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Gao C, Zhao Y, Wang W, Zhang B, Huang X, Wang Y, Tang D. BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE 1 modulates OPEN STOMATA 1 phosphorylation and contributes to stomatal closure and plant immunity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 120:45-59. [PMID: 39126292 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Stomatal movement plays a critical role in plant immunity by limiting the entry of pathogens. OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1) is a key component that mediates stomatal closure in plants, however, how OST1 functions in response to pathogens is not well understood. RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 902 (RLK902) phosphorylates BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASE 1 (BSK1) and positively modulates plant resistance. In this study, by a genome-wide phosphorylation analysis, we found that the phosphorylation of BSK1 and OST1 was missing in the rlk902 mutant compared with the wild-type plants, indicating a potential connection between the RLK902-BSK1 module and OST1-mediated stomatal closure. We showed that RLK902 and BSK1 contribute to stomatal immunity, as the stomatal closure induced by the bacterial pathogen Pto DC3000 was impaired in rlk902 and bsk1-1 mutants. Stomatal immunity mediated by RLK902 was dependent on BSK1 phosphorylation at Ser230, a key phosphorylation site for BSK1 functions. Several phosphorylation sites of OST1 were important for RLK902- and BSK1-mediated stomatal immunity. Interestingly, the phosphorylation of Ser171 and Ser175 in OST1 contributed to the stomatal immunity mediated by RLK902 but not by BSK1, while phosphorylation of OST1 at Ser29 and Thr176 residues was critical for BSK1-mediated stomatal immunity. Taken together, these results indicate that RLK902 and BSK1 contribute to disease resistance via OST1-mediated stomatal closure. This work revealed a new function of BSK1 in activating stomatal immunity, and the role of RLK902-BSK1 and OST1 module in regulating pathogen-induced stomatal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yaofei Zhao
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Beibei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dingzhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Control of Fujian-Taiwan Crop Pests, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Plant Immunity Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Qin C, Fan X, Fang Q, Yu H, Ni L, Jiang M. Abscisic acid-induced H 2O 2 production positively regulates the activity of SAPK8/9/10 through oxidation of the type one protein phosphatase OsPP47. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39219038 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Subclass III sucrose nonfermenting1-related protein kinase 2s (SnRK2s) are positive regulators of abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and abiotic stress responses. However, the underlying activation mechanisms of osmotic stress/ABA-activated protein kinase 8/9/10 (SAPK8/9/10) of rice (Oryza sativa) subclass III SnRK2s in ABA signaling remain to be elucidated. In this study, we employed biochemical, molecular biology, cell biology, and genetic approaches to identify the molecular mechanism by which OsPP47, a type one protein phosphatase in rice, regulates SAPK8/9/10 activity in ABA signaling. We found that OsPP47 not only physically interacted with SAPK8/9/10 but also interacted with ABA receptors PYLs. OsPP47 negatively regulated ABA sensitivity in seed germination and root growth. In the absence of ABA, OsPP47 directly inactivated SAPK8/9/10 by dephosphorylation. In the presence of ABA, ABA-bound OsPYL2 formed complexes with OsPP47 and inhibited its phosphatase activity, partially releasing the inhibition of SAPK8/9/10. SAPK8/9/10-mediated H2O2 production inhibited OsPP47 activity by oxidizing Cys-116 and Cys-256 to form OsPP47 oligomers, resulting in not only preventing the OsPP47-SAPK8/9/10 interaction but also blocking the inhibition of SAPK8/9/10 activity by OsPP47. Our results reveal novel pathways for the inhibition of SAPK8/9/10 in the basal state and for the activation of SAPK8/9/10 induced by ABA in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihua Qin
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xing Fan
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qianqian Fang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Honghua Yu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lan Ni
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingyi Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Liu R, Zhu M, Shi Y, Li J, Gong J, Xiao X, Chen Q, Yuan Y, Gong W. QTL Verification and Candidate Gene Screening of Fiber Quality and Lint Percentage in the Secondary Segregating Population of Gossypium hirsutum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3737. [PMID: 37960093 PMCID: PMC10650182 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Fiber quality traits, especially fiber strength, length, and micronaire (FS, FL, and FM), have been recognized as critical fiber attributes in the textile industry, while the lint percentage (LP) was an important indicator to evaluate the cotton lint yield. So far, the genetic mechanism behind the formation of these traits is still unclear. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) identification and candidate gene validation provide an effective methodology to uncover the genetic and molecular basis of FL, FS, FM, and LP. A previous study identified three important QTL/QTL cluster loci, harboring at least one of the above traits on chromosomes A01, A07, and D12 via a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross of Lumianyan28 (L28) × Xinluzao24 (X24). A secondary segregating population (F2) was developed from a cross between L28 and an RIL, RIL40 (L28 × RIL40). Based on the population, genetic linkage maps of the previous QTL cluster intervals on A01 (6.70-10.15 Mb), A07 (85.48-93.43 Mb), and D12 (0.40-1.43 Mb) were constructed, which span 12.25, 15.90, and 5.56 cM, with 2, 14, and 4 simple sequence repeat (SSR) and insertion/deletion (Indel) markers, respectively. QTLs of FL, FS, FM, and LP on these three intervals were verified by composite interval mapping (CIM) using WinQTL Cartographer 2.5 software via phenotyping of F2 and its derived F2:3 populations. The results validated the previous primary QTL identification of FL, FS, FM, and LP. Analysis of the RNA-seq data of the developing fibers of L28 and RIL40 at 10, 20, and 30 days post anthesis (DPA) identified seven differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as potential candidate genes. qRT-PCR verified that five of them were consistent with the RNA-seq result. These genes may be involved in regulating fiber development, leading to the formation of FL, FS, FM, and LP. This study provides an experimental foundation for further exploration of these functional genes to dissect the genetic mechanism of cotton fiber development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixian Liu
