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Dutilloy E, Arias AA, Richet N, Guise JF, Duban M, Leclere V, Selim S, Jacques P, Jacquard C, Clément C, Ait Barka E, Esmaeel Q. Bacillus velezensis BE2 controls wheat and barley diseases by direct antagonism and induced systemic resistance. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:64. [PMID: 38189957 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12864-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Wheat and barley rank among the main crops cultivated on a global scale, providing the essential nutritional foundation for both humans and animals. Nevertheless, these crops are vulnerable to several fungal diseases, such as Septoria tritici blotch and net blotch, which significantly reduce yields by adversely affecting leaves and grain quality. To mitigate the effect of these diseases, chemical fungicides have proven to be genuinely effective; however, they impose a serious environmental burden. Currently, biocontrol agents have attracted attention as a sustainable alternative to fungicides, offering an eco-friendly option. The study aimed to assess the efficacy of Bacillus velezensis BE2 in reducing disease symptoms caused by Zymoseptoria tritici and Pyrenophora teres. This bacterium exhibited significant antagonistic effects in vitro by suppressing fungal development when pathogens and the beneficial strain were in direct confrontation. These findings were subsequently confirmed through microscopic analysis, which illustrated the strain's capacity to inhibit spore germination and mycelial growth in both pathogens. Additionally, the study analysed the cell-free supernatant of the bacterium using UPLC-MS (ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). The results revealed that strain BE2 produces, among other metabolites, different families of cyclic lipopeptides that may be involved in biocontrol. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of strain BE2 in planta were assessed by quantifying the fungal DNA content directly at the leaf level after bacterization, using two different application methods (foliar and drenching). The results indicated that applying the beneficial bacterium at the root level significantly reduced pathogens pressure. Finally, gene expression analysis of different markers showed that BE2 application induced a priming effect within the first hours after infection. KEY POINTS: • BE2 managed Z. tritici and P. teres by direct antagonism and induced systemic resistance. • Strain BE2 produced seven metabolite families, including three cyclic lipopeptides. • Application of strain BE2 at the root level triggered plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Dutilloy
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, RIBP USC 1488, 51100, Reims, France
| | - Anthony Arguëlles Arias
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Laboratory, Terra Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Richet
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, Plateau Technique Mobile de Cytométrie Environnementale MOBICYTE, URCA/INERIS, UFR Sciences Exactes Et Naturelles, Reims, France
| | - Jean-François Guise
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, RIBP USC 1488, 51100, Reims, France
| | - Matthieu Duban
- Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UMRT, 1158 BioEcoAgro, Institut Charles Viollette, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Valérie Leclere
- Université de Lille, Université de Liège, UMRT, 1158 BioEcoAgro, Institut Charles Viollette, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Sameh Selim
- AGHYLE UP 2018.C101, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, 19 Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, F-60026, Beauvais Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Jacques
- Microbial Processes and Interactions Laboratory, Terra Teaching and Research Center, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Cédric Jacquard
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, RIBP USC 1488, 51100, Reims, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, RIBP USC 1488, 51100, Reims, France
| | - Essaïd Ait Barka
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, RIBP USC 1488, 51100, Reims, France
| | - Qassim Esmaeel
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, RIBP USC 1488, 51100, Reims, France.
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Battache M, Suarez-Fernandez M, Klooster MV, Cambon F, Sánchez-Vallet A, Lebrun MH, Langin T, Saintenac C. Stomatal penetration: the cornerstone of plant resistance to the fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:736. [PMID: 39095719 PMCID: PMC11295904 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the foliar fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, is one of the most damaging disease of wheat in Europe. Genetic resistance against this fungus relies on different types of resistance from non-host resistance (NHR) and host species specific resistance (HSSR) to host resistance mediated by quantitative trait loci (QTLs) or major resistance genes (Stb). Characterizing the diversity of theses resistances is of great importance for breeding wheat cultivars with efficient and durable resistance. While the functional mechanisms underlying these resistance types are not well understood, increasing piece of evidence suggest that fungus stomatal penetration and early establishment in the apoplast are both crucial for the outcome of some interactions between Z. tritici and plants. To validate and extend these previous observations, we conducted quantitative comparative phenotypical and cytological analyses of the infection process corresponding to 22 different interactions between plant species and Z. tritici isolates. These interactions included four major bread wheat Stb genes, four bread wheat accessions with contrasting quantitative resistance, two species resistant to Z. tritici isolates from bread wheat (HSSR) and four plant species resistant to all Z. tritici isolates (NHR). RESULTS Infiltration of Z. tritici spores into plant leaves allowed the partial bypass of all bread wheat resistances and durum wheat resistance, but not resistances from other plants species. Quantitative comparative cytological analysis showed that in the non-grass plant Nicotiana benthamiana, Z. tritici was stopped before stomatal penetration. By contrast, in all resistant grass plants, Z. tritici was stopped, at least partly, during stomatal penetration. The intensity of this early plant control process varied depending on resistance types, quantitative resistances being the least effective. These analyses also demonstrated that Stb-mediated resistances, HSSR and NHR, but not quantitative resistances, relied on the strong growth inhibition of the few Z. tritici penetrating hyphae at their entry point in the sub-stomatal cavity. CONCLUSIONS In addition to furnishing a robust quantitative cytological assessment system, our study uncovered three stopping patterns of Z. tritici by plant resistances. Stomatal resistance was found important for most resistances to Z. tritici, independently of its type (Stb, HSSR, NHR). These results provided a basis for the functional analysis of wheat resistance to Z. tritici and its improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Battache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marta Suarez-Fernandez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Technología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | | | - Florence Cambon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Vallet
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Technología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Marc-Henri Lebrun
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Thierry Langin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrille Saintenac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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3
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Sivaramakrishnan M, Veeraganti Naveen Prakash C, Chandrasekar B. Multifaceted roles of plant glycosyl hydrolases during pathogen infections: more to discover. PLANTA 2024; 259:113. [PMID: 38581452 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Carbohydrates are hydrolyzed by a family of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases. Here, we have summarized the roles of various plant defense glycosidases that possess different substrate specificities. We have also highlighted the open questions in this research field. Glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) are a family of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Compared to those of all other sequenced organisms, plant genomes contain a remarkable diversity of glycosidases. Plant glycosidases exhibit activities on various substrates and have been shown to play important roles during pathogen infections. Plant glycosidases from different GH families have been shown to act upon pathogen components, host cell walls, host apoplastic sugars, host secondary metabolites, and host N-glycans to mediate immunity against invading pathogens. We could classify the activities of these plant defense GHs under eleven different mechanisms through which they operate during pathogen infections. Here, we have provided comprehensive information on the catalytic activities, GH family classification, subcellular localization, domain structure, functional roles, and microbial strategies to regulate the activities of defense-related plant GHs. We have also emphasized the research gaps and potential investigations needed to advance this topic of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Pilani, 333031, India.
