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Shin HY, Kim YS, Shin KS, Han SH, Suh HJ, Yu KW. Effect of rhamnogalacturonan-I-rich polysaccharides isolated from crabapple hydrolysates on IL-1β-induced inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:134240. [PMID: 39094865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the structural characteristics and intracellular mechanisms of polysaccharides (MP-PE-I) purified from a crabapple (Malus prunifolia) enzymatic hydrolysate (MP-PE). Activity-guided fractionation revealed that MP-PE-I was the active moiety and significantly reduced the production and gene expression of pro-inflammatory factors in interleukin (IL)-1β-treated intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Moreover, MP-PE-I downregulated the phosphorylation and nuclear localization of proteins involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathways, as evidenced by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence analysis. In antagonistic studies with specific inhibitors of the MAPK and NF-κB pathways, IL-6 inhibition was significantly regulated by p38; IL-8 by IκBα, JNK, and p38; and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by JNK, p38, and ERK. Additionally, MP-PE-I significantly decreased the mRNA and protein expression of IL-1 receptor type 1. Chemical and structural characteristic analyses showed that MP-PE-I is a polysaccharide rich in rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-I and plays a crucial role in intestinal immunomodulation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the intestinal immunomodulatory activity, intracellular mechanisms, and structural characteristics of RG-I-rich polysaccharides isolated from crabapples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Shin
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health System, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeon Suk Kim
- Major in Food & Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk 27909, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soon Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Hee Han
- Institute of Human Behavior & Genetics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung Joo Suh
- Transdisciplinary Major in Learning Health System, Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University Graduate School, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Won Yu
- Major in Food & Nutrition, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk 27909, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Umezawa A, Matsumoto M, Handa H, Nakazawa K, Miyagawa M, Seifert GJ, Takahashi D, Fushinobu S, Kotake T. Cytosolic UDP-L-arabinose synthesis by bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerases in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:508-524. [PMID: 38678521 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
L-Arabinose (L-Ara) is a plant-specific sugar found in cell wall polysaccharides, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and small glycoconjugates, which play physiologically important roles in cell proliferation and other essential cellular processes. L-Ara is synthesized as UDP-L-arabinose (UDP-L-Ara) from UDP-xylose (UDP-Xyl) by UDP-Xyl 4-epimerases (UXEs), a type of de novo synthesis of L-Ara unique to plants. In Arabidopsis, the Golgi-localized UXE AtMUR4 is the main contributor to UDP-L-Ara synthesis. However, cytosolic bifunctional UDP-glucose 4-epimerases (UGEs) with UXE activity, AtUGE1, and AtUGE3 also catalyze this reaction. For the present study, we first examined the physiological importance of bifunctional UGEs in Arabidopsis. The uge1 and uge3 mutants enhanced the dwarf phenotype of mur4 and further reduced the L-Ara content in cell walls, suggesting that bifunctional UGEs contribute to UDP-L-Ara synthesis. Through the introduction of point mutations exchanging corresponding amino acid residues between AtUGE1 with high UXE activity and AtUGE2 with low UXE activity, two mutations that increase relative UXE activity of AtUGE2 were identified. The crystal structures of AtUGE2 in complex forms with NAD+ and NAD+/UDP revealed that the UDP-binding domain of AtUGE2 has a more closed conformation and smaller sugar-binding site than bacterial and mammalian UGEs, suggesting that plant UGEs have the appropriate size and shape for binding UDP-Xyl and UDP-L-Ara to exhibit UXE activity. The presented results suggest that the capacity for cytosolic synthesis of UDP-L-Ara was acquired by the small sugar-binding site and several mutations of UGEs, enabling diversified utilization of L-Ara in seed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Umezawa
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mayuko Matsumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Handa
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Konatsu Nakazawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Megumi Miyagawa
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Georg J Seifert
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Cell biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shinya Fushinobu
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
- Green Bioscience Research Center, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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3
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Hindi SS, Albureikan MOI. Fabrication, Characterization, and Microbial Biodegradation of Transparent Nanodehydrated Bioplastic (NDB) Membranes Using Novel Casting, Dehydration, and Peeling Techniques. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3303. [PMID: 37571197 PMCID: PMC10422282 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
