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Dmitrieva VA, Tyutereva EV, Voitsekhovskaja OV. What can reactive oxygen species (ROS) tell us about the action mechanism of herbicides and other phytotoxins? Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 220:92-110. [PMID: 38663829 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are formed in plant cells continuously. When ROS production exceeds the antioxidant capacity of the cells, oxidative stress develops which causes damage of cell components and may even lead to the induction of programmed cell death (PCD). The levels of ROS production increase upon abiotic stress, but also during pathogen attack in response to elicitors, and upon application of toxic compounds such as synthetic herbicides or natural phytotoxins. The commercial value of many synthetic herbicides is based on weed death as result of oxidative stress, and for a number of them, the site and the mechanism of ROS production have been characterized. This review summarizes the current knowledge on ROS production in plants subjected to different groups of synthetic herbicides and natural phytotoxins. We suggest that the use of ROS-specific fluorescent probes and of ROS-specific marker genes can provide important information on the mechanism of action of these toxins. Furthermore, we propose that, apart from oxidative damage, elicitation of ROS-induced PCD is emerging as one of the important processes underlying the action of herbicides and phytotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria A Dmitrieva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia; Laboratory of Phytotoxicology and Biotechnology, All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Saint Petersburg, 196608, Russia
| | - Elena V Tyutereva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia
| | - Olga V Voitsekhovskaja
- Laboratory of Molecular and Ecological Physiology, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russia.
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Corpas FJ, González-Gordo S, Palma JM. Ascorbate peroxidase in fruits and modulation of its activity by reactive species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2716-2732. [PMID: 38442039 PMCID: PMC11066807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is one of the enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and is the key enzyme that breaks down H2O2 with the aid of ascorbate as an electron source. APX is present in all photosynthetic eukaryotes from algae to higher plants and, at the cellular level, it is localized in all subcellular compartments where H2O2 is generated, including the apoplast, cytosol, plastids, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, either in soluble form or attached to the organelle membranes. APX activity can be modulated by various post-translational modifications including tyrosine nitration, S-nitrosation, persulfidation, and S-sulfenylation. This allows the connection of H2O2 metabolism with other relevant signaling molecules such as NO and H2S, thus building a complex coordination system. In both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits, APX plays a key role during the ripening process and during post-harvest, since it participates in the regulation of both H2O2 and ascorbate levels affecting fruit quality. Currently, the exogenous application of molecules such as NO, H2S, H2O2, and, more recently, melatonin is seen as a new alternative to maintain and extend the shelf life and quality of fruits because they can modulate APX activity as well as other antioxidant systems. Therefore, these molecules are being considered as new biotechnological tools to improve crop quality in the horticultural industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador González-Gordo
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - José M Palma
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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Goggin FL, Fischer HD. Reactive Oxygen Species in Plant Interactions With Aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:811105. [PMID: 35251065 PMCID: PMC8888880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.811105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide are produced in plants in response to many biotic and abiotic stressors, and they can enhance stress adaptation in certain circumstances or mediate symptom development in others. The roles of ROS in plant-pathogen interactions have been extensively studied, but far less is known about their involvement in plant-insect interactions. A growing body of evidence, however, indicates that ROS accumulate in response to aphids, an economically damaging group of phloem-feeding insects. This review will cover the current state of knowledge about when, where, and how ROS accumulate in response to aphids, which salivary effectors modify ROS levels in plants, and how microbial associates influence ROS induction by aphids. We will also explore the potential adaptive significance of intra- and extracellular oxidative responses to aphid infestation in compatible and incompatible interactions and highlight knowledge gaps that deserve further exploration.