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Riseh RS, Vazvani MG, Kennedy JF. β-glucan-induced disease resistance in plants: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127043. [PMID: 37742892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR) are caused by various factors, including both pathogenic and non-pathogenic ones. β-glucan primarily originates from bacteria and fungi, some species of these organisms work as biological agents in causing diseases. When β-glucan enters plants, it triggers the defense system, leading to various reactions such as the production of proteins related to pathogenicity and defense enzymes. By extracting β-glucan from disturbed microorganisms and using it as an inducing agent, plant diseases can be effectively controlled by activating the plant's defense system. β-glucan plays a crucial role during the interaction between plants and pathogens. Therefore, modeling the plant-pathogen relationship and using the molecules involved in this interaction can help in controlling plant diseases, as pathogens have genes related to resistance against pathogenicity. Thus, it is reasonable to identify and use biological induction agents at a large scale by extracting these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
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5
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Fones HN, Soanes D, Gurr SJ. Epiphytic proliferation of Zymoseptoria tritici isolates on resistant wheat leaves. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 168:103822. [PMID: 37343618 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici is capable of a long period of pre-invasive epiphytic growth. Studies have shown that virulent isolates vary in the extent, duration and growth form of this epiphytic growth, and the fungus has been observed to undergo behaviours such as asexual reproduction by budding and vegetative fusion of hyphae on the leaf surface. This epiphytic colonisation has been investigated very little during interactions in which an isolate of Z. tritici is unable to colonise the apoplast, as occurs during avirulence. However, avirulent isolates have been seen to undergo sexual crosses in the absense of leaf penetration, and it is widely accepted that the main point of distinction between virulent and avirulent isolates occurs at the point of attempted leaf penetration or attempted apoplastic growth, which fails in the avirulent case. In this work, we describe extensive epiphytic growth in three isolates which are unable or have very limited ability to invade the leaf, and show that growth form is as variable as for fully virulent isolates. We demonstrate that during certain interactions, Z. tritici isolates rarely invade the leaf and form pycnidia, but induce necrosis. These isolates are able to achieve higher epiphytic biomass than fully virulent isolates during asymptomatic growth, and may undergo very extensive asexual reproduction on the leaf surface. These findings have implications for open questions such as whether and how Z. tritici obtains nutrients on the leaf surface and the nature of its interaction with wheat defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Fones
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - D Soanes
- University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - S J Gurr
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Department of Biosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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6
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Gupta PK, Vasistha NK, Singh S, Joshi AK. Genetics and breeding for resistance against four leaf spot diseases in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1023824. [PMID: 37063191 PMCID: PMC10096043 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1023824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In wheat, major yield losses are caused by a variety of diseases including rusts, spike diseases, leaf spot and root diseases. The genetics of resistance against all these diseases have been studied in great detail and utilized for breeding resistant cultivars. The resistance against leaf spot diseases caused by each individual necrotroph/hemi-biotroph involves a complex system involving resistance (R) genes, sensitivity (S) genes, small secreted protein (SSP) genes and quantitative resistance loci (QRLs). This review deals with resistance for the following four-leaf spot diseases: (i) Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) caused by Parastagonospora nodorum; (ii) Tan spot (TS) caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis; (iii) Spot blotch (SB) caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana and (iv) Septoria tritici blotch (STB) caused by Zymoseptoria tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Kumar Gupta
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
- Murdoch’s Centre for Crop and Food Innovation, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), National Agricultural Science Complex (NASC), Dev Prakash Shastri (DPS) Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Vasistha
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
- Department of Genetics-Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Dr Khem Singh Gill, Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, India
| | - Sahadev Singh
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
| | - Arun Kumar Joshi
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), National Agricultural Science Complex (NASC), Dev Prakash Shastri (DPS) Marg, New Delhi, India
- The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), National Agricultural Science Complex (NASC), Dev Prakash Shastri (DPS) Marg, New Delhi, India
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7
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New plant immunity elicitors from a sugar beet byproduct protect wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici. Sci Rep 2023; 13:90. [PMID: 36596821 PMCID: PMC9810720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26800-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The current worldwide context promoting agroecology and green agriculture require the discovery of new ecofriendly and sustainable plant protection tools. Plant resistance inducers, called also elicitors, are one of the most promising alternatives fitting with such requirements. We produced here a set of 30 molecules from pyroglutamic acid, bio-sourced from sugar beet byproducts, and examined for their biological activity on the major agro-economically pathosystem wheat-Zymoseptoria tritici. Foliar application of the molecules provided significant protection rates (up to 63% disease severity reduction) for 16 among them. Structure-activity relationship analysis highlighted the importance of all chemical groups of the pharmacophore in the bioactivity of the molecules. Further investigations using in vitro and in planta antifungal bioassays as well as plant molecular biomarkers revealed that the activity of the molecules did not rely on direct biocide activity towards the pathogen, but rather on the activation of plant defense mechanisms dependent on lipoxygenase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase, and pathogenesis-related protein pathways. This study reports a new family of bio-sourced resistance inducers and provides new insights into the valorization of agro-resources to develop the sustainable agriculture of tomorrow.
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8
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Chavanke SN, Penna S, Dalvi SG. β-Glucan and its nanocomposites in sustainable agriculture and environment: an overview of mechanisms and applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:80062-80087. [PMID: 35641741 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucan is an eco-friendly, biodegradable, and economical biopolymer with important roles for acquiring adaptations to mitigate climate change in crop plants. β-Glucan plays a crucial role in the activation of functional plant innate immune system by triggering the downward signaling cascade/s, resulting in the accumulation of different pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins), reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant defense enzymes, Ca2+-influx as well as activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Recent experimental studies have shown that β-glucan recognition is mediated by co-receptor LysMPRR (lysin motif pattern recognition receptor)-CERK1 (chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1), LYK4, and LYK5 (LysM-containing receptor-like kinase), as well as different receptor systems in plants that could be plant species-specific and/or age and/or tissue-dependent. Transgenic overexpression of β-glucanase, chitinase, and/or in combination with other PR-proteins like cationic peroxidase, AP24,thaumatin-likeprotein 1 (TLP-1) has also been achieved for improving plant disease resistance in crop plants, but the transgenic methods have some ethical and environmental concerns. In this regard, elicitation of plant immunity using biopolymer like β-glucan and chitosan offers an economical, safe, and publicly acceptable method. The β-glucan and chitosan nanocomposites have proven to be useful for the activation of plant defense pathways and to enhance plant response/systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against broad types of plant pathogens and mitigating multiple stresses under the changing climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath N Chavanke
- Tissue Culture Section, Agri. Sci. & Tech. Dept., Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune, India
| | | | - Sunil Govind Dalvi
- Tissue Culture Section, Agri. Sci. & Tech. Dept., Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune, India.