NDBs were fabricated from gum Arabic (GA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in different ratios using novel techniques (casting, dehydration, and peeling). The GA/PVA blends were cast with a novel vibration-free horizontal flow (VFHF) technique, producing membranes free of air bubble defects with a homogenous texture, smooth surface, and constant thickness. The casting process was achieved on a self-electrostatic template (SET) made of poly-(methyl methacrylate), which made peeling the final product membranes easy due to its non-stick behavior. After settling the casting of the membranous, while blind, the sheets were dried using nanometric dehydration under a mild vacuum stream using a novel stratified nano-dehydrator (SND) loaded with P2O5. After drying the NDB, the dry, smooth membranes were peeled easily without scratching defects. The physicochemical properties of the NDBs were investigated using FTIR, XRD, TGA, DTA, and AFM to ensure that the novel techniques did not distort the product quality. The NDBs retained their virgin characteristics, namely, their chemical functional groups (FTIR results), crystallinity index (XRD data), thermal stability (TGA and DTA), and ultrastructural features (surface roughness and permeability), as well as their microbial biodegradation ability. Adding PVA enhanced the membrane's properties except for mass loss, whereby increasing the GA allocation in the NDB blend reduces its mass loss at elevated temperatures. The produced bioplastic membranes showed suitable mechanical properties for food packaging applications and in the pharmaceutical industry for the controlled release of drugs. In comparison to control samples, the separated bacteria and fungi destroyed the bioplastic membranes. Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. were the two main strains of isolated bacteria, and Rhizobus spp. was the main fungus. The nano-dehydration method gave the best solution for the prompt drying of water-based biopolymers free of manufacturing defects, with simple and easily acquired machinery required for the casting and peeling tasks, in addition to its wonderful biodegradation behavior when buried in wet soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif S. Hindi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Othman I. Albureikan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
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Okawa R, Hayashi Y, Yamashita Y, Matsubayashi Y, Ogawa-Ohnishi M. Arabinogalactan protein polysaccharide chains are required for normal biogenesis of plasmodesmata. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:493-503. [PMID: 36511822 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a plant-specific family of extracellular proteoglycans characterized by large and complex galactose-rich polysaccharide chains. Functional elucidation of AGPs, however, has been hindered by the high degree of redundancy of AGP genes. To uncover as yet unexplored roles of AGPs in Arabidopsis, a mutant of Hyp O-galactosyltransferase (HPGT), a critical enzyme that catalyzes the common initial step of Hyp-linked arabinogalactan chain biosynthesis, was used. Here we show, using the hpgt1,2,3 triple mutant, that a reduction in functional AGPs leads to a stomatal patterning defect in which two or more stomata are clustered together. This defect is attributed to increased and dysregulated symplastic transport following changes in plasmodesmata structure, such that highly permeable complex branched plasmodesmata with cavities in branching parts increased in the mutant. We also found that the hpgt1,2,3 mutation causes a reduction of cellulose in the cell wall and accumulation of pectin, which controls cell wall porosity. Our results highlight the importance of AGPs in the correct biogenesis of plasmodesmata, possibly acting through the regulation of cell wall properties surrounding the plasmodesmata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoya Okawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamashita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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Kutsuno T, Chowhan S, Kotake T, Takahashi D. Temporal cell wall changes during cold acclimation and deacclimation and their potential involvement in freezing tolerance and growth. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13837. [PMID: 36461890 PMCID: PMC10107845 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants adapt to freezing stress through cold acclimation, which is induced by nonfreezing low temperatures and accompanied by growth arrest. A later increase in temperature after cold acclimation leads to rapid loss of freezing tolerance and growth resumption, a process called deacclimation. Appropriate regulation of the trade-off between freezing tolerance and growth is necessary for efficient plant development in a changing environment. The cell wall, which mainly consists of polysaccharide polymers, is involved in both freezing tolerance and growth. Still, it is unclear how the balance between freezing tolerance and growth is affected during cold acclimation and deacclimation by the changes in cell wall structure and what role is played by its monosaccharide composition. Therefore, to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms controlling freezing tolerance and growth during cold acclimation and deacclimation, we investigated cell wall changes in detail by sequential fractionation and monosaccharide composition analysis in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, for which a plethora of information and mutant lines are available. We found that arabinogalactan proteins and pectic galactan changed in close coordination with changes in freezing tolerance and growth during cold acclimation and deacclimation. On the other hand, arabinan and xyloglucan did not return to nonacclimation levels after deacclimation but stabilized at cold acclimation levels. This indicates that deacclimation does not completely restore cell wall composition to the nonacclimated state but rather changes it to a specific novel composition that is probably a consequence of the loss of freezing tolerance and provides conditions for growth resumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kutsuno
