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Gupta R, Verma N, Tewari RK. Micronutrient deficiency-induced oxidative stress in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:213. [PMID: 39133336 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Micronutrients like iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), boron (B), nickel (Ni), and molybdenum (Mo) perform significant roles in the regulation of plant metabolism, growth, and development. Micronutrients, namely Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Ni, are involved in oxidative stress and antioxidant defense as they are cofactors or activators of various antioxidant enzymes, viz., superoxide dismutase (Fe, Cu/Zn, Mn, and Ni), catalase (Fe), and ascorbate peroxidase (Fe). An effort has been made to incorporate recent advances along with classical work done on the micronutrient deficiency-induced oxidative stress and associated antioxidant responses of plants. Deficiency of a micronutrient produces ROS in the cellular compartments. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems are often modulated by micronutrient deficiency to regulate redox balance and scavenge deleterious ROS for the safety of cellular constituents. ROS can strike cellular constituents such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and can destruct cellular membranes and proteins. ROS might act as a signaling molecule and activate the antioxidant proteins by interacting with signaling partners such as respiratory burst oxidase homolog (RBOH), G-proteins, Ca2+, mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and various transcription factors (TFs). Opinions on probable ROS signaling under micronutrient deficiency have been described in this review. However, further research is required to decipher micronutrient deficiency-induced ROS generation, perception, and associated downstream signaling events, leading to the development of antioxidant responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshani Gupta
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Nikita Verma
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
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Romera FJ, García MJ, Lucena C, Angulo M, Pérez-Vicente R. NO Is Not the Same as GSNO in the Regulation of Fe Deficiency Responses by Dicot Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12617. [PMID: 37628796 PMCID: PMC10454737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is abundant in soils but with a poor availability for plants, especially in calcareous soils. To favor its acquisition, plants develop morphological and physiological responses, mainly in their roots, known as Fe deficiency responses. In dicot plants, the regulation of these responses is not totally known, but some hormones and signaling molecules, such as auxin, ethylene, glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), have been involved in their activation. Most of these substances, including auxin, ethylene, GSH and NO, increase their production in Fe-deficient roots while GSNO, derived from GSH and NO, decreases its content. This paradoxical result could be explained with the increased expression and activity in Fe-deficient roots of the GSNO reductase (GSNOR) enzyme, which decomposes GSNO to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and NH3. The fact that NO content increases while GSNO decreases in Fe-deficient roots suggests that NO and GSNO do not play the same role in the regulation of Fe deficiency responses. This review is an update of the results supporting a role for NO, GSNO and GSNOR in the regulation of Fe deficiency responses. The possible roles of NO and GSNO are discussed by taking into account their mode of action through post-translational modifications, such as S-nitrosylation, and through their interactions with the hormones auxin and ethylene, directly related to the activation of morphological and physiological responses to Fe deficiency in dicot plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Romera
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.R.); (M.A.)
| | - María José García
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Carlos Lucena
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.L.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Macarena Angulo
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Rafael Pérez-Vicente
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.L.); (R.P.-V.)