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China;
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China (J.G.); (X.X.)
| | - Minghui Zhu
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Kashi District, Kashi 844000, China;
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China (J.G.); (X.X.)
| | - Junwen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China (J.G.); (X.X.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Juwu Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China (J.G.); (X.X.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China (J.G.); (X.X.)
| | - Quanjia Chen
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China;
| | - Youlu Yuan
- Engineering Research Centre of Cotton, Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, 311 Nongda East Road, Urumqi 830052, China;
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China (J.G.); (X.X.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wankui Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China (J.G.); (X.X.)
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Agbemafle W, Wong MM, Bassham DC. Transcriptional and post-translational regulation of plant autophagy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6006-6022. [PMID: 37358252 PMCID: PMC10575704 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
In response to changing environmental conditions, plants activate cellular responses to enable them to adapt. One such response is autophagy, in which cellular components, for example proteins and organelles, are delivered to the vacuole for degradation. Autophagy is activated by a wide range of conditions, and the regulatory pathways controlling this activation are now being elucidated. However, key aspects of how these factors may function together to properly modulate autophagy in response to specific internal or external signals are yet to be discovered. In this review we discuss mechanisms for regulation of autophagy in response to environmental stress and disruptions in cell homeostasis. These pathways include post-translational modification of proteins required for autophagy activation and progression, control of protein stability of the autophagy machinery, and transcriptional regulation, resulting in changes in transcription of genes involved in autophagy. In particular, we highlight potential connections between the roles of key regulators and explore gaps in research, the filling of which can further our understanding of the autophagy regulatory network in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Agbemafle
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Min May Wong
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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5
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Zhang X, Zhu X, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Fan S, Zhang L. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Key Defense Genes and Mechanisms in Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaves against Silkworms (Bombyx mori). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113519. [PMID: 36362309 PMCID: PMC9656888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As a consequence of long-term coevolution and natural selection, the leaves of mulberry (Morus alba) trees have become the best food source for silkworms (Bombyx mori). Nevertheless, the molecular and genomic basis of defense response remains largely unexplored. In the present study, we assessed changes in the transcriptome changes of mulberry in response to silkworm larval feeding at 0, 3, and 6 h. A total of 4709 (up = 2971, down = 1738) and 3009 (up = 1868, down = 1141) unigenes were identified after 3 and 6 h of silkworm infestation, respectively. MapMan enrichment analysis results show structural traits such as leaf surface wax, cell wall thickness and lignification form the first physical barrier to feeding by the silkworms. Cluster analysis revealed six unique temporal patterns of transcriptome changes. We predicted that mulberry promoted rapid changes in signaling and other regulatory processes to deal with mechanical damage, photosynthesis impairment, and other injury caused by herbivores within 3–6 h. LRR-RK coding genes (THE1, FER) was predicted participated in perception of cell wall perturbation in mulberry responding to silkworm feeding. Ca2+ signal sensors (CMLs), ROS (OST1, SOS3), RBOHD/F, CDPKs, and ABA were part of the regulatory network after silkworm feeding. Jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction was predicted to act in silkworm feeding response, 10 JA signaling genes (such as OPR3, JAR1, and JAZ1) and 21 JA synthesis genes (such as LOX2, AOS, and ACX1) were upregulated after silkworm feeding for 3 h. Besides, genes of “alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism” and “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” were activated in 3 h to reprogram secondary metabolism. Collectively, these findings provided valuable insights into silkworm herbivory-induced regulatory and metabolic processes in mulberry, which might help improve the coevolution of silkworm and mulberry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shoujin Fan
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-531-86180718 (L.Z.)
