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Romera FJ, García MJ, Lucena C, Angulo M, Pérez-Vicente R. NO Is Not the Same as GSNO in the Regulation of Fe Deficiency Responses by Dicot Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12617. [PMID: 37628796 PMCID: PMC10454737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is abundant in soils but with a poor availability for plants, especially in calcareous soils. To favor its acquisition, plants develop morphological and physiological responses, mainly in their roots, known as Fe deficiency responses. In dicot plants, the regulation of these responses is not totally known, but some hormones and signaling molecules, such as auxin, ethylene, glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO) and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), have been involved in their activation. Most of these substances, including auxin, ethylene, GSH and NO, increase their production in Fe-deficient roots while GSNO, derived from GSH and NO, decreases its content. This paradoxical result could be explained with the increased expression and activity in Fe-deficient roots of the GSNO reductase (GSNOR) enzyme, which decomposes GSNO to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and NH3. The fact that NO content increases while GSNO decreases in Fe-deficient roots suggests that NO and GSNO do not play the same role in the regulation of Fe deficiency responses. This review is an update of the results supporting a role for NO, GSNO and GSNOR in the regulation of Fe deficiency responses. The possible roles of NO and GSNO are discussed by taking into account their mode of action through post-translational modifications, such as S-nitrosylation, and through their interactions with the hormones auxin and ethylene, directly related to the activation of morphological and physiological responses to Fe deficiency in dicot plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Romera
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.R.); (M.A.)
| | - María José García
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Carlos Lucena
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.L.); (R.P.-V.)
| | - Macarena Angulo
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence 2021–2023), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (F.J.R.); (M.A.)
| | - Rafael Pérez-Vicente
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (C.L.); (R.P.-V.)
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García MJ, Romera FJ, Zhang W, Pérez-Vicente R. Editorial: Role of shoot-derived signals in root responses to environmental changes. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1220592. [PMID: 37384356 PMCID: PMC10299730 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1220592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María José García
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Edificio Celestino Mutis (C-4), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Romera
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Edificio Celestino Mutis (C-4), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Wenna Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rafael Pérez-Vicente
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Edificio Celestino Mutis (C-4), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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García MJ, Angulo M, Romera FJ, Lucena C, Pérez-Vicente R. A shoot derived long distance iron signal may act upstream of the IMA peptides in the regulation of Fe deficiency responses in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:971773. [PMID: 36105702 PMCID: PMC9465050 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.971773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
When plants suffer from Fe deficiency, they develop morphological and physiological responses, mainly in their roots, aimed to facilitate Fe mobilization and uptake. Once Fe has been acquired in sufficient quantity, the responses need to be switched off to avoid Fe toxicity and to conserve energy. Several hormones and signaling molecules, such as ethylene, auxin and nitric oxide, have been involved in the activation of Fe deficiency responses in Strategy I plants. These hormones and signaling molecules have almost no effect when applied to plants grown under Fe-sufficient conditions, which suggests the existence of a repressive signal related to the internal Fe content. The nature of this repressive signal is not known yet many experimental results suggest that is not related to the whole root Fe content but to some kind of Fe compound moving from leaves to roots through the phloem. After that, this signal has been named LOng-Distance Iron Signal (LODIS). Very recently, a novel family of small peptides, "IRON MAN" (IMA), has been identified as key components of the induction of Fe deficiency responses. However, the relationship between LODIS and IMA peptides is not known. The main objective of this work has been to clarify the relationship between both signals. For this, we have used Arabidopsis wild type (WT) Columbia and two of its mutants, opt3 and frd3, affected, either directly or indirectly, in the transport of Fe (LODIS) through the phloem. Both mutants present constitutive activation of Fe acquisition genes when grown in a Fe-sufficient medium despite the high accumulation of Fe in their roots. Arabidopsis WT Columbia plants and both mutants were treated with foliar application of Fe, and later on the expression of IMA and Fe acquisition genes was analyzed. The results obtained suggest that LODIS may act upstream of IMA peptides in the regulation of Fe deficiency responses in roots. The possible regulation of IMA peptides by ethylene has also been studied. Results obtained with ethylene precursors and inhibitors, and occurrence of ethylene-responsive cis-acting elements in the promoters of IMA genes, suggest that IMA peptides could also be regulated by ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José García
