, Échanges Végétaux, Environnement), Université de Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Chollet
- IC2MP (Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers), UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bonnemain
- Laboratoire EBI (Écologie et Biologie des Interactions), UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe SEVE (Sucres, Échanges Végétaux, Environnement), Université de Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, Poitiers cedex, France
- Correspondence:
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Ma H, Cao X, Shi S, Li S, Gao J, Ma Y, Zhao Q, Chen Q. Genome-wide survey and expression analysis of the amino acid transporter superfamily in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:164-177. [PMID: 27289266 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) are integral membrane proteins responsible for the transmembrane transport of amino acids and play important roles in various physiological processes of plants. However, there has not yet been a genome-wide overview of the StAAT gene family to date and only StAAP1 has been previously studied in potato. In this paper, a total of 72 StAATs were identified using a series of bioinformatics searches and classified into 12 subfamilies based on their phylogenetic relationship with known Arabidopsis and rice AATs. Chromosomal localization revealed their distribution on all 12 chromosomes. Nearly one-third of StAAT genes (23 of 72) were derived from gene duplication, among which tandem duplication made the greatest contribution to the expansion of the StAAT family. Motif analysis showed that the same subfamily had similar conserved motifs in both numbers and varieties. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing data was used to analyze the expression patterns of StAAT genes and was verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The expression of StAAT genes exhibited both abundant and tissue-specific expression patterns, which might be connected to their functional roles in long- and short-distance transport. This study provided a comprehensive survey of the StAAT gene family, and could serve as a theoretical foundation for the further functional identification and utilization of family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shandang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Silu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junpeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, China
| | - Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Chen L, Ortiz-Lopez A, Jung A, Bush DR. ANT1, an aromatic and neutral amino acid transporter in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 125:1813-20. [PMID: 11299361 PMCID: PMC88837 DOI: 10.1104/pp.125.4.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2000] [Revised: 10/13/2000] [Accepted: 11/24/2000] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A new amino acid transporter was identified from the Arabidopsis expressed sequence tag cDNAs by expressing the cDNA in a yeast amino acid transport mutant. Transport analysis of the expressed protein in yeast showed that it transports aromatic and neutral amino acids, as well as arginine. This transporter (ANT1, aromatic and neutral transporter) also transports indole-3-acetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The cDNA is 1.6 kb in length with an open reading frame that codes for a protein with 432 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 50 kD. Hydropathy analysis showed ANT1 is an integral membrane protein with 11 putative membrane-spanning domains. Southern analysis and a BLAST search of the Arabidopsis genome database suggests that ANT1 is part of a small gene family containing at least five members. Phylogenetic comparisons with other known amino acid transporters in plants suggests that ANT1 represents a new class of amino acid transporter. RNA gel-blot analysis showed that this transporter is expressed in all organs with highest abundance in flowers and cauline leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Program in Physiological and Molecular Plant Biology, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Neelam A, Marvier AC, Hall JL, Williams LE. Functional characterization and expression analysis of the amino acid permease RcAAP3 from castor bean. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 120:1049-56. [PMID: 10444088 PMCID: PMC59338 DOI: 10.1104/pp.120.4.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/1999] [Accepted: 05/06/1999] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction-based library screening procedure was used to isolate RcAAP3, an amino acid permease cDNA from castor bean (Ricinus communis). RcAAP3 is 1.7 kb in length, with an open reading frame that encodes a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 51 kD. Hydropathy analysis indicates that the RcAAP3 protein is highly hydrophobic in nature with nine to 11 putative transmembrane domains. RcAAP3-mediated uptake of citrulline in a yeast transport mutant showed saturable kinetics with a K(m) of 0.4 mM. Transport was higher at acidic pH and was inhibited by the protonophore carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone, suggesting a proton-coupled transport mechanism. Citrulline uptake was strongly inhibited (72%) by the permeable sulfydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide, but showed lower sensitivity (30% inhibition) to the nonpermeable reagent p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid. Diethylpyrocarbonate, a histidine modifier, inhibited citrulline uptake by 80%. A range of amino acids inhibited citrulline uptake, suggesting that RcAAP3 may be a broad substrate permease that can transport neutral and basic amino acids with a lower affinity for acidic amino acids. Northern analysis indicated that RcAAP3 is widely expressed in source and sink tissues of castor bean, and that the pattern of expression is distinct from RcAAP1 and RcAAP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Neelam
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom
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Young GB, Jack DL, Smith DW, Saier MH. The amino acid/auxin:proton symport permease family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1415:306-22. [PMID: 9889387 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(98)00196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids and their derivatives are transported into and out of cells by a variety of permease types which comprise several distinct protein families. We here present a systematic analysis of a group of homologous transport proteins which together comprise the eukaryotic-specific amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) family (TC #2. 18). In characterizing this family, we have (1) identified all sequenced members of the family, (2) aligned their sequences, (3) identified regions of striking conservation, (4) derived a family-specific signature sequence, and (5) proposed a topological model that appears to be applicable to all members of the family. We have also constructed AAAP family phylogenetic trees and dendrograms using six different programs that allow us to trace the evolutionary history of the family, estimate the relatedness of proteins from dissimilar organismal phyla, and evaluate the reliability of the different programs available for phylogenetic studies. The TREE and neighbor-joining programs gave fully consistent results while CLUSTAL W gave similar but non-identical results. Other programs gave less consistent results. The phylogenetic analyses reveal (1) that many plant AAAP family proteins arose recently by multiple gene duplication events that occurred within a single organism, (2) that some plant members of the family with strikingly different specificities diverged early in evolutionary history, and (3) that AAAP family proteins from fungi and animals diverged from the plant proteins long ago, possibly when animals, plants and fungi diverged from each other. The Neurospora protein nevertheless exhibits overlapping specificity with those found in plants. Preliminary evidence is presented suggesting that proteins of the AAAP family are distantly related to proteins of the large ubiquitous amino acid/polyamine/choline family (TC #2.3) as well as to those of two small bacterial amino acid transporter families, the ArAAP family (TC #2.42) and the STP family (TC #2.43).
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Young
- Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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Marvier AC, Neelam A, Bick JA, Hall JL, Williams LE. Cloning of a cDNA coding for an amino acid carrier from Ricinus communis (RcAAP1) by functional complementation in yeast: kinetic analysis, inhibitor sensitivity and substrate specificity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1373:321-31. [PMID: 9733991 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(98)00117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA for the amino acid permease gene RcAAP1 has been isolated from Ricinus communis by yeast complementation and subjected to a detailed kinetic analysis. RcAAP1 cDNA is 1.5 kb with an open reading frame that codes for a protein with 486 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 53.1 kDa. RcAAP1-mediated histidine uptake was pH dependent with highest transport rates at acidic pH; it was sensitive to protonophores and uncouplers and the Km for histidine uptake was 96 microM. The substrate specificity was investigated by measuring the levels of inhibition of histidine uptake by a range of amino acids. The basic amino acids (histidine, lysine and arginine) showed strongest inhibition of uptake whereas acidic amino acids competed less effectively. Alanine was the most efficient competitor of the neutral amino acids. Glutamine, serine, asparagine, methionine and cysteine showed moderate inhibition whereas threonine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan showed only low levels of inhibition. Glycine, proline and citrulline caused slight stimulation. More detailed competition kinetics indicated that both lysine and arginine showed simple competitive inhibition of histidine uptake. When direct uptake measurements were carried out, both lysine and arginine were found to be effective substrates for RcAAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Marvier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton S016 7PX, UK
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