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Huang AX, She XP, Zhao JL, Zhang YY. Inhibition of ABA-induced stomatal closure by fusicoccin is associated with cytosolic acidification-mediated hydrogen peroxide removal. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:33. [PMID: 28510970 PMCID: PMC5432956 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-55-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusicoccin (FC), a fungal phytotoxin produced by Fusicoccum amygdale, causes the inhibition of ABA-induced stomatal closure. The mechanism of inhibition is remaining unclear. We analyzed the role of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and relationship between H2O2 removal and cytosolic pH changes during inhibition of ABA-induced stomatal closure by FC. RESULTS According to the results, ABA treatment induced H2O2 production and stomatal closure, but FC inhibited the effects of ABA on these two parameters. Treatment with catalase (CAT) and NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI) mimicked the effect of FC. These data suggest that inhibition of ABA effect by FC is related to the decrease of H2O2 levels in guard cells. Furthermore, similar to CAT, FC not only suppressed stomatal closure and H2O2 levels in guard cells treated with exogenous H2O2, but also reopened the stomata which had been closed by ABA and reduced the level of H2O2 that had been produced by ABA, indicating that FC causes H2O2 removal in guard cells. The butyric acid treatment simulated the effects of FC on the stomatal aperture and H2O2 levels in guard cells treated with exogenous H2O2 and had been closed by ABA, and both FC and butyric acid reduced cytosolic pH in guard cells of stomata treated with H2O2 and had been closed by ABA, which demonstrate that cytosolic acidification mediates FC-induced H2O2 removal. CONCLUSION These results suggest that FC causes cytosolic acidification in guard cells, then induces H2O2 removal and reduces H2O2 levels in guard cells, finally inhibits stomatal closure induced by ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Xia Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062 Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao-Ping She
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062 Xi’an, China
| | - Jin-Liang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062 Xi’an, China
| | - Yun-Ying Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 710062 Xi’an, China
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Xu Q, Lu Y, Jing L, Cai L, Zhu X, Xie J, Hu X. Specific binding and inhibition of 6-benzylaminopurine to catalase: multiple spectroscopic methods combined with molecular docking study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 123:327-335. [PMID: 24412785 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) is a kind of cytokinin which could regulate the activities of the antioxidant defense system of plants. In this work, its interaction with and inhibition of beef liver catalase have been systematically investigated using spectroscopic, isothermal titration calorimetric and molecular docking methods under physiological conditions. The fluorescence quenching of beef liver catalase (BLC) by 6-BA is due to the formation of 6-BA-BLC complex. Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions play major roles in stabilizing the complex. The Stern-Volmer quenching constant, binding constant, the corresponding thermodynamic parameters and binding numbers were measured. The results of UV-vis absorption, three-dimensional fluorescence, synchronous fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopic results demonstrate that the binding of 6-BA results in the micro-environment change around tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) residues of BLC. The BLC-mediated conversion of H2O2 to H2O and O2, in the presence and absence of 6-BA, was also studied. Lineweaver-Burk plot indicates a noncompetitive type of inhibition. Molecular docking study was used to find the binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China.
| | - Yanni Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Longyun Jing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Lijuan Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Xinfeng Zhu
- College of Information Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Ju Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
| | - Xiaoya Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China.
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Mhamdi A, Noctor G, Baker A. Plant catalases: Peroxisomal redox guardians. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 525:181-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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de Boer AH, de Vries-van Leeuwen IJ. Fusicoccanes: diterpenes with surprising biological functions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:360-8. [PMID: 22465041 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fusicoccin is the best-studied member of a class of diterpenes sharing a 5-8-5 ring structure, called fusicoccanes. Fusicoccin was and still is a 'tool in plant physiology', targeting the main engine of plasma membrane transport, the P-type H(+)-ATPase, assisted by members of the 14-3-3 family. The key position of 14-3-3 proteins in cell biology, combined with a broader specificity of other fusicoccanes as shown by crystallography studies, make fusicoccanes a versatile tool in plant and animal biology. In this review, we examine recent evidence that fusicoccanes act on animal cells, describe the discovery of the fungal biosynthetic pathway and emphasize that lower (liverworts) and higher plants produce fusicoccanes with intriguing biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertus H de Boer
- Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kangasjärvi S, Neukermans J, Li S, Aro EM, Noctor G. Photosynthesis, photorespiration, and light signalling in defence responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1619-36. [PMID: 22282535 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Visible light is the basic energetic driver of plant biomass production through photosynthesis. The constantly fluctuating availability of light and other environmental factors means that the photosynthetic apparatus must be able to operate in a dynamic fashion appropriate to the prevailing conditions. Dynamic regulation is achieved through an array of homeostatic control mechanisms that both respond to and influence cellular energy and reductant status. In addition, light availability and quality are continuously monitored by plants through photoreceptors. Outside the laboratory growth room, it is within the context of complex changes in energy and signalling status that plants must regulate pathways to deal with biotic challenges, and this can be influenced by changes in the highly energetic photosynthetic pathways and in the turnover of the photosynthetic machinery. Because of this, defence responses are neither simple nor easily predictable, but rather conditioned by the nutritional and signalling status of the plant cell. This review discusses recent data and emerging concepts of how recognized defence pathways interact with and are influenced by light-dependent processes. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential roles of the chloroplast, photorespiration, and photoreceptor-associated pathways in regulating the outcome of interactions between plants and pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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Beffagna N, Riva MA. Fusicoccin-induced catalase inhibitor is produced independently of H+-ATPase activation and behaves as an organic acid. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 142:144-156. [PMID: 21320127 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The phytotoxin fusicoccin (FC) was found to induce an increase in apoplastic H₂O₂ content in Arabidopsis thaliana cells, apparently linked to the presence of an as yet unidentified catalase inhibitor detectable even in the external medium of FC-treated cells. This study, aimed to further characterize the inhibitor's features, shows that (1) FC-induced H₂O₂ accumulation increases as a function of FC concentration and correlates to the amount of inhibitor released at apoplastic level. The pattern of H+ efflux, conversely, does not fit with that of these two parameters, suggesting that neither the production nor the release of the catalase inhibitor is linked to the main role of FC in activating the plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase; (2) treatment with 10 µM erythrosine B (EB) early and totally inhibits net H+ and K+ fluxes across the PM, indicative of the H+ pump activity; nevertheless, also in these conditions a huge FC-induced H₂O₂ accumulation occurs, confirming that this effect is not related to the FC-induced PM H+-ATPase activation; (3) the inhibitor's release increases with time in all conditions tested and is markedly affected by extracellular pH (a higher pH value being associated to a larger efflux), in agreement with a weak acid release; and (4) the inhibitor can be almost completely recovered in a CH₂C₂-soluble fraction extracted from the incubation medium by sequential acid-base partitioning which contains nearly all of the organic acids released. These final results strongly suggest that the metabolite responsible for the FC-induced catalase inhibition belongs to the organic acid class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Beffagna
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Istituto di Biofisica del CNR (IBF) - Sezione di Milano, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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She XP, Huang AX, Li J, Han XZ. Inhibition of dark-induced stomatal closure by fusicoccin involves a removal of hydrogen peroxide in guard cells of Vicia faba. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2010; 140:258-268. [PMID: 20633238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fusicoccin (FC) treatment prevents dark-induced stomatal closure, the mechanism of which is still obscure. By using pharmacological approaches and laser-scanning confocal microscopy, the relationship between FC inhibition of dark-induced stomatal closure and the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) levels in guard cells in broad bean was studied. Like ascorbic acid (ASA), a scavenger of H₂O₂ and diphenylene iodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of H₂O₂-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase, FC was found to inhibit stomatal closure and reduce H₂O₂ levels in guard cells in darkness, indicating that FC-caused inhibition of dark-induced stomatal closure is related to the reduction of H₂O₂ levels in guard cells. Furthermore, like ASA, FC not only suppressed H₂O₂-induced stomatal closure and H₂O₂ levels in guard cells treated with H₂O₂ in light, but also reopened the stomata which had been closed by darkness and reduced the level of H₂O₂ that had been generated by darkness, showing that FC causes H₂O₂ removal in guard cells. The butyric acid treatment simulated the effects of FC on the stomata treated with H₂O₂ and had been closed by dark, and on H₂O₂ levels in guard cells of stomata treated with H₂O₂ and had been closed by dark, and both FC and butyric acid reduced cytosol pH in guard cells of stomata treated with H₂O₂ and had been closed by dark, which demonstrates that cytosolic acidification mediates FC-induced H₂O₂ removal. Taken together, our results provide evidence that FC causes cytosolic acidification, consequently induces H₂O₂ removal, and finally prevents dark-induced stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping She
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China.
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Mhamdi A, Queval G, Chaouch S, Vanderauwera S, Van Breusegem F, Noctor G. Catalase function in plants: a focus on Arabidopsis mutants as stress-mimic models. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:4197-220. [PMID: 20876333 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is an important signal molecule involved in plant development and environmental responses. Changes in H(2)O(2) availability can result from increased production or decreased metabolism. While plants contain several types of H(2)O(2)-metabolizing proteins, catalases are highly active enzymes that do not require cellular reductants as they primarily catalyse a dismutase reaction. This review provides an update on plant catalase genes, function, and subcellular localization, with a focus on recent information generated from studies on Arabidopsis. Original data are presented on Arabidopsis catalase single and double mutants, and the use of some of these lines as model systems to investigate the outcome of increases in intracellular H(2)O(2) are discussed. Particular attention is paid to interactions with cell thiol-disulphide status; the use of catalase-deficient plants to probe the apparent redundancy of reductive H(2)O(2)-metabolizing pathways; the importance of irradiance and growth daylength in determining the outcomes of catalase deficiency; and the induction of pathogenesis-related responses in catalase-deficient lines. Within the context of strategies aimed at understanding and engineering plant stress responses, the review also considers whether changes in catalase activities in wild-type plants are likely to be a significant part of plant responses to changes in environmental conditions or biotic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Mhamdi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR CNRS 8618, Université de Paris sud, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France