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Macarena Angulo
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Romera
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Lucena
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Pérez-Vicente
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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García MJ, Angulo M, Lucena C, Pérez-Vicente R, Romera FJ. To grow or not to grow under nutrient scarcity: Target of rapamycin-ethylene is the question. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:968665. [PMID: 36035680 PMCID: PMC9412941 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To cope with nutrient scarcity, plants generally follow two main complementary strategies. On the one hand, they can slow down growing, mainly shoot growth, to diminish the demand of nutrients. We can call this strategy as "stop growing." On the other hand, plants can develop different physiological and morphological responses, mainly in their roots, aimed to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients. We can call this second strategy as "searching for nutrients." Both strategies are compatible and can function simultaneously but the interconnection between them is not yet well-known. In relation to the "stop growing" strategy, it is known that the TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) system is a central regulator of growth in response to nutrients in eukaryotic cells. TOR is a protein complex with kinase activity that promotes protein synthesis and growth while some SnRK (Sucrose non-fermenting 1-Related protein Kinases) and GCN (General Control Non-derepressible) kinases act antagonistically. It is also known that some SnRKs and GCNs are activated by nutrient deficiencies while TOR is active under nutrient sufficiency. In relation to the "searching for nutrients" strategy, it is known that the plant hormone ethylene participates in the activation of many nutrient deficiency responses. In this Mini Review, we discuss the possible role of ethylene as the hub connecting the "stop growing" strategy and the "searching for nutrients" strategy since very recent results also suggest a clear relationship of ethylene with the TOR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José García
- Department of Agronomy, (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Macarena Angulo
- Department of Agronomy, (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Lucena
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Pérez-Vicente
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Romera
- Department of Agronomy, (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Romera FJ, Lan P, Rodríguez-Celma J, Pérez-Vicente R. Editorial: Nutrient Interactions in Plants. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:782505. [PMID: 34887896 PMCID: PMC8650214 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.782505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Romera
- Department of Agronomy-Universidad de Córdoba (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Edificio Celestino Mutis (C-4), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario de Rabanales CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ping Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Celma
- Plant Nutrition Department, Aula Dei Experimental Station, CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Pérez-Vicente
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Edificio Celestino Mutis (C-4), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario de Rabanales CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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García MJ, Lucena C, Romera FJ. Ethylene and Nitric Oxide Involvement in the Regulation of Fe and P Deficiency Responses in Dicotyledonous Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094904. [PMID: 34063156 PMCID: PMC8125717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P) are two essential elements for plant growth. Both elements are abundant in soils but with poor availability for plants, which favor their acquisition by developing morphological and physiological responses in their roots. Although the regulation of the genes related to these responses is not totally known, ethylene (ET) and nitric oxide (NO) have been involved in the activation of both Fe-related and P-related genes. The common involvement of ET and NO suggests that they must act in conjunction with other specific signals, more closely related to each deficiency. Among the specific signals involved in the regulation of Fe- or P-related genes have been proposed Fe-peptides (or Fe ion itself) and microRNAs, like miR399 (P), moving through the phloem. These Fe- or P-related phloem signals could interact with ET/NO and confer specificity to the responses to each deficiency, avoiding the induction of the specific responses when ET/NO increase due to other nutrient deficiencies or stresses. Besides the specificity conferred by these signals, ET itself could confer specificity to the responses to Fe- or P-deficiency by acting through different signaling pathways in each case. Given the above considerations, there are preliminary results suggesting that ET could regulate different nutrient responses by acting both in conjunction with other signals and through different signaling pathways. Because of the close relationship among these two elements, a better knowledge of the physiological and molecular basis of their interaction is necessary to improve their nutrition and to avoid the problems associated with their misuse. As examples of this interaction, it is known that Fe chlorosis can be induced, under certain circumstances, by a P over- fertilization. On the other hand, Fe oxides can have a role in the immobilization of P in soils. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the dynamic of known Fe- and P-related genes expression, selected ad hoc and involved in each of these deficiencies, would allow us to get a profound knowledge of the processes that regulate the responses to both deficiencies. The better knowledge of the regulation by ET of the responses to these deficiencies is necessary to properly understand the interactions between Fe and P. This will allow the obtention of more efficient varieties in the absorption of P and Fe, and the use of more rational management techniques for P and Fe fertilization. This will contribute to minimize the environmental impacts caused by the use of P and Fe fertilizers (Fe chelates) in agriculture and to adjust the costs for farmers, due to the high prices and/or scarcity of Fe and P fertilizers. This review aims to summarize the latest advances in the knowledge about Fe and P deficiency responses, analyzing the similarities and differences among them and considering the interactions among their main regulators, including some hormones (ethylene) and signaling substances (NO and GSNO) as well as other P- and Fe-related signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José García
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos Lucena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Romera
- Department of Agronomy, (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence) Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
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Angulo M, García MJ, Alcántara E, Pérez-Vicente R, Romera FJ. Comparative Study of Several Fe Deficiency Responses in the Arabidopsis thaliana Ethylene Insensitive Mutants ein2-1 and ein2-5. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:262. [PMID: 33573082 PMCID: PMC7912600 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plants since it participates in essential processes such as photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen assimilation. Fe is an abundant element in most soils, but its availability for plants is low, especially in calcareous soils. Fe deficiency causes Fe chlorosis, which can affect the productivity of the affected crops. Plants favor Fe acquisition by developing morphological and physiological responses in their roots. Ethylene (ET) and nitric oxide (NO) have been involved in the induction of Fe deficiency responses in dicot (Strategy I) plants, such as Arabidopsis. In this work, we have conducted a comparative study on the development of subapical root hairs, of the expression of the main Fe acquisition genes FRO2 and IRT1, and of the master transcription factor FIT, in two Arabidopsis thaliana ET insensitive mutants, ein2-1 and ein2-5, affected in EIN2, a critical component of the ET transduction pathway. The results obtained show that both mutants do not induce subapical root hairs either under Fe deficiency or upon treatments with the ET precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) and the NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). By contrast, both of them upregulate the Fe acquisition genes FRO2 and IRT1 (and FIT) under Fe deficiency. However, the upregulation was different when the mutants were exposed to ET [ACC and cobalt (Co), an ET synthesis inhibitor] and GSNO treatments. All these results clearly support the participation of ET and NO, through EIN2, in the regulation of subapical root hairs and Fe acquisition genes. The results will be discussed, taking into account the role of both ET and NO in the regulation of Fe deficiency responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Angulo
- Department of Agronomy, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3 de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Celestino Mutis, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (M.A.); (E.A.); (F.J.R.)
| | - María José García
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3 de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Celestino Mutis, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Esteban Alcántara
- Department of Agronomy, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3 de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Celestino Mutis, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (M.A.); (E.A.); (F.J.R.)
| | - Rafael Pérez-Vicente
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3 de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Celestino Mutis, 14071 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Romera
- Department of Agronomy, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3 de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio Celestino Mutis, 14071 Córdoba, Spain; (M.A.); (E.A.); (F.J.R.)
