1
|
Simpson JP, Kim CY, Kaur A, Weng JK, Dilkes B, Chapple C. Genome-wide association identifies a BAHD acyltransferase activity that assembles an ester of glucuronosylglycerol and phenylacetic acid. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:2169-2187. [PMID: 38558472 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are an effective approach to identify new specialized metabolites and the genes involved in their biosynthesis and regulation. In this study, GWAS of Arabidopsis thaliana soluble leaf and stem metabolites identified alleles of an uncharacterized BAHD-family acyltransferase (AT5G57840) associated with natural variation in three structurally related metabolites. These metabolites were esters of glucuronosylglycerol, with one metabolite containing phenylacetic acid as the acyl component of the ester. Knockout and overexpression of AT5G57840 in Arabidopsis and heterologous overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana and Escherichia coli demonstrated that it is capable of utilizing phenylacetyl-CoA as an acyl donor and glucuronosylglycerol as an acyl acceptor. We, thus, named the protein Glucuronosylglycerol Ester Synthase (GGES). Additionally, phenylacetyl glucuronosylglycerol increased in Arabidopsis CYP79A2 mutants that overproduce phenylacetic acid and was lost in knockout mutants of UDP-sulfoquinovosyl: diacylglycerol sulfoquinovosyl transferase, an enzyme required for glucuronosylglycerol biosynthesis and associated with glycerolipid metabolism under phosphate-starvation stress. GGES is a member of a well-supported clade of BAHD family acyltransferases that arose by duplication and neofunctionalized during the evolution of the Brassicales within a larger clade that includes HCT as well as enzymes that synthesize other plant-specialized metabolites. Together, this work extends our understanding of the catalytic diversity of BAHD acyltransferases and uncovers a pathway that involves contributions from both phenylalanine and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Colin Y Kim
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, USA
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02142, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology & Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02120, USA
- Institute for Plant-Human Interface, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02120, USA
| | - Brian Dilkes
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Clint Chapple
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jing Y, Chen W, Qiu X, Qin S, Gao W, Li C, Quan W, Cai K. Exploring Metabolic Characteristics in Different Geographical Locations and Yields of Nicotiana tabacum L. Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Pseudotargeted Metabolomics Combined with Chemometrics. Metabolites 2024; 14:176. [PMID: 38668304 PMCID: PMC11052106 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The quality of crops is closely associated with their geographical location and yield, which is reflected in the composition of their metabolites. Hence, we employed GC-MS pseudotargeted metabolomics to investigate the metabolic characteristics of high-, medium-, and low-yield Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) leaves from the Bozhou (sweet honey flavour) and Shuicheng (light flavour) regions of Guizhou Province. A total of 124 metabolites were identified and classified into 22 chemical categories. Principal component analysis revealed that the geographical location exerted a greater influence on the metabolic profiling than the yield. Light-flavoured tobacco exhibited increased levels of sugar metabolism- and glycolysis-related intermediate products (trehalose, glucose-6-phosphate, and fructose-6-phosphate) and a few amino acids (proline and leucine), while sweet honey-flavoured tobacco exhibited increases in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) and the phenylpropane metabolic pathway (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, and maleic acid). Additionally, metabolite pathway enrichment analysis conducted at different yields and showed that both Shuicheng and Bozhou exhibited changes in six pathways and four of them were the same, mainly C/N metabolism. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed higher levels of intermediates related to glycolysis and sugar, amino acid, and alkaloid metabolism in the high-yield samples, while higher levels of phenylpropane in the low-yield samples. This study demonstrated that GC-MS pseudotargeted metabolomics-based metabolic profiling can be used to effectively discriminate tobacco leaves from different geographical locations and yields, thus facilitating a better understanding of the relationship between metabolites, yield, and geographical location. Consequently, metabolic profiles can serve as valuable indicators for characterizing tobacco yield and geographical location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jing
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (Y.J.); (S.Q.); (C.L.)
- Upland Flue-Cured Tobacco Quality & Ecology Key Laboratory of CNTC, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (W.C.); (X.Q.); (W.G.)
| | - Wei Chen
- Upland Flue-Cured Tobacco Quality & Ecology Key Laboratory of CNTC, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (W.C.); (X.Q.); (W.G.)
| | - Xuebai Qiu
- Upland Flue-Cured Tobacco Quality & Ecology Key Laboratory of CNTC, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (W.C.); (X.Q.); (W.G.)
| | - Shuyue Qin
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (Y.J.); (S.Q.); (C.L.)
