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Guardado-Fierros BG, Tuesta-Popolizio DA, Lorenzo-Santiago MA, Rodriguez-Campos J, Contreras-Ramos SM. Comparative study between Salkowski reagent and chromatographic method for auxins quantification from bacterial production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1378079. [PMID: 38947947 PMCID: PMC11212217 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1378079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The Salkowski reagent method is a colorimetric technique used to determine auxin production, specifically as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). It was developed to determine indoles rapidly; however, it does not follow Beer's law at high concentrations of IAA. Thus, there could be an overestimation of IAA with the Salkowski technique due to the detection of other indole compounds. Methods This study aims to compare the Salkowski colorimetric method versus a chromatographic method to evidence the imprecision or overestimation obtained when auxins, such as indole-acetic acid (IAA), are determined as traits from promoting growth plant bacteria (PGPB), using ten different strains from three different isolation sources. The analysis used the same bacterial culture to compare the Salkowski colorimetric and chromatographic results. Each bacterium was cultivated in the modified TSA without or with tryptophan for 96 h. The same supernatant culture was used in both methods: Salkowski reagent and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Results The first method indicated 5.4 to 27.4 mg L-1 without tryptophan in ten evaluated strains. When tryptophan was used as an inductor of auxin production, an increase was observed with an interval from 4.4 to 160 mg L-1. The principal auxin produced by all strains was IAA from that evaluated by the LC-MS/MS method, with significantly higher concentration with tryptophan addition than without. Strains belonging to the Kocuria genus were highlighted by high IAA production. The indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) was detected in all the bacterial cultures without tryptophan and only in K. turfanensis As05 with tryptophan, while it was not detected in other strains. In addition, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was detected at trace levels (13-16 µg L-1). Conclusions The Salkowski reagent overestimates the IAA concentration with an interval of 41-1042 folds without tryptophan and 7-16330 folds with tryptophan as inductor. In future works, it will be necessary to determine IAA or other auxins using more suitable sensitive techniques and methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz G. Guardado-Fierros
- Unidad de Tecnología Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Diego A. Tuesta-Popolizio
- Unidad de Tecnología Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Lorenzo-Santiago
- Unidad de Tecnología Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Silvia M. Contreras-Ramos
- Unidad de Tecnología Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Benítez SV, Carrasco R, Giraldo JD, Schoebitz M. Microbeads as carriers for Bacillus pumilus: a biofertilizer focus on auxin production. J Microencapsul 2024; 41:170-189. [PMID: 38469757 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2024.2324812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to develop a solid biofertilizer using Bacillus pumilus, focusing on auxin production to enhance plant drought tolerance. Methods involved immobilising B. pumilus in alginate-starch beads, focusing on microbial concentration, biopolymer types, and environmental conditions. The optimal formulation showed a diameter of 3.58 mm ± 0.18, a uniform size distribution after 15 h of drying at 30 °C, a stable bacterial concentration (1.99 × 109 CFU g-1 ± 1.03 × 109 over 180 days at room temperature), a high auxin production (748.8 µg g-1 ± 10.3 of IAA in 7 days), and a water retention capacity of 37% ± 4.07. In conclusion, this new formulation of alginate + starch + L-tryptophan + B. pumilus has the potential for use in crops due to its compelling water retention, high viability in storage at room temperature, and high auxin production, which provides commercial advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange V Benítez
- Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rocio Carrasco
- Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan D Giraldo
- Escuela de Ingeniería Ambiental, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Mauricio Schoebitz
- Departamento de Suelos y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Laboratory of Biofilms and Environmental Microbiology, Center of Biotechnology, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Fleitas AL, Castro A, Blumwald E, Vidal S. Functional specialization of chloroplast vesiculation ( CV) duplicated genes from soybean shows partial overlapping roles during stress-induced or natural senescence. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1184020. [PMID: 37346131 PMCID: PMC10280078 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1184020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is a globally important legume crop which is highly sensitive to drought. The identification of genes of particular relevance for drought responses provides an important basis to improve tolerance to environmental stress. Chloroplast Vesiculation (CV) genes have been characterized in Arabidopsis and rice as proteins participating in a specific chloroplast-degradation vesicular pathway (CVV) during natural or stress-induced leaf senescence. Soybean genome contains two paralogous genes encoding highly similar CV proteins, CV1 and CV2. In this study, we found that expression of CV1 was differentially upregulated by drought stress in soybean contrasting genotypes exhibiting slow-wilting (tolerant) or fast-wilting (sensitive) phenotypes. CV1 reached higher induction levels in fast-wilting plants, suggesting a negative correlation between CV1 gene expression and drought tolerance. In contrast, autophagy (ATG8) and ATI-PS (ATI1) genes were induced to higher levels in slow-wilting plants, supporting a pro-survival role for these genes in soybean drought tolerance responses. The biological function of soybean CVs in chloroplast degradation was confirmed by analyzing the effect of conditional overexpression of CV2-FLAG fusions on the accumulation of specific chloroplast proteins. Functional specificity of CV1 and CV2 genes was assessed by analyzing their specific promoter activities in transgenic Arabidopsis expressing GUS reporter gene driven by CV1 or CV2 promoters. CV1 promoter responded primarily to abiotic stimuli (hyperosmolarity, salinity and oxidative stress), while the promoter of CV2 was predominantly active during natural senescence. Both promoters were highly responsive to auxin but only CV1 responded to other stress-related hormones, such as ABA, salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate. Moreover, the dark-induced expression of CV2, but not of CV1, was strongly inhibited by cytokinin, indicating similarities in the regulation of CV2 to the reported expression of Arabidopsis and rice CV genes. Finally, we report the expression of both CV1 and CV2 genes in roots of soybean and transgenic Arabidopsis, suggesting a role for the encoded proteins in root plastids. Together, the results indicate differential roles for CV1 and CV2 in development and in responses to environmental stress, and point to CV1 as a potential target for gene editing to improve crop performance under stress without compromising natural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luciana Fleitas
