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Wang D, Jin Y, Guan C, Yang Q, He G, Xu N, Han X. Evolutionary divergence of CXE gene family in green plants unveils that PtoCXEs overexpression reduces fungal colonization in transgenic Populus. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae071. [PMID: 38905297 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Plant enzymes significantly contribute to the rapidly diversified metabolic repertoire since the colonization of land by plants. Carboxylesterase is just one of the ubiquitous, multifunctional and ancient enzymes that has particularly diversified during plant evolution. This study provided a status on the carboxylesterase landscape within Viridiplantae. A total of 784 carboxylesterases were identified from the genome of 31 plant species representing nine major lineages of sequenced Viridiplantae and divided into five clades based on phylogenetic analysis. Clade I carboxylesterase genes may be of bacterial origin and then expanded and diversified during plant evolution. Clade II was first gained in the ancestor of bryophytes after colonization of land by plants, Clade III and Clade IV in ferns which were considered the most advanced seedless vascular plants, while Clade V was gained in seed plants. To date, the functions of carboxylesterase genes in woody plants remain unclear. In this study, 51 carboxylesterase genes were identified from the genome of Populus trichocarpa and further divided into eight classes. Tandem and segmental duplication events both contributed to the expansion of carboxylesterase genes in Populus. Although carboxylesterase genes were proven to enhance resistance to pathogens in many herbaceous species, relevant researches on forest trees are still needed. In this study, pathogen incubation assays showed that overexpressing of six Class VI carboxylesterases in Populus tomentosa, to a greater or lesser degree, reduced colonization of detached leaves by fungus Cytospora chrysosperma. A significant difference was also found in functional divergence patterns for genes derived from different gene duplication events. Functional differentiation of duplicated carboxylesterase genes in Populus was proved for the first time by in vivo physiological analysis. The identification of the potentially anti-fungal PtoCXE06 gene also laid a theoretical foundation for promoting the genetic improvement of disease-resistance traits in forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dong Xiaofu, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yuting Jin
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghuadonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chaonan Guan
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghuadonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, No. 666 Wusu street, Lin'an district, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Gang He
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Chengdu University, No. 2025 Chengluo Avenue, Longquanyi District, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Nan Xu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qinghuadonglu, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuemin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 1 Dong Xiaofu, Haidian District, Beijing 100091, China
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Busch A, Gerbracht JV, Davies K, Hoecker U, Hess S. Comparative transcriptomics elucidates the cellular responses of an aeroterrestrial zygnematophyte to UV radiation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3624-3642. [PMID: 38520340 PMCID: PMC11156808 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The zygnematophytes are the closest relatives of land plants and comprise several lineages that adapted to a life on land. Species of the genus Serritaenia form colorful, mucilaginous capsules, which surround the cells and block harmful solar radiation, one of the major terrestrial stressors. In eukaryotic algae, this 'sunscreen mucilage' represents a unique photoprotective strategy, whose induction and chemical background are unknown. We generated a de novo transcriptome of Serritaenia testaceovaginata and studied its gene regulation under moderate UV radiation (UVR) that triggers sunscreen mucilage under experimental conditions. UVR induced the repair of DNA and the photosynthetic apparatus as well as the synthesis of aromatic specialized metabolites. Specifically, we observed pronounced expressional changes in the production of aromatic amino acids, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes, potential cross-membrane transporters of phenolics, and extracellular, oxidative enzymes. Interestingly, the most up-regulated enzyme was a secreted class III peroxidase, whose embryophyte homologs are involved in apoplastic lignin formation. Overall, our findings reveal a conserved, plant-like UVR perception system (UVR8 and downstream factors) in zygnematophyte algae and point to a polyphenolic origin of the sunscreen pigment of Serritaenia, whose synthesis might be extracellular and oxidative, resembling that of plant lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Busch
- Department of Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jennifer V Gerbracht
- Department of Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kevin Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Ute Hoecker
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, D-50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hess
- Department of Biology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