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9
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Priming with fungal elicitor elicits early signaling defense against leaf spot of broccoli underlying cellular, biochemical and gene expression. Microbiol Res 2022; 263:127143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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de Borba MC, Velho AC, de Freitas MB, Holvoet M, Maia-Grondard A, Baltenweck R, Magnin-Robert M, Randoux B, Hilbert JL, Reignault P, Hugueney P, Siah A, Stadnik MJ. A Laminarin-Based Formulation Protects Wheat Against Zymoseptoria tritici via Direct Antifungal Activity and Elicitation of Host Defense-Related Genes. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:1408-1418. [PMID: 34978870 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-21-1675-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of the laminarin-based formulation Vacciplant to protect and induce resistance in wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici, a major pathogen on this crop. Under greenhouse conditions, a single foliar spraying of the product 2 days before inoculation with Z. tritici reduced disease severity and pycnidium density by 42 and 45%, respectively. Vacciplant exhibited a direct antifungal activity on Z. tritici conidial germination both in vitro and in planta. Moreover, it reduced in planta substomatal colonization as well as pycnidium formation on treated leaves. Molecular investigations revealed that Vacciplant elicits but did not prime the expression of several wheat genes related to defense pathways, including phenylpropanoids (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase), octadecanoids (lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase), and pathogenesis-related proteins (β-1,3-endoglucanase and chitinase). By contrast, it did not modulate the expression of oxalate oxidase gene involved in the reactive oxygen species metabolism. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated limited changes in leaf metabolome after product application in both noninoculated and inoculated conditions, suggesting a low metabolic cost associated with induction of plant resistance. This study provides evidence that the laminarin-based formulation confers protection to wheat against Z. tritici through direct antifungal activity and elicitation of plant defense-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon C de Borba
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-001 Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
- Joint Research Unit Number 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, Université d'Artois, ULCO, INRAE, 2 Rue Norbert Ségard, BP 41290, F-59014 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Aline C Velho
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-001 Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), CS 80699, F-62228 Calais Cedex, France
| | - Mateus B de Freitas
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-001 Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
- Joint Research Unit Number 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, Université d'Artois, ULCO, INRAE, 2 Rue Norbert Ségard, BP 41290, F-59014 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Maxime Holvoet
- Joint Research Unit Number 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, Université d'Artois, ULCO, INRAE, 2 Rue Norbert Ségard, BP 41290, F-59014 Lille Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), CS 80699, F-62228 Calais Cedex, France
| | - Béatrice Randoux
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), CS 80699, F-62228 Calais Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Hilbert
- Joint Research Unit Number 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, Université d'Artois, ULCO, INRAE, 2 Rue Norbert Ségard, BP 41290, F-59014 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Reignault
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), CS 80699, F-62228 Calais Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Hugueney
- Université de Strasbourg, INRAE, SVQV UMR-A1131, 68000 Colmar, France
| | - Ali Siah
- Joint Research Unit Number 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, Université d'Artois, ULCO, INRAE, 2 Rue Norbert Ségard, BP 41290, F-59014 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Marciel J Stadnik
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Rod. Admar Gonzaga 1346, 88034-001 Florianópolis-SC, Brazil
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11
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Rojas EC, Jensen B, Jørgensen HJL, Latz MAC, Esteban P, Collinge DB. The Fungal Endophyte Penicillium olsonii ML37 Reduces Fusarium Head Blight by Local Induced Resistance in Wheat Spikes. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040345. [PMID: 35448576 PMCID: PMC9025337 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal endophyte Penicillium olsonii ML37 is a biocontrol agent of Fusarium head blight in wheat (caused by Fusarium graminearum), which has shown a limited direct inhibition of fungal growth in vitro. We used RNA-seq and LC-MS/MS analyses to elucidate metabolic interactions of the three-way system Penicillium–wheat–Fusarium in greenhouse experiments. We demonstrated that P. olsonii ML37 colonises wheat spikes and transiently activates plant defence mechanisms, as pretreated spikes show a faster and stronger expression of the defence metabolism during the first 24 h after pathogen inoculation. This effect was transient and the expression of the same genes was lower in the pathogen-infected spikes than in those infected by P. olsonii alone. This response to the endophyte includes the transcriptional activation of several WRKY transcription factors. This early activation is associated with a reduction in FHB symptoms and significantly lower levels of the F. graminearum metabolites 15-acetyl-DON and culmorin. An increase in the Penicillium-associated metabolite asperphanamate confirms colonisation by the endophyte. Our results suggest that the mode of action used by P. olsonii ML37 is via a local defence activation in wheat spikes, and that this fungus has potential as a novel biological alternative in wheat disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C. Rojas
- Section for Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.J.); (P.E.)
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (H.J.L.J.); (M.A.C.L.)
- Chr Hansen A/S, Højbakkegård Alle 30, 2630 Tåstrup, Denmark
- Correspondence: (E.C.R.); (D.B.C.); Tel.: +45-353-33356 (D.B.C.)
| | - Birgit Jensen
- Section for Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.J.); (P.E.)
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (H.J.L.J.); (M.A.C.L.)
| | - Hans J. L. Jørgensen
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (H.J.L.J.); (M.A.C.L.)
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Meike A. C. Latz
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (H.J.L.J.); (M.A.C.L.)
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark
- SciLifeLab, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Pilar Esteban
- Section for Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.J.); (P.E.)
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (H.J.L.J.); (M.A.C.L.)
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Agro-Environmental Sciences, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - David B. Collinge
- Section for Microbial Ecology and Biotechnology, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (B.J.); (P.E.)
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Copenhagen, Denmark; (H.J.L.J.); (M.A.C.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.C.R.); (D.B.C.); Tel.: +45-353-33356 (D.B.C.)