- Graduate School of Science & EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - Sushan Chowhan
- Graduate School of Science & EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science & EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitamaJapan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science & EngineeringSaitama UniversitySaitamaJapan
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6
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Kikuchi A, Hara K, Yoshimi Y, Soga K, Takahashi D, Kotake T. In vivo structural modification of type II arabinogalactans with fungal endo-β-1, 6-galactanase in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1010492. [PMID: 36438144 PMCID: PMC9682044 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1010492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are mysterious extracellular glycoproteins in plants. Although AGPs are highly conserved, their molecular functions remain obscure. The physiological importance of AGPs has been extensively demonstrated with β-Yariv reagent, which specifically binds to AGPs and upon introduction into cells, causes various deleterious effects including growth inhibition and programmed cell death. However, structural features of AGPs that determine their functions have not been identified with β-Yariv reagent. It is known that AGPs are decorated with large type II arabinogalactans (AGs), which are necessary for their functions. Type II AGs consist of a β-1,3-galactan main chain and β-1,6-galactan side chains with auxiliary sugar residues such as L-arabinose and 4-O-methyl-glucuronic acid. While most side chains are short, long side chains such as β-1,6-galactohexaose (β-1,6-Gal6) also exist in type II AGs. To gain insight into the structures important for AGP functions, in vivo structural modification of β-1,6-galactan side chains was performed in Arabidopsis. We generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a fungal endo-β-1,6-galactanase, Tv6GAL, that degrades long side chains specifically under the control of dexamethasone (Dex). Two of 6 transgenic lines obtained showed more than 40 times activity of endo-β-1,6-galactanase when treated with Dex. Structural analysis indicated that long side chains such as β-1,6-Gal5 and β-1,6-Gal6 were significantly reduced compared to wild-type plants. Tv6GAL induction caused retarded growth of seedlings, which had a reduced amount of cellulose in cell walls. These results suggest that long β-1,6-galactan side chains are necessary for normal cellulose synthesis and/or deposition as their defect affects cell growth in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Kikuchi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuya Hara
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yoshimi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kouichi Soga
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- Green Bioscience Research Center, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Liu J, Wang W, Yan X, Zhou Y, Cui J, Yuan Y. Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of Endo-β-1,6-galactanase PoGal30 from Penicillium oxalicum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:6021-6036. [PMID: 35877000 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Because β-1,6-galactans are significant components in arabinogalactans from plant cell walls, identifying selective endo-β-1,6-galactanases is crucial to degrading these polysaccharides and to analyzing and modifying their structures. Here, we cloned and expressed in E. coli a novel endo-β-1,6-galactanase in the glycosidic hydrolase family 30 (GH30) from Penicillium oxalicum. Our recombinant PoGal30 hydrolase (1464 bp gene) that contains an N-terminal His-tag for purification by nickel affinity chromatography has a specific activity of 3.8 U/mg on the substrate de-arabinosylated gum Arabic (dGA) polysaccharide. The enzyme has 487 residues with a molecular mass of 60 kDa, an isoelectric point of 6, and functional pH and temperature optima of pH 2.5 to pH 5.0 and 40 °C, respectively. While the activity of PoGal30 is activated by Mg2+ (5 or 50 mmol/L), it is completely inhibited by Cu2+ and Fe3+ (50 mmol/L) and partially inhibited by Hg2+, EDTA, and SDS (50 mmol/L). The enzyme demonstrates high specificity towards β-1,6-galactosidic linkages in dGA, but is inactive against aryl-glycosides and galactobioses with different linkages. Using PoGal30 is, therefore, an effective approach to analyzing the fine structure of polysaccharides and preparing bioactive oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, 130022, Changchun, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Weiyang Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Xuecui Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Central Laboratory, Changchun Normal University, 130031, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Engineering Research Center of Glycoconjugates Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 130024, Changchun, China.