- Upland Flue-Cured Tobacco Quality & Ecology Key Laboratory of CNTC, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (W.C.); (X.Q.); (W.G.)
| | - Weichang Gao
- Upland Flue-Cured Tobacco Quality & Ecology Key Laboratory of CNTC, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (W.C.); (X.Q.); (W.G.)
| | - Chaochan Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (Y.J.); (S.Q.); (C.L.)
| | - Wenxuan Quan
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Information Systems of Mountainous Areas and Protection of Ecological Environment, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China; (Y.J.); (S.Q.); (C.L.)
| | - Kai Cai
- Upland Flue-Cured Tobacco Quality & Ecology Key Laboratory of CNTC, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; (W.C.); (X.Q.); (W.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo Y, Li D, Liu T, Li Y, Liu J, He M, Cui X, Liu Z, Chen M. Genome-Wide Identification of PAP1 Direct Targets in Regulating Seed Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16049. [PMID: 38003239 PMCID: PMC10671800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are widespread water-soluble pigments in the plant kingdom. Anthocyanin accumulation is activated by the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) protein complex. In Arabidopsis, the R2R3-MYB transcription factor PAP1 activates anthocyanin biosynthesis. While prior research primarily focused on seedlings, seeds received limited attention. This study explores PAP1's genome-wide target genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis in seeds. Our findings confirm that PAP1 is a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seeds. PAP1 significantly increased anthocyanin content in developing and mature seeds in Arabidopsis. Transcriptome analysis at 12 days after pollination reveals the upregulation of numerous genes involved in anthocyanin accumulation in 35S:PAP1 developing seeds. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual luciferase reporter assays demonstrate PAP1's direct promotion of ten key genes and indirect upregulation of TT8, TTG1, and eight key genes during seed maturation, thus enhancing seed anthocyanin accumulation. These findings enhance our understanding of PAP1's novel role in regulating anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology and Breeding Center, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (M.H.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Dong Li
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China;
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology and Breeding Center, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (M.H.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yuxin Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology and Breeding Center, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (M.H.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology and Breeding Center, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (M.H.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Mingyuan He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology and Breeding Center, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (M.H.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaohui Cui
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology and Breeding Center, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (M.H.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zijin Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology and Breeding Center, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (M.H.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Mingxun Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis, National Yangling Agricultural Biotechnology and Breeding Center, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (Y.G.); (T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.L.); (M.H.); (X.C.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li R, Liu H, Liu Y, Guo J, Chen Y, Lan X, Lu C. Insights into the mechanism underlying UV-B induced flavonoid metabolism in callus of a Tibetan medicinal plant Mirabilis himalaica. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 288:154074. [PMID: 37651898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Mirabilis himalaica is an important Tibetan medicinal plant in China. However, it has become a rare and class I endangered Tibetan medicine plant. Therefore, the use of callus to propagate germplasm resources is of great significance. We found that the flavonoid content of M. himalaica callus increased continuously with the extension of UV-B treatment. Multi-omics profiles were used to reveal the co-expression patterns of gene networks of flavonoid metabolism in M. himalaica callus during UV-B radiation. Results showed that five medicinal metabolics, including geranin, eriodictyol, astragalin, isoquercetin, pyrotechnic acid, and one anthocyanin malvide-3-O-glucoside were identified. The transcriptome data were divided into 46 modules according to the expression pattern by WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis), of which the module Turquoise had the strongest correlation with six target metabolites. We found that seven structural genes and twenty-five transcription factors were related to the metabolism of flavonoid synthesis, among which the structural genes CHI, C4H and UGT79B6 had strong co-expression relationships with the 6 target metabolites. WRKY42, WRKY7, bHLH128 and other transcription factors had strong co-expression relationships with multiple structural genes. Consequently, these findings suggest callus grown under UV-B treatment could be an effective alternative medical resource of M. himalaica, which is valuable for conservation and usage of this wild and endangered plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Li
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Forest Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Forest Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanjing Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Forest Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaojiao Guo
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Forest Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuzhen Chen
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Forest Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Lan
- The Provincial and Ministerial Co-Founded Collaborative Innovation Center for R & D in Tibet Characteristic Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Resources, The Center for Xizang Chinese (Tibetan) Medicine Resource, Joint Laboratory for Tibetan Materia Medica Resources Scientific Protection and Utilization Research of Tibetan Medical Research Center of Tibet, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi, 860000, China.