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12
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Battache M, Lebrun MH, Sakai K, Soudière O, Cambon F, Langin T, Saintenac C. Blocked at the Stomatal Gate, a Key Step of Wheat Stb16q-Mediated Resistance to Zymoseptoria tritici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:921074. [PMID: 35832231 PMCID: PMC9271956 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.921074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Septoria tritici blotch (STB), caused by the fungus Zymoseptoria tritici, is among the most threatening wheat diseases in Europe. Genetic resistance remains one of the main environmentally sustainable strategies to efficiently control STB. However, the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying resistance are still unknown, limiting the implementation of knowledge-driven management strategies. Among the 22 known major resistance genes (Stb), the recently cloned Stb16q gene encodes a cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase conferring a full broad-spectrum resistance against Z. tritici. Here, we showed that an avirulent Z. tritici inoculated on Stb16q quasi near isogenic lines (NILs) either by infiltration into leaf tissues or by brush inoculation of wounded tissues partially bypasses Stb16q-mediated resistance. To understand this bypass, we monitored the infection of GFP-labeled avirulent and virulent isolates on Stb16q NILs, from germination to pycnidia formation. This quantitative cytological analysis revealed that 95% of the penetration attempts were unsuccessful in the Stb16q incompatible interaction, while almost all succeeded in compatible interactions. Infectious hyphae resulting from the few successful penetration events in the Stb16q incompatible interaction were arrested in the sub-stomatal cavity of the primary-infected stomata. These results indicate that Stb16q-mediated resistance mainly blocks the avirulent isolate during its stomatal penetration into wheat tissue. Analyses of stomatal aperture of the Stb16q NILs during infection revealed that Stb16q triggers a temporary stomatal closure in response to an avirulent isolate. Finally, we showed that infiltrating avirulent isolates into leaves of the Stb6 and Stb9 NILs also partially bypasses resistances, suggesting that arrest during stomatal penetration might be a common major mechanism for Stb-mediated resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Battache
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marc-Henri Lebrun
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Kaori Sakai
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Olivier Soudière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florence Cambon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Langin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrille Saintenac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, GDEC, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- *Correspondence: Cyrille Saintenac,
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13
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Shetty R, Jensen B, Shelton D, Jørgensen K, Pedas P, Jørgensen HJL. Site-specific, silicon-induced structural and molecular defence responses against powdery mildew infection in roses. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:4545-4554. [PMID: 34075680 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicon (Si) application to miniature potted roses can decrease severity of powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa) and this is associated with increased accumulation of callose and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) as well as hypersensitive (HR) cells. We used microscopy, gene expression and specific inhibitors of callose and H2 O2 to determine how effective these plant responses are in stopping infection. RESULTS Pathogen arrest in Si-treated (Si+) plants was accompanied by increased accumulation of callose and H2 O2 in papillae and HR cells, respectively. These responses were reduced by application of specific inhibitors (2-deoxy-d-glucose for callose and catalase for H2 O2 ), which increased disease severity in Si+, but not in Si- plants. As markers for HR and callose, expression of the HR-specific gene hsr203J and the wound-related callose synthase GSL5, respectively, was studied. An up-regulation of expression was only seen after isolation of HR cells with laser capture microdissection. The up-regulation was higher in Si+ than in Si- plants and occurred concomitantly with more efficient photosynthesis in Si+ plants at high disease severity as compared to Si- plants. CONCLUSION Silicon-mediated activation of callose and H2 O2 are decisive factors in the defence of rose against P. pannosa and these responses were accompanied with more efficient photosynthesis to strengthen the plant. Only by isolation of HR cells using laser capture microdissection as compared to analysis of whole leaf tissues allowed detection of elevated transcript levels of hsr203J and GSL5 at infection sites as markers for HR. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishna Shetty
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Birgit Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dale Shelton
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kirsten Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pai Pedas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Carlsberg Group, J.C. Jacobsens Gade 1, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Hans Jørgen Lyngs Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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14
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Zuhar LM, Madihah AZ, Ahmad SA, Zainal Z, Idris AS, Shaharuddin NA. Identification of Oil Palm's Consistently Upregulated Genes during Early Infections of Ganoderma boninense via RNA-Seq Technology and Real-Time Quantitative PCR. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102026. [PMID: 34685835 PMCID: PMC8537556 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by pathogenic fungus Ganoderma boninense is a significant concern in the oil palm industry. G. boninense infection in oil palm induces defense-related genes. To understand oil palm defense mechanisms in response to fungal invasion, we analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) derived from RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) transcriptomic libraries of oil palm roots infected with G. boninense. A total of 126 DEGs were detected from the transcriptomic libraries of G. boninense-infected root tissues at different infection stages. Functional annotation via pathway enrichment analyses revealed that the DEGs were involved in the defense response against the pathogen. The expression of the selected DEGs was further confirmed using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) on independent oil palm seedlings and mature palm samples. Seven putative defense-related DEGs consistently showed upregulation in seedlings and mature plants during G. boninense infection. These seven genes might potentially be developed as biomarkers for the early detection of BSR in oil palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyana Mohd Zuhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.M.Z.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Ahmad Zairun Madihah
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.Z.M.); (A.S.I.)
| | - Siti Aqlima Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.M.Z.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Zamri Zainal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia UKM, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Abu Seman Idris
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.Z.M.); (A.S.I.)
| | - Noor Azmi Shaharuddin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (L.M.Z.); (S.A.A.)
- Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zhong L, Fan Q, Lan Z, Ye X, Huang Y, Li Z, Cui Z. Functional Characterization of the Novel Laminaripentaose-Producing β-1,3-Glucanase MoGluB and Its Biocontrol of Magnaporthe oryzae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:9571-9584. [PMID: 34378924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fungal cell wall synthesizing enzymes or remodeling enzymes represent key factors for the interaction of plant pathogen and antifungal agents, which are regarded as potential biocontrol agents. In this study, a novel endo-β-1,3-glucanase from Magnaporthe oryzae was expressed and characterized. The expression of MoGluB was significantly upregulated after 2 days of liquid culture and 48 h after infection, indicating that it may be involved in cell wall reconstitution. Purified MoGluB exhibited high activity on insoluble β-glucans, with a specific activity of 8.18 U/mg toward yeast glucan at pH 9.0 and 50 °C. MoGluB hydrolyzed pachymaran and yeast glucan into oligosaccharides dominated by laminaripentaose, suggesting that it is an endo-β-1,3-glucanase. Incubation of 8 μg of MoGluB with 106 spores/mL resulted in the inhibition of conidial germination and appressorium formation of M. oryzae, illustrating effective biocontrol activity. Hydrolysates of pachymaran induced the expression of defense genes restricting M. oryzae infection in rice plants, indicating an immunostimulatory effect of MoGluB hydrolysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Lingli Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Qiwen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Zejun Lan
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Zhoukun Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
| | - Zhongli Cui
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Life Sciences of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P. R. China
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16