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Villa-Rivera MG, Cano-Camacho H, López-Romero E, Zavala-Páramo MG. The Role of Arabinogalactan Type II Degradation in Plant-Microbe Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730543. [PMID: 34512607 PMCID: PMC8424115 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabinogalactans (AGs) are structural polysaccharides of the plant cell wall. A small proportion of the AGs are associated with hemicellulose and pectin. Furthermore, AGs are associated with proteins forming the so-called arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), which can be found in the plant cell wall or attached through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor to the plasma membrane. AGPs are a family of highly glycosylated proteins grouped with cell wall proteins rich in hydroxyproline. These glycoproteins have important and diverse functions in plants, such as growth, cellular differentiation, signaling, and microbe-plant interactions, and several reports suggest that carbohydrate components are crucial for AGP functions. In beneficial plant-microbe interactions, AGPs attract symbiotic species of fungi or bacteria, promote the development of infectious structures and the colonization of root tips, and furthermore, these interactions can activate plant defense mechanisms. On the other hand, plants secrete and accumulate AGPs at infection sites, creating cross-links with pectin. As part of the plant cell wall degradation machinery, beneficial and pathogenic fungi and bacteria can produce the enzymes necessary for the complete depolymerization of AGs including endo-β-(1,3), β-(1,4) and β-(1,6)-galactanases, β-(1,3/1,6) galactanases, α-L-arabinofuranosidases, β-L-arabinopyranosidases, and β-D-glucuronidases. These hydrolytic enzymes are secreted during plant-pathogen interactions and could have implications for the function of AGPs. It has been proposed that AGPs could prevent infection by pathogenic microorganisms because their degradation products generated by hydrolytic enzymes of pathogens function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) eliciting the plant defense response. In this review, we describe the structure and function of AGs and AGPs as components of the plant cell wall. Additionally, we describe the set of enzymes secreted by microorganisms to degrade AGs from AGPs and its possible implication for plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guadalupe Villa-Rivera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Horacio Cano-Camacho
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Mexico
| | - Everardo López-Romero
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Zavala-Páramo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Tarímbaro, Mexico
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9
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Cheng J, Wei C, Li W, Wang Y, Wang S, Huang Q, Liu Y, He L. Structural characteristics and enhanced biological activities of partially degraded arabinogalactan from larch sawdust. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 171:550-559. [PMID: 33444654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Larch arabinogalactan (AG), extracted from Larix gmelinii sawdust, was depolymerized by H2O2 oxidation and purified by gel column to yield a novel degraded fraction (AGD2). The structural analysis indicated AGD2 had lower arabinose content and molecular weight compared with AG, in which the ratio of galactose and arabinose was changed from 7:3 to 16:1, the molecular weight was decreased from 50.2 kDa to 3.7 kDa, and the chain conformation spread from highly branched structure to flexible strand. It was one kind of β-D-(1 → 3)-galactan with fewer β-D-(1 → 6)-Galp side branches at O-6 position. Further, the results of the Gal-3 binding and immunomodulatory assay suggested that the unbinding force of AGD2 onto Gal-3 was as twice as AG to be 76 ± 11 pN at the loading rate of 0.15 μm/s. It could better promote the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) than AG in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemical Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of State Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chaoyang Wei
- School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Weiqi Li
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemical Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of State Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Shihao Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liang He
- The Key Laboratory of Biochemical Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of State Forest Food Resources Utilization and Quality Control, Zhejiang Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 310023, China.
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10
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Ito K, Fukuoka K, Nishigaki N, Hara K, Yoshimi Y, Kuki H, Takahashi D, Tsumuraya Y, Kotake T. Structural features conserved in subclass of type II arabinogalactan. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:459-463. [PMID: 33850434 PMCID: PMC8034681 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.0721a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are extracellular proteoglycans, which are presumed to participate in the regulation of cell shape, thus contributing to the excellent mechanical properties of plants. AGPs consist of a hydroxyproline-rich core-protein and large arabinogalactan (AG) sugar chains, called type II AGs. These AGs have a β-1,3-galactan backbone and β-1,6-galactan side chains, to which other sugars are attached. The structure of type II AG differs depending on source plant, tissue, and age. Type II AGs obtained from woody plants in large quantity as represented by gum arabic and larch AG, here designated gum arabic-subclass, have a β-1,3;1,6-galactan structure in which the β-1,3-galactan backbone is highly substituted with short β-1,6-galactan side chains. On the other hand, it is unclear whether type II AGs found as the glycan part of AGPs from herbaceous plants, here designated AGP-subclass, also have conserved β-1,3:1,6-galactan structural features. In the present study we explore similarities of type II AG structures in the AGP-subclass. Type II AGs in fractions obtained from spinach, broccoli, bok choy, komatsuna, and cucumber were hydrolyzed into galactose and β-1,6-galactooligosaccharides by specific enzymes. Based on the proportion of these sugars, the substitution ratio of the β-1,3-galactan backbone was calculated as 46-58% in the five vegetables, which is consistently lower than what is seen in gum arabic and larch AG. Although most side chains were short, long chains such as β-1,6-galactohexaose chains were also observed in these vegetables. The results suggest a conserved β-1,3;1,6-galactan structure in the AGP-subclass that distinguishes it from the gum arabic-subclass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kengo Ito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kurumi Fukuoka
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Naho Nishigaki
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Katsuya Hara
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yoshimi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Hiroaki Kuki
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Green Biology Research Center, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yoichi Tsumuraya
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Green Biology Research Center, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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