| | - Luoyan Zhang
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (L.Z.); Tel.: +86-531-86180718 (L.Z.)
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6
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Chong L, Xu R, Ku L, Zhu Y. Beyond stress response: OST1 opening doors for plants to grow. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:44. [PMID: 37676544 PMCID: PMC10441877 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00069-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1)-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) family members have been discovered to regulate abiotic stress response via the abscisic acid (ABA)-independent and dependent signaling pathways. SnRK2.6, also known as Open Stomata 1 (OST1), is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays critical roles in linking ABA receptor complexes and downstream components such as transcription factors and anion channels to regulate stress response. Asides from its well-known regulatory roles in stomatal movement and cold stress response, OST1 has also been demonstrated recently to modulate major developmental roles of flowering and growth in plants. In this review, we will discuss about the various roles of OST1 as well as the 'doors' that OST1 can 'open' to help plants perform stress adaptation. Therefore, we will address how OST1 can regulate stomata apertures, cold stress tolerance as well as other aspects of its emerging roles such as balancing flowering and root growth in response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leelyn Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Lixia Ku
- College of Agronomy, Synergetic Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops and National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China.
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Song W, Hu L, Ma Z, Yang L, Li J. Importance of Tyrosine Phosphorylation in Hormone-Regulated Plant Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126603. [PMID: 35743047 PMCID: PMC9224382 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is the most frequent post-translational modification (PTM) that plays important regulatory roles in a wide range of biological processes. Phosphorylation mainly occurs on serine (Ser), threonine (Thr), and tyrosine (Tyr) residues, with the phosphorylated Tyr sites accounting for ~1–2% of all phosphorylated residues. Tyr phosphorylation was initially believed to be less common in plants compared to animals; however, recent investigation indicates otherwise. Although they lack typical protein Tyr kinases, plants possess many dual-specificity protein kinases that were implicated in diverse cellular processes by phosphorylating Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. Analyses of sequenced plant genomes also identified protein Tyr phosphatases and dual-specificity protein phosphatases. Recent studies have revealed important regulatory roles of Tyr phosphorylation in many different aspects of plant growth and development and plant interactions with the environment. This short review summarizes studies that implicated the Tyr phosphorylation in biosynthesis and signaling of plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimeng Song
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhihui Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.S.); (L.H.); (Z.M.); (L.Y.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence:
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Deng J, Kong L, Zhu Y, Pei D, Chen X, Wang Y, Qi J, Song C, Yang S, Gong Z. BAK1 plays contrasting roles in regulating abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure and abscisic acid-inhibited primary root growth in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1264-1280. [PMID: 35352463 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms that balance plant growth and stress responses are poorly understood, but they appear to involve abscisic acid (ABA) signaling mediated by protein kinases. Here, to explore these mechanisms, we examined the responses of Arabidopsis thaliana protein kinase mutants to ABA treatment. We found that mutants of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (BAK1) were hypersensitive to the effects of ABA on both seed germination and primary root growth. The kinase OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1) was more highly activated by ABA in bak1 mutant than the wild type. BAK1 was not activated by ABA treatment in the dominant negative mutant abi1-1 or the pyr1 pyl4 pyl5 pyl8 quadruple mutant, but it was more highly activated by this treatment in the abi1-2 abi2-2 hab1-1 loss-of-function triple mutant than the wild type. BAK1 phosphorylates OST1 T146 and inhibits its activity. Genetic analyses suggested that BAK1 acts at or upstream of core components in the ABA signaling pathway, including PYLs, PP2Cs, and SnRK2s, during seed germination and primary root growth. Although the upstream brassinosteroid (BR) signaling components BAK1 and BR INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) positively regulate ABA-induced stomatal closure, mutations affecting downstream components of BR signaling, including BRASSINOSTEROID-SIGNALING