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Mejri S, Magnin-Robert M, Randoux B, Ghinet A, Halama P, Siah A, Reignault P. Saccharin Provides Protection and Activates Defense Mechanisms in Wheat Against the Hemibiotrophic Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:780-786. [PMID: 32830594 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-20-1106-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance inducers are among the most promising alternatives to develop sustainable crop protection. Here, we examined the ability of saccharin, a metabolite derived from probenazole, to protect wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici, the most frequently occurring and damaging foliar pathogen on this crop. The experiments were performed in the greenhouse by treating seedlings of the wheat cultivar 'Alixan' with 15 mM of saccharin 2 days before challenge inoculation with the Z. tritici pathogenic strain T02596. Foliar application of saccharin resulted in 77% lower disease severity than in nontreated control plants. In vitro and in planta assays showed that saccharin did not exhibit any direct antifungal effect on spore germination or hyphal growth. Molecular investigations from 2 to 7 days posttreatment (dpt) revealed that saccharin treatment upregulates the expression of genes encoding for lipoxygenase (LOX) at all sampled time points and pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) at 7 dpt, in both noninfectious and infectious contexts, as well as peroxidase (POX2) in noninfectious conditions. However, saccharin did not induce significant change in the expression of PAL gene encoding for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Our findings report for the first time the potential of saccharin to confer protection in wheat against Z. tritici through an elicitation and priming of LOX and PR gene-related defense pathways. Additional investigations would provide a better deciphering of defense mechanisms activated by this molecule in wheat against Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Mejri
- UMR-Transfrontalière 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, ULCO, UPJV, Université de Liège, INRAE, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université de Littoral Côte d'Opale, 62228 Calais, France
| | - Beatrice Randoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université de Littoral Côte d'Opale, 62228 Calais, France
| | - Alina Ghinet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Durable et Santé, Yncréa Hauts-de-France, Heath & Environment Department, Team Sustainable Chemistry, 59046 Lille, France
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Iasi, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Patrice Halama
- UMR-Transfrontalière 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, ULCO, UPJV, Université de Liège, INRAE, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Ali Siah
- UMR-Transfrontalière 1158 BioEcoAgro, Junia, Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, ULCO, UPJV, Université de Liège, INRAE, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Reignault
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, Université de Littoral Côte d'Opale, 62228 Calais, France
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17
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de Borba MC, Velho AC, Maia-Grondard A, Baltenweck R, Magnin-Robert M, Randoux B, Holvoet M, Hilbert JL, Flahaut C, Reignault P, Hugueney P, Stadnik MJ, Siah A. The Algal Polysaccharide Ulvan Induces Resistance in Wheat Against Zymoseptoria tritici Without Major Alteration of Leaf Metabolome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:703712. [PMID: 34552606 PMCID: PMC8450535 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.703712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the ability of ulvan, a water-soluble polysaccharide from the green seaweed Ulva fasciata, to provide protection and induce resistance in wheat against the hemibiotrophic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis indicated that ulvan is mainly composed of unsaturated monosaccharides (rhamnose, rhamnose-3-sulfate, and xylose) and numerous uronic acid residues. In the greenhouse, foliar application of ulvan at 10 mg.ml-1 2 days before fungal inoculation reduced disease severity and pycnidium density by 45 and 50%, respectively. Ulvan did not exhibit any direct antifungal activity toward Z. tritici, neither in vitro nor in planta. However, ulvan treatment significantly reduced substomatal colonization and pycnidium formation within the mesophyll of treated leaves. Molecular assays revealed that ulvan spraying elicits, but does not prime, the expression of genes involved in several wheat defense pathways, including pathogenesis-related proteins (β-1,3-endoglucanase and chitinase), reactive oxygen species metabolism (oxalate oxidase), and the octadecanoid pathway (lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase), while no upregulation was recorded for gene markers of the phenylpropanoid pathway (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase). Interestingly, the quantification of 83 metabolites from major chemical families using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) in both non-infectious and infectious conditions showed no substantial changes in wheat metabolome upon ulvan treatment, suggesting a low metabolic cost associated with ulvan-induced resistance. Our findings provide evidence that ulvan confers protection and triggers defense mechanisms in wheat against Z. tritici without major modification of the plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon C. de Borba
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Joint Research Unit N° 1158 BioEcoAgro, ULCO, INRAE, University of Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, Lille, France
| | - Aline C. Velho
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais, France
| | | | | | - Maryline Magnin-Robert
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais, France
| | - Béatrice Randoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais, France
| | - Maxime Holvoet
- Joint Research Unit N° 1158 BioEcoAgro, ULCO, INRAE, University of Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Hilbert
- Joint Research Unit N° 1158 BioEcoAgro, ULCO, INRAE, University of Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, Lille, France
| | - Christophe Flahaut
- Joint Research Unit N° 1158 BioEcoAgro, ULCO, INRAE, University of Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Reignault
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (EA 4492), Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, Calais, France
| | | | - Marciel J. Stadnik
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Science Center (UFSC-CCA), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Marciel J. Stadnik,
| | - Ali Siah
- Joint Research Unit N° 1158 BioEcoAgro, ULCO, INRAE, University of Lille, Université Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, Lille, France
- *Correspondence: Ali Siah,
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18
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Saur IML, Hückelhoven R. Recognition and defence of plant-infecting fungal pathogens. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 256:153324. [PMID: 33249386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attempted infections of plants with fungi result in diverse outcomes ranging from symptom-less resistance to severe disease and even death of infected plants. The deleterious effect on crop yield have led to intense focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that explain the difference between resistance and susceptibility. This research has uncovered plant resistance or susceptibility genes that explain either dominant or recessive inheritance of plant resistance with many of them coding for receptors that recognize pathogen invasion. Approaches based on cell biology and phytochemistry have contributed to identifying factors that halt an invading fungal pathogen from further invasion into or between plant cells. Plant chemical defence compounds, antifungal proteins and structural reinforcement of cell walls appear to slow down fungal growth or even prevent fungal penetration in resistant plants. Additionally, the hypersensitive response, in which a few cells undergo a strong local immune reaction, including programmed cell death at the site of infection, stops in particular biotrophic fungi from spreading into surrounding tissue. In this review, we give a general overview of plant recognition and defence of fungal parasites tracing back to the early 20th century with a special focus on Triticeae and on the progress that was made in the last 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel M L Saur
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Ramann-Straße 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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19
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Oligosaccharides: Defense Inducers, Their Recognition in Plants, Commercial Uses and Perspectives. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245972. [PMID: 33339414 PMCID: PMC7766089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have innate immune systems or defense mechanisms that respond to the attack of pathogenic microorganisms. Unlike mammals, they lack mobile defense cells, so defense processes depend on autonomous cellular events with a broad repertoire of recognition to detect pathogens, which compensates for the lack of an adaptive immune system. These defense mechanisms remain inactive or latent until they are activated after exposure or contact with inducing agents, or after the application of the inductor; they remain inactive only until they are affected by a pathogen or challenged by an elicitor from the same. Resistance induction represents a focus of interest, as it promotes the activation of plant defense mechanisms, reducing the use of chemical synthesis pesticides, an alternative that has even led to the generation of new commercial products with high efficiency, stability and lower environmental impact, which increase productivity by reducing not only losses but also increasing plant growth. Considering the above, the objective of this review is to address the issue of resistance induction with a focus on the potential of the use of oligosaccharides in agriculture, how they are recognized by plants, how they can be used for commercial products and perspectives.