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García MJ, Angulo M, García C, Lucena C, Alcántara E, Pérez-Vicente R, Romera FJ. Influence of Ethylene Signaling in the Crosstalk Between Fe, S, and P Deficiency Responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:643585. [PMID: 33859661 PMCID: PMC8042388 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To cope with P, S, or Fe deficiency, dicot plants, like Arabidopsis, develop several responses (mainly in their roots) aimed to facilitate the mobilization and uptake of the deficient nutrient. Within these responses are the modification of root morphology, an increased number of transporters, augmented synthesis-release of nutrient solubilizing compounds and the enhancement of some enzymatic activities, like ferric reductase activity (FRA) or phosphatase activity (PA). Once a nutrient has been acquired in enough quantity, these responses should be switched off to minimize energy costs and toxicity. This implies that they are tightly regulated. Although the responses to each deficiency are induced in a rather specific manner, crosstalk between them is frequent and in such a way that P, S, or Fe deficiency can induce responses related to the other two nutrients. The regulation of the responses is not totally known but some hormones and signaling substances have been involved, either as activators [ethylene (ET), auxin, nitric oxide (NO)], or repressors [cytokinins (CKs)]. The plant hormone ET is involved in the regulation of responses to P, S, or Fe deficiency, and this could partly explain the crosstalk between them. In spite of these crosslinks, it can be hypothesized that, to confer the maximum specificity to the responses of each deficiency, ET should act in conjunction with other signals and/or through different transduction pathways. To study this latter possibility, several responses to P, S, or Fe deficiency have been studied in the Arabidopis wild-type cultivar (WT) Columbia and in some of its ethylene signaling mutants (ctr1, ein2-1, ein3eil1) subjected to the three deficiencies. Results show that key elements of the ET transduction pathway, like CTR1, EIN2, and EIN3/EIL1, can play a role in the crosstalk among nutrient deficiency responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José García
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Edificio Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Macarena Angulo
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Edificio Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos García
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Edificio Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Lucena
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Edificio Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Esteban Alcántara
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Edificio Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Pérez-Vicente
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Edificio Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Romera
- Department of Agronomy (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Edificio Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- *Correspondence: Francisco Javier Romera
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García MJ, Romera FJ, Lucena C, Alcántara E, Pérez-Vicente R. Ethylene and the Regulation of Physiological and Morphological Responses to Nutrient Deficiencies. Plant Physiol 2015; 169:51-60. [PMID: 26175512 PMCID: PMC4577413 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To cope with nutrient deficiencies, plants develop both morphological and physiological responses. The regulation of these responses is not totally understood, but some hormones and signaling substances have been implicated. It was suggested several years ago that ethylene participates in the regulation of responses to iron and phosphorous deficiency. More recently, its role has been extended to other deficiencies, such as potassium, sulfur, and others. The role of ethylene in so many deficiencies suggests that, to confer specificity to the different responses, it should act through different transduction pathways and/or in conjunction with other signals. In this update, the data supporting a role for ethylene in the regulation of responses to different nutrient deficiencies will be reviewed. In addition, the results suggesting the action of ethylene through different transduction pathways and its interaction with other hormones and signaling substances will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José García
- Department of Botany, Ecology, and Plant Physiology (M.J.G., R.P.-V.) andDepartment of Agronomy (F.J.R., C.L., E.A.), University of Córdoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Romera
- Department of Botany, Ecology, and Plant Physiology (M.J.G., R.P.-V.) andDepartment of Agronomy (F.J.R., C.L., E.A.), University of Córdoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Lucena
- Department of Botany, Ecology, and Plant Physiology (M.J.G., R.P.-V.) andDepartment of Agronomy (F.J.R., C.L., E.A.), University of Córdoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Esteban Alcántara
- Department of Botany, Ecology, and Plant Physiology (M.J.G., R.P.-V.) andDepartment of Agronomy (F.J.R., C.L., E.A.), University of Córdoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Pérez-Vicente
- Department of Botany, Ecology, and Plant Physiology (M.J.G., R.P.-V.) andDepartment of Agronomy (F.J.R., C.L., E.A.), University of Córdoba, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
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Alcántara E, de la Guardia MD, Romera FJ. Plasmalemma redox activity and h extrusion in roots of fe-deficient cucumber plants. Plant Physiol 1991; 96:1034-7. [PMID: 16668294 PMCID: PMC1080889 DOI: 10.1104/pp.96.4.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) with incipient Fe deficiency showed increased root capacity to reduce chelated Fe(3+) compared to Fe-sufficient plants. When Fe-ethylenediaminete-traacetate was added to the root medium of the Fe-deficient plants, the reductase activity was associated with acidification of the medium and an increase in the net apparent K(+) efflux. In the presence of the H(+)-ATPase inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide the net apparent H(+) efflux was completely suppressed, though some reductase activity was preserved, and the net apparent K(+) efflux was significantly increased. The inhibition of the reductase activity by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was similar whether the pH of the medium was buffered or not. Anoxia and the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone also caused a similar inhibition of the reductase activity. It is proposed that this redox system transports electrons only and that its activity is inhibited by plasmamembrane depolarization and anoxia. The H(+) and K(+) efflux associated with the reductase activity may be a result of the plasmamembrane depolarization it causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alcántara
- Department of Agronomy, Escuela T.S. Ingenieros Agrónomos, University of Córdoba, Apdo. 3048, 14080 Córdoba, Spain
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