| | - Cunfu Lu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center for Forest Tree Breeding and Ecological Remediation, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han Z, Gong Q, Huang S, Meng X, Xu Y, Li L, Shi Y, Lin J, Chen X, Li C, Ma H, Liu J, Zhang X, Chen D, Si J. Machine learning uncovers accumulation mechanism of flavonoid compounds in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107839. [PMID: 37352696 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
The compositions and yield of flavonoid compounds of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (PC) are important indices of the quality of medicinal materials. However, the flavonoids compositions and accumulation mechanism are still unclear in PC. Here, we identified 22 flavonoids using widely-targeted metabolome analysis in 15 genotypes of PC. Then weighted gene co-expression network analysis based on 45 transcriptome samples was performed to construct 12 co-expressed modules, in which blue module highly correlated with flavonoids was identified. Furthermore, 4 feature genes including PcCHS1, PcCHI, PcCHS2 and PcCHR5 were identified from 94 hub genes in blue module via machine learning methods support vector machine-recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) and random forest (RF), and their functions on metabolic flux of flavonoids pathway were confirmed by tobacco transient expression system. Our findings identified representative flavonoids and key enzymes in PC that provided new insight for elite breeding rich in flavonoids, and thus will be beneficial for rapid development of great potential economic and medicinal value of PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Qiqi Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Suya Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Xinyue Meng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Lige Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Junhao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Xueliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Haijie Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Jingjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Xinfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Donghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Jinping Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Y, Li W, Jia K, Liao K, Liu L, Fan G, Zhang S, Wang Y. Metabolomic and transcriptomice analyses of flavonoid biosynthesis in apricot fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1210309. [PMID: 37534290 PMCID: PMC10390783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1210309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Flavonoids, as secondary metabolites in plants, play important roles in many biological processes and responses to environmental factors. Methods Apricot fruits are rich in flavonoid compounds, and in this study, we performed a combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of orange flesh (JN) and white flesh (ZS) apricot fruits. Results and discussion A total of 222 differentially accumulated flavonoids (DAFs) and 15855 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were identified. The biosynthesis of flavonoids in apricot fruit may be regulated by 17 enzyme-encoding genes, namely PAL (2), 4CL (9), C4H (1), HCT (15), C3'H (4), CHS (2), CHI (3), F3H (1), F3'H (CYP75B1) (2), F3'5'H (4), DFR (4), LAR (1), FLS (3), ANS (9), ANR (2), UGT79B1 (6) and CYP81E (2). A structural gene-transcription factor (TF) correlation analysis yielded 3 TFs (2 bHLH, 1 MYB) highly correlated with 2 structural genes. In addition, we obtained 26 candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of 8 differentially accumulated flavonoids metabolites in ZS by weighted gene coexpression network analysis. The candidate genes and transcription factors identified in this study will provide a highly valuable molecular basis for the in-depth study of flavonoid biosynthesis in apricot fruits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Crop Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Kai Jia
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Kang Liao
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Guoquan Fan
- Luntai Fruit Tree Resource Nursery, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, China
| | - Shikui Zhang
- Luntai Fruit Tree Resource Nursery, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, China
| | - Yatong Wang