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20
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Zhou B, Benbow HR, Brennan CJ, Arunachalam C, Karki SJ, Mullins E, Feechan A, Burke JI, Doohan FM. Wheat Encodes Small, Secreted Proteins That Contribute to Resistance to Septoria Tritici Blotch. Front Genet 2020; 11:469. [PMID: 32477410 PMCID: PMC7235427 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interactions, pathogens secrete many rapidly evolving, small secreted proteins (SSPs) that can modify plant defense and permit pathogens to colonize plant tissue. The fungal pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici is the causal agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB), one of the most important foliar diseases of wheat, globally. Z. tritici is a strictly apoplastic pathogen that can secrete numerous proteins into the apoplast of wheat leaves to promote infection. We sought to determine if, during STB infection, wheat also secretes small proteins into the apoplast to mediate the recognition of pathogen proteins and/or induce defense responses. To explore this, we developed an SSP-discovery pipeline to identify small, secreted proteins from wheat genomic data. Using this pipeline, we identified 6,998 SSPs, representing 2.3% of all proteins encoded by the wheat genome. We then mined a microarray dataset, detailing a resistant and susceptible host response to STB, and identified 141 Z. tritici- responsive SSPs, representing 4.7% of all proteins encoded by Z. tritici - responsive genes. We demonstrate that a subset of these SSPs have a functional signal peptide and can interact with Z. tritici SSPs. Transiently silencing two of these wheat SSPs using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) shows an increase in susceptibility to STB, confirming their role in defense against Z. tritici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhou
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Harriet R. Benbow
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciarán J. Brennan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chanemougasoundharam Arunachalam
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sujit J. Karki
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ewen Mullins
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Angela Feechan
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James I. Burke
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona M. Doohan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Huang PW, Yang Q, Zhu YL, Zhou J, Sun K, Mei YZ, Dai CC. The construction of CRISPR-Cas9 system for endophytic Phomopsis liquidambaris and its PmkkA-deficient mutant revealing the effect on rice. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 136:103301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Attia Z, Dalal A, Moshelion M. Vascular bundle sheath and mesophyll cells modulate leaf water balance in response to chitin. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:1368-1377. [PMID: 31680316 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants can detect pathogen invasion by sensing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). This sensing process leads to the induction of defense responses. Numerous MAMP mechanisms of action have been described in and outside the guard cells. Here, we describe the effects of chitin, a MAMP found in fungal cell walls and insects, on the cellular osmotic water permeability (Pf ) of the leaf vascular bundle-sheath (BS) and mesophyll cells (MCs), and its subsequent effect on leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ). BS is a parenchymatic tissue that tightly encases the vascular system. BS cells (BSCs) have been shown to influence Kleaf through changes in their Pf , for example, after sensing the abiotic stress response-regulating hormone abscisic acid. It was recently reported that, in Arabidopsis, the chitin receptors-like kinases, chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1 (CERK1) and LYSINE MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE 5 (LYK5) are highly expressed in the BS as well as the neighboring mesophyll. Therefore, we studied the possible impact of chitin on these cells. Our results revealed that BSCs and MCs exhibit a sharp decrease in Pf in response to chitin treatment. In addition, xylem-fed chitin decreased Kleaf and led to stomatal closure. However, Atlyk5 mutant showed none of these responses. Complementing AtLYK5 in the BSCs (using the SCARECROW promoter) resulted in the response to chitin that was similar to that observed in the wild-type. These results suggest that BS play a role in the perception of apoplastic chitin and in initiating chitin-triggered immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Attia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ahan Dalal
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Menachem Moshelion
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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23
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The Expression of Potato Expansin A3 ( StEXPA3) and Extensin4 ( StEXT4) Genes with Distribution of StEXPAs and HRGPs-Extensin Changes as an Effect of Cell Wall Rebuilding in Two Types of PVY NTN- Solanum tuberosum Interactions. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010066. [PMID: 31948116 PMCID: PMC7020060 DOI: 10.3390/v12010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall acts not only as a physical barrier, but also as a complex and dynamic structure that actively changes under different biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The question is, how are the different cell wall compounds modified during different interactions with exogenous stimuli such as pathogens? Plants exposed to viral pathogens respond to unfavorable conditions on multiple levels. One challenge that plants face under viral stress is the number of processes required for differential cell wall remodeling. The key players in these conditions are the cell wall genes and proteins, which can be regulated in specific ways during the interactions and have direct influences on the rebuilding of the cell wall structure. The cell wall modifications occurring in plants during viral infection remain poorly described. Therefore, this study focuses on cell wall dynamics as an effect of incompatible interactions between the potato virus Y (PVYNTN) and resistant potatoes (hypersensitive plant), as well as compatible (susceptible plant) interactions. Our analysis describes, for the first time, the expression of the potato expansin A3 (StEXPA3) and potato extensin 4 (StEXT4) genes in PVYNTN-susceptible and -resistant potato plant interactions. The results indicated a statistically significant induction of the StEXPA3 gene during a susceptible response. By contrast, we demonstrated the predominantly gradual activation of the StEXT4 gene during the hypersensitive response to PVYNTN inoculation. Moreover, the in situ distributions of expansins (StEXPAs), which are essential cell wall-associated proteins, and the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) extensin were investigated in two types of interactions. Furthermore, cell wall loosening was accompanied by an increase in StEXPA deposition in a PVYNTN-susceptible potato, whereas the HRGP content dynamically increased during the hypersensitive response, when the cell wall was reinforced. Ultrastructural localization and quantification revealed that the HRGP extensin was preferably located in the apoplast, but deposition in the symplast was also observed in resistant plants. Interestingly, during the hypersensitive response, StEXPA proteins were mainly located in the symplast area, in contrast to the susceptible potato where StEXPA proteins were mainly observed in the cell wall. These findings revealed that changes in the intracellular distribution and abundance of StEXPAs and HRGPs can be differentially regulated, depending on different types of PVYNTN–potato plant interactions, and confirmed the involvement of apoplast and symplast activation as a defense response mechanism.