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Laluk K, Mengiste T. Necrotroph attacks on plants: wanton destruction or covert extortion? THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2010; 8:e0136. [PMID: 22303261 PMCID: PMC3244965 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Necrotrophic pathogens cause major pre- and post-harvest diseases in numerous agronomic and horticultural crops inflicting significant economic losses. In contrast to biotrophs, obligate plant parasites that infect and feed on living cells, necrotrophs promote the destruction of host cells to feed on their contents. This difference underpins the divergent pathogenesis strategies and plant immune responses to biotrophic and necrotrophic infections. This chapter focuses on Arabidopsis immunity to necrotrophic pathogens. The strategies of infection, virulence and suppression of host defenses recruited by necrotrophs and the variation in host resistance mechanisms are highlighted. The multiplicity of intraspecific virulence factors and species diversity in necrotrophic organisms corresponds to variations in host resistance strategies. Resistance to host-specific necrotophs is monogenic whereas defense against broad host necrotrophs is complex, requiring the involvement of many genes and pathways for full resistance. Mechanisms and components of immunity such as the role of plant hormones, secondary metabolites, and pathogenesis proteins are presented. We will discuss the current state of knowledge of Arabidopsis immune responses to necrotrophic pathogens, the interactions of these responses with other defense pathways, and contemplate on the directions of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Laluk
- Purdue University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Address correspondence to
and
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Purdue University, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Address correspondence to
and
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Chaouch S, Queval G, Vanderauwera S, Mhamdi A, Vandorpe M, Langlois-Meurinne M, Van Breusegem F, Saindrenan P, Noctor G. Peroxisomal hydrogen peroxide is coupled to biotic defense responses by ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 in a daylength-related manner. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:1692-705. [PMID: 20543092 PMCID: PMC2923881 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.153957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
While it is well established that reactive oxygen species can induce cell death, intracellularly generated oxidative stress does not induce lesions in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) photorespiratory mutant cat2 when plants are grown in short days (SD). One interpretation of this observation is that a function necessary to couple peroxisomal hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-triggered oxidative stress to cell death is only operative in long days (LD). Like lesion formation, pathogenesis-related genes and camalexin were only induced in cat2 in LD, despite less severe intracellular redox perturbation compared with SD. Lesion formation triggered by peroxisomal H(2)O(2) was modified by introducing secondary mutations into the cat2 background and was completely absent in cat2 sid2 double mutants, in which ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE1 (ICS1) activity is defective. In addition to H(2)O(2)-induced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation, the sid2 mutation in ICS1 abolished a range of LD-dependent pathogen responses in cat2, while supplementation of cat2 with SA in SD activated these responses. Nontargeted transcript and metabolite profiling identified clusters of genes and small molecules associated with the daylength-dependent ICS1-mediated relay of H(2)O(2) signaling. The effect of oxidative stress in cat2 on resistance to biotic challenge was dependent on both growth daylength and ICS1. We conclude that (1) lesions induced by intracellular oxidative stress originating in the peroxisomes can be genetically reverted; (2) the isochorismate pathway of SA synthesis couples intracellular oxidative stress to cell death and associated disease resistance responses; and (3) camalexin accumulation was strictly dependent on the simultaneous presence of both H(2)O(2) and SA signals.
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Srivastava N, Gonugunta VK, Puli MR, Raghavendra AS. Nitric oxide production occurs downstream of reactive oxygen species in guard cells during stomatal closure induced by chitosan in abaxial epidermis of Pisum sativum. PLANTA 2009; 229:757-65. [PMID: 19084995 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0855-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The effects of chitosan (beta-1,4 linked glucosamine, a fungal elicitor), on the patterns of stomatal movement and signaling components were studied. cPTIO (NO scavenger), sodium tungstate (nitrate reductase inhibitor) or L: -NAME (NO synthase inhibitor) restricted the chitosan induced stomatal closure, demonstrating that NO is an essential factor. Similarly, catalase (H(2)O(2) scavenger) or DPI [NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor] and BAPTA-AM or BAPTA (calcium chelators) prevented chitosan induced stomatal closure, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium were involved during such response. Monitoring the NO and ROS production in guard cells by fluorescent probes (DAF-2DA and H(2)DCFDA) indicated that on exposure to chitosan, the levels of NO rose after only 10 min, while those of ROS increased already by 5 min. cPTIO or sodium tungstate or L: -NAME prevented the rise in NO levels but did not restrict the ROS production. In contrast, catalase or DPI restricted the chitosan-induced production of both ROS and NO in guard cells. The calcium chelators, BAPTA-AM or BAPTA, did not have a significant effect on the chitosan induced rise in NO or ROS. We propose that the production of NO is an important signaling component and participates downstream of ROS production. The effects of chitosan strike a marked similarity with those of ABA or MJ on guard cells and indicate the convergence of their signal transduction pathways leading to stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Srivastava
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
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