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Song X, Kong F, Liu BF, Song Q, Ren NQ, Ren HY. Thallium-mediated NO signaling induced lipid accumulation in microalgae and its role in heavy metal bioremediation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 239:120027. [PMID: 37167853 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Thallium (Tl+) is a trace metal with extreme toxicity and is highly soluble in water, posing a great risk to ecological and human safety. This work aimed to investigate the role played by Tl+ in regulating lipid accumulation in microalgae and the removal efficiency of Tl+. The effect of Tl+ on the cell growth, lipid production and Tl+ removal efficiency of Parachlorella kessleri R-3 was studied. Low concentrations of Tl+ had no significant effect on the biomass of microalgae. When the Tl+ concentration exceeded 5 μg L-1, the biomass of microalgae showed significant decrease. The highest lipid content of 63.65% and lipid productivity of 334.55 mg L-1 d-1 were obtained in microalgae treated with 10 and 5 μg L-1 Tl+, respectively. Microalgae can efficiently remove Tl+ and the Tl+ removal efficiency can reach 100% at Tl+ concentrations of 0-25 μg L-1. The maximum nitric oxide (NO) level of 470.48 fluorescence intensity (1 × 106 cells)-1 and glutathione (GSH) content of 343.51 nmol g-1 (fresh alga) were obtained under 5 μg L-1 Tl+ stress conditions. Furthermore, the exogenous donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) supplemented with NO was induced in microalgae to obtain a high lipid content (59.99%), lipid productivity (397.99 mg L-1 d-1) and GSH content (430.22 nmol g-1 (fresh alga)). The corresponding analysis results indicated that NO could participate in the signal transduction pathway through modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling to activate the antioxidant system by increasing the GSH content to eliminate oxidative damage induced by Tl+ stress. In addition, NO regulation of ROS signaling may enhance transcription factors associated with lipid synthesis, which stimulates the expression of genes related to lipid synthesis, leading to increased lipid biosynthesis in microalgae. Moreover, it was found that the change in Tl+ had little effect on the fatty acid components and biodiesel properties. This study showed that Tl+ stress can promote lipid accumulation in microalgae for biodiesel production and simultaneously effectively remove Tl+, which provided evidence that NO was involved in signal transduction and antioxidant defense, and improved the understanding of the interrelation between NO and ROS to regulate lipid accumulation in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Fanying Kong
- School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qingqing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hong-Yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Huertas R, Karpinska B, Ngala S, Mkandawire B, Maling'a J, Wajenkeche E, Kimani PM, Boesch C, Stewart D, Hancock RD, Foyer CH. Biofortification of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with iron and zinc: Achievements and challenges. Food Energy Secur 2023; 12:e406. [PMID: 38440694 PMCID: PMC10909572 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies (hidden hunger), particularly in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), remain one of the most serious public health challenges, affecting more than three billion people globally. A number of strategies are used to ameliorate the problem of micronutrient deficiencies and to improve the nutritional profile of food products. These include (i) dietary diversification, (ii) industrial food fortification and supplements, (iii) agronomic approaches including soil mineral fertilisation, bioinoculants and crop rotations, and (iv) biofortification through the implementation of biotechnology including gene editing and plant breeding. These efforts must consider the dietary patterns and culinary preferences of the consumer and stakeholder acceptance of new biofortified varieties. Deficiencies in Zn and Fe are often linked to the poor nutritional status of agricultural soils, resulting in low amounts and/or poor availability of these nutrients in staple food crops such as common bean. This review describes the genes and processes associated with Fe and Zn accumulation in common bean, a significant food source in Africa that plays an important role in nutritional security. We discuss the conventional plant breeding, transgenic and gene editing approaches that are being deployed to improve Fe and Zn accumulation in beans. We also consider the requirements of successful bean biofortification programmes, highlighting gaps in current knowledge, possible solutions and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Huertas
- Environmental and Biochemical SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Barbara Karpinska
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonUK
| | - Sophia Ngala
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | - Bertha Mkandawire
- The Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Policy Analysis Network (FANRPAN)PretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Joyce Maling'a
- Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)Food Crops Research InstituteKitaleKenya
| | - Elizabeth Wajenkeche
- Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)Food Crops Research InstituteKitaleKenya
| | - Paul M. Kimani
- Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya
| | | | - Derek Stewart
- Environmental and Biochemical SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
- School of Engineering and Physical SciencesHeriot‐Watt UniversityEdinburghUK