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24
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Brennan CJ, Zhou B, Benbow HR, Ajaz S, Karki SJ, Hehir JG, O’Driscoll A, Feechan A, Mullins E, Doohan FM. Taxonomically Restricted Wheat Genes Interact With Small Secreted Fungal Proteins and Enhance Resistance to Septoria Tritici Blotch Disease. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:433. [PMID: 32477375 PMCID: PMC7236048 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the nuances of host/pathogen interactions are paramount if we wish to effectively control cereal diseases. In the case of the wheat/Zymoseptoria tritici interaction that leads to Septoria tritici blotch (STB) disease, a 10,000-year-old conflict has led to considerable armaments being developed on both sides which are not reflected in conventional model systems. Taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs) have evolved in wheat to better allow it to cope with stress caused by fungal pathogens, and Z. tritici has evolved specialized effectors which allow it to manipulate its' host. A microarray focused on the latent phase response of a resistant wheat cultivar (cv. Stigg) and susceptible wheat cultivar (cv. Gallant) to Z. tritici infection was mined for TRGs within the Poaceae. From this analysis, we identified two TRGs that were significantly upregulated in response to Z. tritici infection, Septoria-responsive TRG6 and 7 (TaSRTRG6 and TaSRTRG7). Virus induced silencing of these genes resulted in an increased susceptibility to STB disease in cvs. Gallant and Stigg, and significantly so in the latter (2.5-fold increase in STB disease). In silico and localization studies categorized TaSRTRG6 as a secreted protein and TaSRTRG7 as an intracellular protein. Yeast two-hybrid analysis and biofluorescent complementation studies demonstrated that both TaSRTRG6 and TaSRTRG7 can interact with small proteins secreted by Z. tritici (potential effector candidates). Thus we conclude that TRGs are an important part of the wheat-Z. tritici co-evolution story and potential candidates for modulating STB resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán J. Brennan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science and UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Binbin Zhou
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science and UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Harriet R. Benbow
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science and UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Sobia Ajaz
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science and UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Sujit J. Karki
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | | | | | - Angela Feechan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Ewen Mullins
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc, Carlow, Ireland
| | - Fiona M. Doohan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science and UCD Earth Institute, UCD O’Brien Centre for Science (East), University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Fiona M. Doohan,
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25
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Ors M, Randoux B, Siah A, Couleaud G, Maumené C, Sahmer K, Reignault P, Halama P, Selim S. A Plant Nutrient- and Microbial Protein-Based Resistance Inducer Elicits Wheat Cultivar-Dependent Resistance Against Zymoseptoria tritici. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:2033-2045. [PMID: 31294680 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-19-0075-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The induction of plant defense mechanisms by resistance inducers is an attractive and innovative alternative to reduce the use of fungicides on wheat against Zymoseptoria tritici, the responsible agent of Septoria tritici blotch (STB). Under controlled conditions, we investigated the resistance induction in three wheat cultivars with different susceptible levels to STB as a response to a treatment with a sulfur, manganese sulfate, and protein-based resistance inducer (NECTAR Céréales). While no direct antigermination effect of the product was observed in planta, more than 50% reduction of both symptoms and sporulation were recorded on the three tested cultivars. However, an impact of the wheat genotype on resistance induction was highlighted, which affects host penetration, cell colonization, and the production of cell-wall degrading enzymes by the fungus. Moreover, in the most susceptible cultivar Alixan, the product upregulated POX2, PAL, PR1, and GLUC gene expression in both noninoculated and inoculated plants and CHIT2 in noninoculated plants only. In contrast, defense responses induced in Altigo, the most resistant cultivar, seem to be more specifically mediated by the phenylpropanoid pathway in noninoculated as well as inoculated plants, since PAL and CHS were most specifically upregulated in this cultivar. In Premio, the moderate resistant cultivar, NECTAR Céréales elicits mainly the octadecanoid pathway, via LOX and AOS induction in noninoculated plants. We concluded that this complex resistance-inducing product protects wheat against Z. tritici by stimulating the cultivar-dependent plant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ors
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais Cedex, France
- Arvalis-Institut du Végétal, Station expérimentale de Boigneville, F-91720 Boigneville, France
| | - B Randoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais Cedex, France
| | - A Siah
- Institut Charles Viollette (EA 7394), Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture, Université de Lille, 48 Boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - G Couleaud
- Arvalis-Institut du Végétal, Station expérimentale de Boigneville, F-91720 Boigneville, France
| | - C Maumené
- Arvalis-Institut du Végétal, Station expérimentale de Boigneville, F-91720 Boigneville, France
| | - K Sahmer
- Equipe Sols et Environnement, Laboratoire Génie Civil et géoEnvironnement (EA 4515), Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture, 48 Boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - P Reignault
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, CS 80699, F-62228, Calais Cedex, France
| | - P Halama
- Institut Charles Viollette (EA 7394), Institut Supérieur d'Agriculture, Université de Lille, 48 Boulevard Vauban, F-59046 Lille Cedex, France
| | - S Selim
- AGHYLE, SFR Condorcet 3417, Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, 19 Rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, F-60026 Beauvais Cedex, France
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26
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Wojtasik W, Boba A, Preisner M, Kostyn K, Szopa J, Kulma A. DNA Methylation Profile of β-1,3-Glucanase and Chitinase Genes in Flax Shows Specificity Towards Fusarium Oxysporum Strains Differing in Pathogenicity. Microorganisms 2019; 7:E589. [PMID: 31757035 PMCID: PMC6956085 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most losses in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) crops are caused by fungal infections. The new epigenetic approach to improve plant resistance requires broadening the knowledge about the influence of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strains on changes in the profile of DNA methylation. Two contrasting effects on the levels of methylation in flax have been detected for both types of Fusarium strain infection: Genome-wide hypermethylation and hypomethylation of resistance-related genes (β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase). Despite the differences in methylation profile, the expression of these genes increased. Plants pretreated with the non-pathogenic strain memorize the hypomethylation pattern and then react more efficiently upon pathogen infection. The peak of demethylation correlates with the alteration in gene expression induced by the non-pathogenic strain. In the case of pathogen infection, the expression peak lags behind the gene demethylation. Dynamic changes in tetramer methylation induced by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Fusarium strains are dependent on the ratio between the level of methyltransferase and demethylase gene expression. Infection with both Fusarium strains suppressed methyltransferase expression and increased the demethylase (demeter) transcript level. The obtained results provide important new information about changes in methylation profile and thus expression regulation of pathogenesis-related genes in the flax plant response to stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Wojtasik
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.); (M.P.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Boba
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.); (M.P.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Marta Preisner
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.); (M.P.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Kostyn
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.); (M.P.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.); (M.P.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (A.K.)
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Plant Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.B.); (M.P.); (K.K.); (J.S.); (A.K.)