- Luntai Fruit Tree Resource Nursery, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen S, Wang X, Cheng Y, Gao H, Chen X. A Review of Classification, Biosynthesis, Biological Activities and Potential Applications of Flavonoids. Molecules 2023; 28:4982. [PMID: 37446644 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28134982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids represent the main class of plant secondary metabolites and occur in the tissues and organs of various plant species. In plants, flavonoids are involved in many biological processes and in response to various environmental stresses. The consumption of flavonoids has been known to reduce the risk of many chronic diseases due to their antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. In the present review, we summarize the classification, distribution, biosynthesis pathways, and regulatory mechanisms of flavonoids. Moreover, we investigated their biological activities and discuss their applications in food processing and cosmetics, as well as their pharmaceutical and medical uses. Current trends in flavonoid research are also briefly described, including the mining of new functional genes and metabolites through omics research and the engineering of flavonoids using nanotechnology. This review provides a reference for basic and applied research on flavonoid compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chen
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongsheng Gao
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhuang WB, Li YH, Shu XC, Pu YT, Wang XJ, Wang T, Wang Z. The Classification, Molecular Structure and Biological Biosynthesis of Flavonoids, and Their Roles in Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083599. [PMID: 37110833 PMCID: PMC10147097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the climate constantly changing, plants suffer more frequently from various abiotic and biotic stresses. However, they have evolved biosynthetic machinery to survive in stressful environmental conditions. Flavonoids are involved in a variety of biological activities in plants, which can protect plants from different biotic (plant-parasitic nematodes, fungi and bacteria) and abiotic stresses (salt stress, drought stress, UV, higher and lower temperatures). Flavonoids contain several subgroups, including anthocyanidins, flavonols, flavones, flavanols, flavanones, chalcones, dihydrochalcones and dihydroflavonols, which are widely distributed in various plants. As the pathway of flavonoid biosynthesis has been well studied, many researchers have applied transgenic technologies in order to explore the molecular mechanism of genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis; as such, many transgenic plants have shown a higher stress tolerance through the regulation of flavonoid content. In the present review, the classification, molecular structure and biological biosynthesis of flavonoids were summarized, and the roles of flavonoids under various forms of biotic and abiotic stress in plants were also included. In addition, the effect of applying genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis on the enhancement of plant tolerance under various biotic and abiotic stresses was also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Bing Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yu-Hang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Shu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yu-Ting Pu
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- College of Tea Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A Cinnamate 4-HYDROXYLASE1 from Safflower Promotes Flavonoids Accumulation and Stimulates Antioxidant Defense System in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065393. [PMID: 36982470 PMCID: PMC10049626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
C4H (cinnamate 4-hydroxylase) is a pivotal gene in the phenylpropanoid pathway, which is involved in the regulation of flavonoids and lignin biosynthesis of plants. However, the molecular mechanism of C4H-induced antioxidant activity in safflower still remains to be elucidated. In this study, a CtC4H1 gene was identified from safflower with combined analysis of transcriptome and functional characterization, regulating flavonoid biosynthesis and antioxidant defense system under drought stress in Arabidopsis. The expression level of CtC4H1 was shown to be differentially regulated in response to abiotic stresses; however, a significant increase was observed under drought exposure. The interaction between CtC4H1 and CtPAL1 was detected using a yeast two-hybrid assay and then verified using a bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis. Phenotypic and statistical analysis of CtC4H1 overexpressed Arabidopsis demonstrated slightly wider leaves, long and early stem development as well as an increased level of total metabolite and anthocyanin contents. These findings imply that CtC4H1 may regulate plant development and defense systems in transgenic plants via specialized metabolism. Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing CtC4H1 exhibited increased antioxidant activity as confirmed using a visible phenotype and different physiological indicators. In addition, the low accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in transgenic Arabidopsis exposed to drought conditions has confirmed the reduction of oxidative damage by stimulating the antioxidant defensive system, resulting in osmotic balance. Together, these findings have provided crucial insights into the functional role of CtC4H1 in regulating flavonoid biosynthesis and antioxidant defense system in safflower.