| | | | - Christine H. Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonUK
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Kaya C, Ugurlar F, Ashraf M, Alyemeni MN, Moustakas M, Ahmad P. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid Induces Chromium [Cr(VI)] Tolerance in Tomatoes by Alleviating Oxidative Damage and Protecting Photosystem II: A Mechanistic Approach. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12030502. [PMID: 36771587 PMCID: PMC9920640 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chromium [Cr(VI)] pollution is a major environmental risk, reducing crop yields. 5-Aminolevunic acid (5-ALA) considerably improves plant abiotic stress tolerance by inducing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and nitric oxide (NO) signalling. Our investigation aimed to uncover the mechanism of tomato tolerance to Cr(VI) toxicity through the foliar application of 5-ALA for three days, fifteen days before Cr treatment. Chromium alone decreased plant biomass and photosynthetic pigments, but increased oxidative stress markers, i.e., H2O2 and lipid peroxidation (as MDA equivalent). Electrolyte leakage (EL), NO, nitrate reductase (NR), phytochelatins (PCs), glutathione (GSH), and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were also increased. Foliar application of 5-ALA before Cr treatment improved plant growth and photosynthetic pigments, diminished H2O2, MDA content, and EL, and resulted in additional enhancements of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, NR activity, and NO synthesis. In Cr-treated tomato seedlings, 5-ALA enhanced GSH and PCs, which modulated Cr sequestration to make it nontoxic. 5-ALA-induced Cr tolerance was further enhanced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor. When sodium tungstate (ST), a NR inhibitor, was supplied together with 5-ALA to Cr-treated plants, it eliminated the beneficial effects of 5-ALA by decreasing NR activity and NO synthesis, while the addition of SNP inverted the adverse effects of ST. We conclude that the mechanism by which 5-ALA induced Cr tolerance in tomato seedlings is mediated by NR-generated NO. Thus, NR and NO are twin players, reducing Cr toxicity in tomato plants via antioxidant signalling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Kaya
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Harran University, 63200 Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Ugurlar
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, Harran University, 63200 Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Ashraf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | | | - Michael Moustakas
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, GDC, Jammu and Kashmir, Pulwama 192301, India
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He XL, Zhang WQ, Zhang NN, Wen SM, Chen J. Hydrogen sulfide and nitric oxide regulate the adaptation to iron deficiency through affecting Fe homeostasis and thiol redox modification in Glycine max seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 194:1-14. [PMID: 36368221 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is a vital microelement required for the growth and development of plants. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO), as messenger molecules, participated in the regulation of plant physiological processes. Here, we studied the interaction effects of H2S and NO on the adaptation to Fe deficiency in Glycine max L. Physiological, biochemical and molecular approaches were conducted to analyze the role of H2S and NO in regulating the adaptation to Fe deficiency in soybean. We found that H2S and NO had obvious rescuing function on the Fe deficiency-induced the plant growth inhibition, which was significantly correlated with the increase in Fe content in the leaves, stems, and roots of soybean. Meanwhile, H+-flux, ferric chelate reductase (FCR) activity, and root apoplast Fe content were significantly affected by H2S and NO. Under Fe deficiency conditions NO and H2S regulated the expression of genes related to Fe homeostasis. Moreover, photosynthesis (Pn) and photosystem II (PSII) efficiency were enhanced by H2S and NO, and thiol redox modification was important for regulating the adaptation of Fe deficiency. The aforementioned affirmative influences caused by H2S and NO were also totally reversed by cPTIO (a NO scavenger). Our results suggested that H2S might act upstream of NO in response to Fe deficiency by affecting the Fe homeostasis enzyme activities and gene expression, and by promoting Fe accumulation in plant tissues as well as by enhancing thiol redox modification and photosynthesis in soybean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Li He
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Wei-Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Ni-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Shi-Ming Wen