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alexandra Castro
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Eduardo Blumwald
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sabina Vidal
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Abstract
Auxin has always been at the forefront of research in plant physiology and development. Since the earliest contemplations by Julius von Sachs and Charles Darwin, more than a century-long struggle has been waged to understand its function. This largely reflects the failures, successes, and inevitable progress in the entire field of plant signaling and development. Here I present 14 stations on our long and sometimes mystical journey to understand auxin. These highlights were selected to give a flavor of the field and to show the scope and limits of our current knowledge. A special focus is put on features that make auxin unique among phytohormones, such as its dynamic, directional transport network, which integrates external and internal signals, including self-organizing feedback. Accented are persistent mysteries and controversies. The unexpected discoveries related to rapid auxin responses and growth regulation recently disturbed our contentment regarding understanding of the auxin signaling mechanism. These new revelations, along with advances in technology, usher us into a new, exciting era in auxin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Kacprzyk J, Burke R, Schwarze J, McCabe PF. Plant programmed cell death meets auxin signalling. FEBS J 2021; 289:1731-1745. [PMID: 34543510 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both auxin signalling and programmed cell death (PCD) are essential components of a normally functioning plant. Auxin underpins plant growth and development, as well as regulating plant defences against environmental stresses. PCD, a genetically controlled pathway for selective elimination of redundant, damaged or infected cells, is also a key element of many developmental processes and stress response mechanisms in plants. An increasing body of evidence suggests that auxin signalling and PCD regulation are often connected. While generally auxin appears to suppress cell death, it has also been shown to promote PCD events, most likely via stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis. Intriguingly, certain cells undergoing PCD have also been suggested to control the distribution of auxin in plant tissues, by either releasing a burst of auxin or creating an anatomical barrier to auxin transport and distribution. These recent findings indicate novel roles of localized PCD events in the context of plant development such as control of root architecture, or tissue regeneration following injury, and suggest exciting possibilities for incorporation of this knowledge into crop improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kacprzyk
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rory Burke
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Johanna Schwarze
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul F McCabe
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Jiang C, Wang J, Leng HN, Wang X, Liu Y, Lu H, Lu MZ, Zhang J. Transcriptional Regulation and Signaling of Developmental Programmed Cell Death in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:702928. [PMID: 34394156 PMCID: PMC8358321 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.702928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental programmed cell death (dPCD) has multiple functions in plant growth and development, and is of great value for industrial production. Among them, wood formed by xylem dPCD is one of the most widely used natural materials. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the molecular mechanism of plant dPCD. The dPCD process is tightly regulated by genetic networks and is involved in the transduction of signaling molecules. Several key regulators have been identified in diverse organisms and individual PCD events. However, complex molecular networks controlling plant dPCD remain highly elusive, and the original triggers of this process are still unknown. This review summarizes the recent progress on the transcriptional regulation and signaling of dPCD during vegetative and reproductive development. It is hoped that this review will provide an overall view of the molecular regulation of dPCD in different developmental processes in plants and identify specific mechanisms for regulating these dPCD events. In addition, the application of plants in industrial production can be improved by manipulating dPCD in specific processes, such as xylogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ni Leng
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Xiaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Prerostova S, Jarosova J, Dobrev PI, Hluskova L, Motyka V, Filepova R, Knirsch V, Gaudinova A, Kieber J, Vankova R. Heat Stress Targeting Individual Organs Reveals the Central Role of Roots and Crowns in Rice Stress Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:799249. [PMID: 35111178 PMCID: PMC8801461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.799249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Inter-organ communication and the heat stress (HS; 45°C, 6 h) responses of organs exposed and not directly exposed to HS were evaluated in rice (Oryza sativa) by comparing the impact of HS applied either to whole plants, or only to shoots or roots. Whole-plant HS reduced photosynthetic activity (F v /F m and QY_Lss ), but this effect was alleviated by prior acclimation (37°C, 2 h). Dynamics of HSFA2d, HSP90.2, HSP90.3, and SIG5 expression revealed high protection of crowns and roots. Additionally, HSP26.2 was strongly expressed in leaves. Whole-plant HS increased levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and cytokinin cis-zeatin in leaves, while up-regulating auxin indole-3-acetic acid and down-regulating trans-zeatin in leaves and crowns. Ascorbate peroxidase activity and expression of alternative oxidases (AOX) increased in leaves and crowns. HS targeted to leaves elevated levels of JA in roots, cis-zeatin in crowns, and ascorbate peroxidase activity in crowns and roots. HS targeted to roots increased levels of abscisic acid and auxin in leaves and crowns, cis-zeatin in leaves, and JA in crowns, while reducing trans-zeatin levels. The weaker protection of leaves reflects the growth strategy of rice. HS treatment of individual organs induced changes in phytohormone levels and antioxidant enzyme activity in non-exposed organs, in order to enhance plant stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylva Prerostova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Jarosova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petre I. Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lucia Hluskova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vaclav Motyka
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Roberta Filepova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vojtech Knirsch
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alena Gaudinova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Joseph Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Radomira Vankova
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Radomira Vankova,
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