Collapse
|
10
|
Xie J, Tang X, Xie C, Wang Y, Huang J, Jin J, Liu H, Zhong C, Zhou R, Ren G, Zhang S. Comparative analysis of root anatomical structure, chemical components and differentially expressed genes between early bolting and unbolting in Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn. Genomics 2023; 115:110557. [PMID: 36610559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Early bolting of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn severely affects its quality. In this study, we compared with the root structure of P. praeruptorum and its four coumarins content between early bolting (CT) and unbolting (WT) at different growth stages. We found that the proportion of area outside the root cambium (Rs) was higher in the WT plants than in the CT plants and correlated positively with the proximity to the root tip. Furthermore, the content of all four coumarins was also higher in the WT plants relative to the CT plants. In addition, we identified 15,524 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two plant varieties. 11 DEGs are involved in the photoperiod and gibberellin pathways that regulate early bolting and 24 genes involved in coumarins biosynthesis were also identified. Nevertheless, early bolting of P. praeruptorum does affect its quality formation, and further studies are needed to confirm its mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xie
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Xueyang Tang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Chufei Xie
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Yongqing Wang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Jian Jin
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Hao Liu
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Can Zhong
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, PR China
| | - Guangxi Ren
- College of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, PR China
| | - Shuihan Zhang
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410013, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang FB, Ji SX, Yang JG, Wang XW, Han WH. Genome-wide analysis of MYB family in Nicotiana benthamiana and the functional role of the key members in resistance to Bemisia tabaci. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123759. [PMID: 36812971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
MYB transcription factors (TFs) play a key role in plant resistance to abiotic and biotical stresses. However, little is currently known about their involvement in the plant defense to piercing-sucking insects. Here, we studied the MYB TFs that responded to and resisted Bemisia tabaci whitefly in the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Firstly, a total of 453 NbMYB TFs in N. benthamiana genome were identified and 182 R2R3-MYB TFs were analyzed for molecular characteristics, phylogenetic analysis, genetic structure, motif composition, and cis-elements. Then, six stress-related NbMYB genes were selected for further study. The expression pattern shows they were highly expressed in mature leaves and intensively induced upon whitefly attack. Combined with bioinformatic analysis, overexpression, β-Glucuronidase (GUS) assay, and virus-induced silencing tests, we determined the transcriptional regulation of these NbMYBs on the genes in lignin biosynthesis and SA-signaling pathways. Meanwhile, we tested the performance of whitefly on plants with increased or silenced NbMYB genes expression and found that NbMYB42, NbMYB107, NbMYB163, and NbMYB423 were resistant to whitefly. Our results contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the MYB TFs in N. benthamiana. Furthermore, our findings will facilitate further studies on the role of MYB TFs in the interaction between plants and piercing-sucking insects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shun-Xia Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jin-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Pest Monitoring, Controlling & Integrated Management, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Hao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chromosomal-level genome and multi-omics dataset provides new insights into leaf pigmentation in Acer palmatum. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:93-104. [PMID: 36470439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acer palmatum (A. palmatum), a deciduous shrub or small arbour which belongs to Acer of Aceraceae, is an excellent greening species as well as a beautiful ornamental plant. In this study, a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome for A. palmatum was constructed using Oxford Nanopore sequencing and Hi-C technology. The assembly genome was ∼745.78 Mb long with a contig N50 length of 3.20 Mb, and 95.30 % (710.71 Mb) of the assembly was anchored into 13 pseudochromosomes. A total of 28,559 protein-coding genes were obtained, ∼90.02 % (25,710) of which could be functionally annotated. The genomic evolutionary analysis revealed that A. palmatum is most closely related to A. yangbiense and A. truncatum, and underwent only an ancient gamma whole-genome duplication event. Despite lacking a recent independent WGD, 25,795 (90.32 %) genes of A. palmatum were duplicated, and the unique/expanded gene families were linked with genes involved in plant-pathogen interaction and several metabolic pathways, which might underpin adaptability. A combined genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analysis related to the biosynthesis of anthocyanin in leaves during the different season were characterized. The results indicate that the dark-purple colouration of the leaves in spring was caused by a high amount of anthocyanins, especially delphinidin and its derivatives; and the red colouration of the leaves in autumn by a high amount of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside. In conclusion, these valuable multi-omic resources offer important foundations to explore the molecular regulation mechanism in leaf colouration and also provide a platform for the scientific and efficient utilization of A. palmatum.