KINASEs (BSKs) and BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2 (BIN2), did not affect ABA-mediated stomatal movement. Thus, our study uncovered an important role of BAK1 in negatively regulating ABA signaling during seed germination and primary root growth, but positively modulating ABA-induced stomatal closure, thus optimizing the plant growth under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lingyao Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yinhua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuexue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunpeng Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Crop Stress Biology, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, Henan, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhizhong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
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Isohydricity of Two Different Citrus Species under Deficit Irrigation and Reclaimed Water Conditions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102121. [PMID: 34685931 PMCID: PMC8538605 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Citrus species are frequently subjected to water and saline stresses worldwide. We evaluated the effects of diurnal changes in the evaporative demands and soil water contents on the plant physiology of grapefruit and mandarin crops under saline reclaimed (RW) and transfer (TW) water conditions, combined with two irrigation strategies, fully irrigated (fI) and non-irrigated (nI). The physiological responses were different depending on the species. Grapefruit showed an isohydric pattern, which restricted the use of the leaf water potential (Ψl) as a plant water status indicator. Its water status was affected by salinity (RW) and water stress (nI), mainly as the combination of both stresses (RW-nI); however, mandarin turned out to be relatively more tolerant to salinity and more sensitive to water stress, mainly because of its low hydraulic conductance (K) levels, showing a critical drop in Ψl that led to severe losses of root–stem (Kroot–stem) and canopy (Kcanopy) hydraulic conductance in TW-nI. This behavior was not observed in RW-nI because a reduction in canopy volume as an adaptive characteristic was observed; thus, mandarin exhibited more anisohydric behavior compared to grapefruit, but isohydrodynamic since its hydrodynamic water potential gradient from roots to shoots (ΔΨplant) was relatively constant across variations in stomatal conductance (gs) and soil water potential. The gs was considered a good plant water status indicator for irrigation scheduling purposes in both species, and its responses to diurnal VPD rise and soil drought were strongly correlated with Kroot–stem. ABA did not show any effect on stomatal regulation, highlighting the fundamental role of plant hydraulics in driving stomatal closure.
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Maszkowska J, Szymańska KP, Kasztelan A, Krzywińska E, Sztatelman O, Dobrowolska G. The Multifaceted Regulation of SnRK2 Kinases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092180. [PMID: 34571829 PMCID: PMC8465348 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SNF1-related kinases 2 (SnRK2s) are central regulators of plant responses to environmental cues simultaneously playing a pivotal role in the plant development and growth in favorable conditions. They are activated in response to osmotic stress and some of them also to abscisic acid (ABA), the latter being key in ABA signaling. The SnRK2s can be viewed as molecular switches between growth and stress response; therefore, their activity is tightly regulated; needed only for a short time to trigger the response, it has to be induced transiently and otherwise kept at a very low level. This implies a strict and multifaceted control of SnRK2s in plant cells. Despite emerging new information concerning the regulation of SnRK2s, especially those involved in ABA signaling, a lot remains to be uncovered, the regulation of SnRK2s in an ABA-independent manner being particularly understudied. Here, we present an overview of available data, discuss some controversial issues, and provide our perspective on SnRK2 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Maszkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.M.); (A.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Patrycja Szymańska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.M.); (A.K.); (E.K.)
- Chair of Drug and Cosmetics Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Adrian Kasztelan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.M.); (A.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Ewa Krzywińska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.M.); (A.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Olga Sztatelman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.M.); (A.K.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (G.D.); Tel.: +48-22-5925718 (G.D.)
| | - Grażyna Dobrowolska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.M.); (A.K.); (E.K.)
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (G.D.); Tel.: +48-22-5925718 (G.D.)
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