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Kurepa J, Smalle JA. Plant Hormone Modularity and the Survival-Reproduction Trade-Off. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1143. [PMID: 37627027 PMCID: PMC10452219 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Biological modularity refers to the organization of living systems into separate functional units that interact in different combinations to promote individual well-being and species survival. Modularity provides a framework for generating and selecting variations that can lead to adaptive evolution. While the exact mechanisms underlying the evolution of modularity are still being explored, it is believed that the pressure of conflicting demands on limited resources is a primary selection force. One prominent example of conflicting demands is the trade-off between survival and reproduction. In this review, we explore the available evidence regarding the modularity of plant hormones within the context of the survival-reproduction trade-off. Our findings reveal that the cytokinin module is dedicated to maximizing reproduction, while the remaining hormone modules function to ensure reproduction. The signaling mechanisms of these hormone modules reflect their roles in this survival-reproduction trade-off. While the cytokinin response pathway exhibits a sequence of activation events that aligns with the developmental robustness expected from a hormone focused on reproduction, the remaining hormone modules employ double-negative signaling mechanisms, which reflects the necessity to prevent the excessive allocation of resources to survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan A. Smalle
- Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Program, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
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Sanyal SK, Sharma K, Bisht D, Sharma S, Kateriya S, Pandey GK. Role of calcium sensor protein module CBL-CIPK in abiotic stress and light signaling responses in green algae. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124163. [PMID: 36965564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling is an important biological process that enable to perceive and communicate information in the cell. Our current understanding of the signaling system suggests that plants and animals have certain differences in signal-sensing mechanisms. The Ca2+-mediated CBL-CIPK module has emerged as a major sensor responder network for Ca2+ signaling and has been speculated to be involved in plant terrestrial life adaptation. This module has previously been reported in Archaeplastids, Chromalveolates, and Excavates. In our experimental analysis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CBLs, we proved that the CrCBL1 protein interacts with Phototropin and Channelrhodopsin, and the expression of CrCBLs is modulated by light. Further analysis using chlorophyte and streptophyte algal sequences allowed us to identify the differences that have evolved in CBL and CIPK proteins since plants have progressed from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. Moreover, an investigation of Klebsormidium CBL and CIPK genes led us to know that they are abiotic stress stimuli-responsive, indicating that their role was defined very early during terrestrial adaptations. Structure-based prediction and Ca2+-binding assays indicated that the KnCBL1 protein in Klebsormidium showed a typical Ca2+-binding pocket. In summary, the results of this study suggest that these stress-responsive proteins enable crosstalk between Ca2+ and light signaling pathways very early during plant adaptation from aquatic to terrestrial habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibaji K Sanyal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Komal Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India; Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Diksha Bisht
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Sunita Sharma
- Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Laboratory of Optobiotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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Permann C, Becker B, Holzinger A. Temperature- and light stress adaptations in Zygnematophyceae: The challenges of a semi-terrestrial lifestyle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:945394. [PMID: 35928713 PMCID: PMC9343959 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.945394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Streptophyte green algae comprise the origin of land plants and therefore life on earth as we know it today. While terrestrialization opened new habitats, leaving the aquatic environment brought additional abiotic stresses. More-drastic temperature shifts and high light levels are major abiotic stresses in semi-terrestrial habitats, in addition to desiccation, which has been reviewed elsewhere. Zygnematophyceae, a species-rich class of streptophyte green algae, is considered a sister-group to embryophytes. They have developed a variety of avoidance and adaptation mechanisms to protect against temperature extremes and high radiation in the form of photosynthetically active and ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation occurring on land. Recently, knowledge of transcriptomic and metabolomic changes as consequences of these stresses has become available. Land-plant stress-signaling pathways producing homologs of key enzymes have been described in Zygnematophyceae. An efficient adaptation strategy is their mat-like growth habit, which provides self-shading and protects lower layers from harmful radiation. Additionally, Zygnematophyceae possess phenolic compounds with UV-screening ability. Resting stages such as vegetative pre-akinetes tolerate freezing to a much higher extent than do young cells. Sexual reproduction occurs by conjugation without the formation of flagellated male gametes, which can be seen as an advantage in water-deficient habitats. The resulting zygospores possess a multilayer cell wall, contributing to their resistance to terrestrial conditions. Especially in the context of global change, understanding temperature and light tolerance is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Permann
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Burkhard Becker