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao Q, Dong M, Li M, Jin L, Paré PW. Light-Induced Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Sinopodophyllum hexandrum with High-Altitude Adaptation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:575. [PMID: 36771657 PMCID: PMC9919621 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum is a perennial alpine herb producing the anti-cancer metabolite podophyllotoxin (PPT). Although the adaptation of S. hexandrum to high altitudes has been demonstrated and the effects of temperature, precipitation, and UV-B light on plant growth and metabolite accumulation have been studied, knowledge on the role of flavonoid biosynthesis in adapting to high altitudes is limited. In this study, light intensity, amount and type of flavonoids, and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and genes (DEGs) at 2300 and 3300 m were analyzed by HPLC, proteomic, transcriptomic, and qRT-PCR analysis. We found that higher light intensity correlated with greater flavonoid, flavonol, and anthocyanin content as well as higher anthocyanin to total flavonoid and flavonol ratios observed at the higher altitude. Based on proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, nine DEPs and 41 DEGs were identified to be involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and light response at 3300 m. The relative expression of nine genes (PAL, CHS1, IFRL, ANS, MYB4, BHLH137, CYP6, PPO1, and ABCB19) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and seven genes (HSP18.1, HSP70, UBC4, ERF5, ERF9, APX3, and EX2) involved in light stress were observed to be up-regulated at 3300 m compared with 2300 m. These findings indicate that light intensity may play a regulatory role in enhancing flavonoid accumulation that allows S. hexandrum to adapt to elevated-altitude coupled with high light intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhu Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Miaoyin Dong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Mengfei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ling Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730101, China
| | - Paul W. Paré
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Integrated Analysis of Widely Targeted Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveals the Effects of Transcription Factor NOR-like1 on Alkaloids, Phenolic Acids, and Flavonoids in Tomato at Different Ripening Stages. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121296. [PMID: 36557334 PMCID: PMC9853326 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato is abundant in alkaloids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids; however, the effect of transcription factor NOR-like1 on these metabolites in tomato is unclear. We used a combination of widely targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics to analyze wild-type tomatoes and CR-NOR-like1 tomatoes. A total of 83 alkaloids, 85 phenolic acids, and 96 flavonoids were detected with significant changes. Combined with a KEGG enrichment analysis, we revealed 16 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in alkaloid-related arginine and proline metabolism, 60 DEGs were identified in the phenolic acid-related phenylpropane biosynthesis, and 30 DEGs were identified in the flavonoid-related biosynthesis pathway. In addition, some highly correlated differential-expression genes with differential metabolites were further identified by correlation analysis. The present research provides a preliminary view of the effects of NOR-like1 transcription factor on alkaloid, phenolic acid, and flavonoid accumulation in tomatoes at different ripening stages based on widely targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics in plants, laying the foundation for extending fruit longevity and shelf life as well as cultivating stress-resistant plants.
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang J, Su H, Wu Z, Wang W, Zhou Y, Li M. Integrated Metabolites and Transcriptomics at Different Growth Stages Reveal Polysaccharide and Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Cynomorium songaricum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810675. [PMID: 36142587 PMCID: PMC9501575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynomorium songaricum is a perennial parasitic herb, and its stem is widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine, which largely relies on bioactive compounds (e.g., polysaccharides, flavonoids, and triterpenes). To date, although the optimum harvest time of stems has been demonstrated at the unearthed stage (namely the early flowering stage, EFS), the accumulation mechanism of polysaccharides and flavonoids during growth stages is still limited. In this study, the physiological characteristics (stem fresh weight, contents of soluble sugar and flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity) at four different growth stages (germination stage (GS), vegetative growth stage (VGS), EFS, and flowering stage (FS)) were determined, transcriptomics were analyzed by illumina sequencing, and expression levels of key genes were validated by qRT-PCR at the GS, VGS, and EFS. The results show that the stem biomass, soluble sugar and total flavonoids contents, and antioxidant capacity peaked at EFS compared with GS, VGS, and FS. A total of 6098 and 13,023 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed at VGS and EFS vs. GS, respectively, with 367 genes co-expressed. Based on their biological functions, 109 genes were directly involved in polysaccharide and flavonoid biosynthesis as well as growth and development. The expression levels of key genes involved in polysaccharides (e.g., GLCs, XTHs and PMEs), flavonoids (e.g., 4CLLs, CYPs and UGTs), growth and development (e.g., AC58, TCPs and AP1), hormones biosynthesis and signaling (e.g., YUC8, AIPT and ACO1), and transcription factors (e.g., MYBs, bHLHs and WRKYs) were in accordance with changes of physiological characteristics. The combinational analysis of metabolites with transcriptomics provides insight into the mechanism of polysaccharide and flavonoid biosynthesis in C. songaricum during growth stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resource, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Hongyan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhibo Wu
- Station of Alxa League Aviation Forest Guard, Alxa 750306, China
| | - Wenshu Wang
- Alxa Forestry and Grassland Research Institute, Alxa 750306, China
| | - Yubi Zhou
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resource, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hu P, Zhao M, Chen S, Wu X, Wan Q. Transcriptional regulation mechanism of flavonoids biosynthesis gene during fruit development in astragalus membranaceus. Front Genet 2022; 13:972990. [PMID: 36147500 PMCID: PMC9485568 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.972990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus, as an important medicinal plant, are an excellent source of flavonoids. Flavonoid compounds in A. membranaceus have been widely used in medicine and supplement, but known of the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis is still very few. Here, we analyzed the association between flavonoid content and gene expression pattern during six different fruit developmental stages. Sixteen gene expression trends were significantly identified, involving 8,218 genes. The gene expression trend in profile 0 was positively correlated with flavonoid content, while the gene expression trend in profile 79 was negatively correlated with flavonoid content at six developmental stages. The expression level of genes involved in the general phenylpropane pathway was higher than that of genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. A total of 37 genes involved in flavonoid synthesis were identified in A. membranaceus. The expression pattern of flavonoid-related genes was highly correlated with flavonoid content. Our study deepened the understanding of the flavonoid synthesis mechanism and provided useful resources for future studies on the high flavonoid molecular breeding of A. membranaceus.