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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Li W, Han X, Lan P. Emerging roles of protein phosphorylation in plant iron homeostasis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:908-921. [PMID: 35414480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made in dissecting the molecular mechanisms involved in iron (Fe) homeostasis in plants, especially the identification of key transporter and transcriptional regulatory networks. But how the protein activity of these master players is regulated by Fe status remains underexplored. Recent studies show that major players toggle switch their properties by protein phosphorylation under different Fe conditions and consequently control the signaling cascade and metabolic adjustment. Moreover, Fe deficiency causes changes of multiple kinases and phosphatases. Here, we discuss how these findings highlight the emergence of the protein phosphorylation-dependent regulation for rapid and precise responses to Fe status to attain Fe homeostasis. Further studies will be needed to fully understand the regulation of these intricate networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiuwen Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ping Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Huang J, Bao M, Li J, Chen H, Xu D, Chen Z, Wen Y. Enantioselective Response of Wheat Seedlings to Imazethapyr: From the Perspective of Fe and the Secondary Metabolite DIMBOA. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5516-5525. [PMID: 35476430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The responses of trace elements and secondary metabolites to stress can reflect plant adaptation to the environment. If and how the imperative trace element Fe and the defensive secondary metabolite 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazine-3(4H)-one (DIMBOA) mediate the toxicity of chiral herbicides to nontarget plants remains inconclusive. We found that the herbicidal-active imazethapyr enantiomer [(R)-IM] stimulated heme oxygenase-1 activity, triggered the release of the catalytic product Fe2+, increased reactive oxygen species production, decreased the DIMBOA content, and increased the DIMBOA-Fe content. XAFS analyses and in vitro Fenton assays demonstrated that DIMBOA could relieve phytotoxicity by chelating excessive Fe3+ to restore Fe homeostasis. The free radical scavenging ability of the chelate of DIMBOA and Fe was also involved. This work refines the dual role of DIMBOA and Fe in mediating the enantioselective phytotoxicity of chiral herbicides, which provides a new direction for improving the herbicide resistance of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinye Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Manxin Bao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jun Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Zunwei Chen
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yuezhong Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation & Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Hussain A, Shah F, Ali F, Yun BW. Role of Nitric Oxide in Plant Senescence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:851631. [PMID: 35463429 PMCID: PMC9022112 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.851631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In plants senescence is the final stage of plant growth and development that ultimately leads to death. Plants experience age-related as well as stress-induced developmental ageing. Senescence involves significant changes at the transcriptional, post-translational and metabolomic levels. Furthermore, phytohormones also play a critical role in the programmed senescence of plants. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signalling molecule that regulates a plethora of physiological processes in plants. Its role in the control of ageing and senescence has just started to be elucidated. Here, we review the role of NO in the regulation of programmed cell death, seed ageing, fruit ripening and senescence. We also discuss the role of NO in the modulation of phytohormones during senescence and the significance of NO-ROS cross-talk during programmed cell death and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Hussain
- Department of Entomology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Farooq Shah
- Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Farman Ali
- Department of Entomology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Department of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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Nitric Oxide Prevents Fe Deficiency-Induced Photosynthetic Disturbance, and Oxidative Stress in Alfalfa by Regulating Fe Acquisition and Antioxidant Defense. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101556. [PMID: 34679691 PMCID: PMC8533379 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency impairs photosynthetic efficiency, plant growth and biomass yield. This study aimed to reveal the role of nitric oxide (NO) in restoring Fe-homeostasis and oxidative status in Fe-deficient alfalfa. In alfalfa, a shortage of Fe negatively affected the efficiency of root andshoot length, leaf greenness, maximum quantum yield PSII (Fv/Fm), Fe, S, and Zn accumulation, as well as an increase in H2O2 accumulation. In contrast, in the presence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, these negative effects of Fe deficiency were largely reversed. In response to the SNP, the expression of Fe transporters (IRT1, NRAMP1) and S transporter (SULTR1;2) genes increased in alfalfa. Additionally, the detection of NO generation using fluorescence microscope revealed that SNP treatment increased the level of NO signal, indicating that NO may act as regulatory signal in response to SNP in plants. Interestingly, the increase of antioxidant genes and their related enzymes (Fe-SOD, APX) in response to SNP treatment suggests that Fe-SOD and APX are key contributors to reducing ROS (H2O2) accumulation and oxidative stress in alfalfa. Furthermore, the elevation of Ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) pathway-related genes (GR and MDAR) Fe-deficiency with SNP implies that the presence of NO relates to enhanced antioxidant defense against Fe-deficiency stress.
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