- Department of Biology, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Department of Botany, Functional Plant Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Barthlott W, Büdel B, Mail M, Neumann KM, Bartels D, Fischer E. Superhydrophobic Terrestrial Cyanobacteria and Land Plant Transition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:880439. [PMID: 35685010 PMCID: PMC9173694 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.880439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants and other organisms have evolved structures and mechanisms for colonizing land since the Early Ordovician. In this context, their surfaces, the crucial physical interface with the environment, are mainly considered barriers against water loss. It is suggested that extreme water repellency (superhydrophobicity) was an additional key innovation for the transition of algae from water to land some 400 mya. Superhydrophobicity enhances gas exchange on land and excludes aquatic competitors in water films. In a different context, in material science and surface technology, superhydrophobicity has also become one of the most important bioinspired innovations enabling the avoidance of water films and contamination. Here, we present data for an extremely water-repellent cyanobacterial biofilm of the desiccation tolerant Hassallia byssoidea providing evidence for a much earlier prokaryotic Precambrian (ca. 1-2 bya) origin of superhydrophobicity and chemical heterogeneities associated with land transition. The multicellular cyanobacterium is functionally differentiated in a submerged basal hydrophilic absorbing portion like a "rhizoid" and an upright emersed superhydrophobic "phyllocauloid" filament for assimilation, nitrogen fixation, and splash dispersed diaspores. Additional data are provided for superhydrophobic surfaces in terrestrial green algae and in virtually all ancestral land plants (Bryophytes, ferns and allies, Amborella, Nelumbo), slime molds, and fungi. Rethinking of superhydrophobicity as an essential first step for life in terrestrial environments is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Barthlott
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Burkhard Büdel
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthias Mail
- Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility and Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Dorothea Bartels
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eberhard Fischer
- Department of Biology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
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Nascimento LBDS, Tattini M. Beyond Photoprotection: The Multifarious Roles of Flavonoids in Plant Terrestrialization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5284. [PMID: 35563675 PMCID: PMC9101737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants evolved an impressive arsenal of multifunctional specialized metabolites to cope with the novel environmental pressures imposed by the terrestrial habitat when moving from water. Here we examine the multifarious roles of flavonoids in plant terrestrialization. We reason on the environmental drivers, other than the increase in UV-B radiation, that were mostly responsible for the rise of flavonoid metabolism and how flavonoids helped plants in land conquest. We are reasonably based on a nutrient-deficiency hypothesis for the replacement of mycosporine-like amino acids, typical of streptophytic algae, with the flavonoid metabolism during the water-to-land transition. We suggest that flavonoids modulated auxin transport and signaling and promoted the symbiosis between plants and fungi (e.g., arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM), a central event for the conquest of land by plants. AM improved the ability of early plants to take up nutrients and water from highly impoverished soils. We offer evidence that flavonoids equipped early land plants with highly versatile "defense compounds", essential for the new set of abiotic and biotic stressors imposed by the terrestrial environment. We conclude that flavonoids have been multifunctional since the appearance of plants on land, not only acting as UV filters but especially improving both nutrient acquisition and biotic stress defense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy;
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Domozych DS, Kozel L, Palacio-Lopez K. The effects of osmotic stress on the cell wall-plasma membrane domains of the unicellular streptophyte, Penium margaritaceum. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1231-1249. [PMID: 33928433 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Penium margaritaceum is a unicellular zygnematophyte (basal Streptophyteor Charophyte) that has been used as a model organism for the study of cell walls of Streptophytes and for elucidating organismal adaptations that were key in the evolution of land plants.. When Penium is incubated in sorbitol-enhance medium, i.e., hyperosmotic medium, 1000-1500 Hechtian strands form within minutes and connect the plasma membrane to the cell wall. As cells acclimate to this osmotic stress over time, further significant changes occur at the cell wall and plasma membrane domains. The homogalacturonan lattice of the outer cell wall layer is significantly reduced and is accompanied by the formation of a highly elongate, "filamentous" phenotype. Distinct peripheral thickenings appear between the CW and plasma membrane and contain membranous components and a branched granular matrix. Monoclonal antibody labeling of these thickenings indicates the presence of rhamnogalacturonan-I epitopes. Acclimatization also results in the proliferation of the cell's vacuolar networks and macroautophagy. Penium's ability to acclimatize to osmotic stress offers insight into the transition of ancient zygnematophytes from an aquatic to terrestrial existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Domozych
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
| | - Li Kozel
- Department of Biology and Skidmore Microscopy Imaging Center, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Kattia Palacio-Lopez
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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