Collapse
|
17
|
Shen N, Wang T, Gan Q, Liu S, Wang L, Jin B. Plant flavonoids: Classification, distribution, biosynthesis, and antioxidant activity. Food Chem 2022; 383:132531. [PMID: 35413752 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 217.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a group of natural polyphenol substances abundant in vegetables, fruits, grains, and tea. As plant secondary metabolites, flavonoids play essential roles in many biological processes and responses to environmental factors in plants. Flavonoids are common in human diets and have antioxidant effects as well as other bioactivities (e.g., antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties), which reduce the risk of disease. Flavonoid bioactivity depends on structural substitution patterns in their C6-C3-C6 rings. However, reviews of plant flavonoid distribution and biosynthesis, as well as the health benefits of its bioactivity, remain scarce. Therefore, in the present review, we systematically summarize recent progress in the research of plant flavonoids, focusing on their biosynthesis (pathway and transcription factors) and bioactive mechanisms based on epidemic evidence, in vitro and in vivo research, and bioavailability in the human body. We also discuss future opportunities in flavonoid research, including biotechnology, therapeutic phytoproducts, and dietary flavonoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tongfei Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Gan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sian Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu H, Yang H, Zhao T, Lin C, Li Y, Zhang X, Ye Y, Liao J. Combined Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses of Young, Mature, and Old Rhizome Tissues of Zingiber officinale Roscoe. Front Genet 2021; 12:795201. [PMID: 34956334 PMCID: PMC8692858 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.795201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is known for its unique pungent taste and useability in traditional Chinese medicine. The main compounds in ginger rhizome can be classified as gingerols, diarylheptanoids, and volatile oils. The composition and concentrations of the bioactive compounds in ginger rhizome might vary according to the age of the rhizome. In this regard, the knowledge on the transcriptomic signatures and accumulation of metabolites in young (Y), mature (M), and old (O) ginger rhizomes is scarce. This study used HiSeq Illumina Sequencing and UPLC-MS/MS analyses to delineate how the expression of key genes changes in Y, M, and O ginger rhizome tissues and how it affects the accumulation of metabolites in key pathways. The transcriptome sequencing identified 238,157 genes of which 13,976, 11,243, and 24,498 were differentially expressed (DEGs) in Y vs. M, M vs. O, and Y vs. O, respectively. These DEGs were significantly enriched in stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid, and gingerol biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, plant-hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, linoleic acid metabolism, and α-linoleic acid metabolism pathways. The metabolome profiling identified 661 metabolites of which 311, 386, and 296 metabolites were differentially accumulated in Y vs. M, Y vs. O, and M vs. O, respectively. These metabolites were also enriched in the pathways mentioned above. The DEGs and DAMs enrichment showed that the gingerol content is higher in Y rhizome, whereas the Y, M, and O tissues differ in linoleic and α-linoleic acid accumulation. Similarly, the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway is variably regulated in Y, M, and O rhizome tissues. Our results showed that ginger rhizome growth slows down (Y > M > O) probably due to changes in phytohormone signaling. Young ginger rhizome is the most transcriptionally and metabolically active tissue as compared to M and O. The transitioning from Y to M and O affects the gingerol, sugars, linoleic acid, and α-linoleic acid concentrations and related gene expressions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanfang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honghua Yang
- College of Biological and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Taian, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou, China
| | - Canjia Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yushi Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingping Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|