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27
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Eisermann I, Weihmann F, Krijger JJ, Kröling C, Hause G, Menzel M, Pienkny S, Kiesow A, Deising HB, Wirsel SGR. Two genes in a pathogenicity gene cluster encoding secreted proteins are required for appressorial penetration and infection of the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:4773-4791. [PMID: 31599055 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To avoid pathogen-associated molecular pattern recognition, the hemibiotrophic maize pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola secretes proteins mediating the establishment of biotrophy. Targeted deletion of 26 individual candidate genes and seven gene clusters comprising 32 genes of C. graminicola identified a pathogenicity cluster (CLU5) of five co-linear genes, all of which, with the exception of CLU5b, encode secreted proteins. Targeted deletion of all genes of CLU5 revealed that CLU5a and CLU5d are required for full appressorial penetration competence, with virulence deficiencies independent of the host genotype and organ inoculated. Cytorrhysis experiments and microscopy showed that Δclu5a mutants form pressurized appressoria, but they are hampered in forming penetration pores and fail to differentiate a penetration peg. Whereas Δclu5d mutants elicited WT-like papillae, albeit at increased frequencies, papillae induced by Δclu5a mutants were much smaller than those elicited by the WT. Synteny of CLU5 is not only conserved in Colletotrichum spp. but also in additional species of Sordariomycetes including insect pathogens and saprophytes suggesting importance of CLU5 for fungal biology. Since CLU5a and CLU5d also occur in non-pathogenic fungi and since they are expressed prior to plant invasion and even in vegetative hyphae, the encoded proteins probably do not act primarily as effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Eisermann
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fabian Weihmann
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jorrit-Jan Krijger
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Kröling
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Sächsisches Landesamt für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Geologie, Abteilung Obst-, Gemüse- und Weinbau, August-Böckstiegel-Str. 1, D-01326, Dresden-Pillnitz, Germany
| | - Gerd Hause
- Biozentrum der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 22, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Matthias Menzel
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Mikrostruktur von Werkstoffen und Systemen, Biologische und makromolekulare Materialien, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Silke Pienkny
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andreas Kiesow
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Mikrostruktur von Werkstoffen und Systemen, Biologische und makromolekulare Materialien, Walter-Hülse-Str. 1, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Holger B Deising
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan G R Wirsel
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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28
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Jaroszuk-Ściseł J, Tyśkiewicz R, Nowak A, Ozimek E, Majewska M, Hanaka A, Tyśkiewicz K, Pawlik A, Janusz G. Phytohormones (Auxin, Gibberellin) and ACC Deaminase In Vitro Synthesized by the Mycoparasitic Trichoderma DEMTkZ3A0 Strain and Changes in the Level of Auxin and Plant Resistance Markers in Wheat Seedlings Inoculated with this Strain Conidia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4923. [PMID: 31590281 PMCID: PMC6801869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both hormonal balance and plant growth may be shaped by microorganisms synthesizing phytohormones, regulating its synthesis in the plant and inducing plant resistance by releasing elicitors from cell walls (CW) by degrading enzymes (CWDE). It was shown that the Trichoderma DEMTkZ3A0 strain, isolated from a healthy rye rhizosphere, colonized the rhizoplane of wheat seedlings and root border cells (RBC) and caused approximately 40% increase of stem weight. The strain inhibited (in over 90%) the growth of polyphagous Fusarium spp. (F. culmorum, F. oxysporum, F. graminearum) phytopathogens through a mechanism of mycoparasitism. Chitinolytic and glucanolytic activity, strongly stimulated by CW of F. culmorum in the DEMTkZ3A0 liquid culture, is most likely responsible for the lysis of hyphae and macroconidia of phytopathogenic Fusarium spp. as well as the release of plant resistance elicitors. In DEMTkZ3A0 inoculated plants, an increase in the activity of the six tested plant resistance markers and a decrease in the concentration of indoleacetic acid (IAA) auxin were noted. IAA and gibberellic acid (GA) but also the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase (ACCD) enzyme regulating ethylene production by plant were synthesized by DEMTkZ3A0 in the liquid culture. IAA synthesis was dependent on tryptophan and negatively correlated with temperature, whereas GA synthesis was positively correlated with the biomass and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Jaroszuk-Ściseł
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Renata Tyśkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska St. 2, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Artur Nowak
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Ozimek
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Majewska
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Hanaka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Tyśkiewicz
- ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network-New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego Ave. 13a, 24-110 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Anna Pawlik
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Janusz
- Department of Biochemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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29
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Gillmeister M, Ballert S, Raschke A, Geistlinger J, Kabrodt K, Baltruschat H, Deising HB, Schellenberg I. Polyphenols from Rheum Roots Inhibit Growth of Fungal and Oomycete Phytopathogens and Induce Plant Disease Resistance. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1674-1684. [PMID: 31095470 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-07-18-1168-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A growing world population requires an increase in the quality and quantity of food production. However, field losses due to biotic stresses are currently estimated to be between 10 and 20% worldwide. The risk of resistance and strict pesticide legislation necessitate innovative agronomical practices to adequately protect crops in the future, such as the identification of new substances with novel modes of action. In the present study, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was used to characterize Rheum rhabarbarum root extracts that were primarily composed of the stilbenes rhaponticin, desoxyrhaponticin, and resveratrol. Minor components were the flavonoids catechin, epicatechin gallate, and procyanidin B1. Specific polyphenolic mixtures inhibited mycelial growth of several phytopathogenic fungi and oomycetes. Foliar spray applications with fractions containing stilbenes and flavonoids inhibited spore germination of powdery mildew in Hordeum vulgare with indications of synergistic interactions. Formulated extracts led to a significant reduction in the incidence of brown rust in Triticum aestivum under field conditions. Arabidopsis thaliana mutant and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction studies suggested that the stilbenes induce salicylic acid-mediated resistance. Thus, the identified substances of Rheum roots represent an excellent source of antifungal agents that can be used in horticulture and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Gillmeister
- 1 Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences (IBAS), Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Silvia Ballert
- 1 Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences (IBAS), Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Anja Raschke
- 2 Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences - Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Joerg Geistlinger
- 1 Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences (IBAS), Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kabrodt
- 1 Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences (IBAS), Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Helmut Baltruschat
- 1 Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences (IBAS), Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
| | - Holger B Deising
- 2 Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences - Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ingo Schellenberg
- 1 Institute of Bioanalytical Sciences (IBAS), Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 06406 Bernburg, Germany
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30
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Wang C, Liu Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Yan J, Wang C, Li C, Yang J. The biotrophy-associated secreted protein 4 (BAS4) participates in the transition of Magnaporthe oryzae from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic phase. Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:795-807. [PMID: 31049006 PMCID: PMC6486625 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological and metabolic processes of host plants are manipulated and remodeled by phytopathogenic fungi during infection, revealed obvious signs of biotrophy of the hemibiotrophic pathogen. As we known that effector proteins play key roles in interaction of hemibiotrophic fungi and their host plants. BAS4 (biotrophy-associated secreted protein 4) is an EIHM (extrainvasive hyphal membrane) matrix protein that was highly expressed in infectious hyphae. In order to study whether BAS4 is involved in the transition of rice blast fungus from biotrophic to necrotrophic phase, The susceptible rice cultivar Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) that were pre-treated with prokaryotic expression product of BAS4 and then followed with inoculation of the blast strain, more serious blast disease symptom, more biomass such as sporulation and fungal relative growth, and lower expression level of pathogenicity-related genes appeared in lesion of the rice leaves than those of the PBS-pretreated-leaves followed with inoculation of the same blast strain, which demonstrating that BAS4 invitro changed rice defense system to facilitate infection of rice blast strain. And the susceptible rice cultivar (LTH) were inoculated withBAS4-overexpressed blast strain, we also found more serious blast disease symptom and more biomass also appeared in lesion of leaves inoculated with BAS4-overexpressed strain than those of leaves inoculated with the wild-type strain, and expression level of pathogenicity-related genes appeared lower in biotrophic phase and higher in necrotrophic phase of infection, indicating BAS4 maybe in vivo regulate defense system of rice to facilitate transition of biotrophic to necrotrophic phase. Our data demonstrates that BAS4 in vitro and in vivo participates in transition from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic phase of Magnaporthe oryzae.
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Key Words
- ATMT, agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation
- BAS, biotrophy-associated secreted
- BIC, biotrophic interfacial complex
- Bgh, Blumeria graminis
- DAB, diaminobenzidine
- EIHM, extra-invasive hyphal membrane
- Effector
- GFP, green fluorescence protein
- GST, glutathione-S-transferase
- Hemibiotrophic fungi
- IH, invasive hyphae
- LTH, Lijiangxintuanheigu
- M.oryzae, Magnaporthe oryzae
- Magnaporthe oryzae
- ORF, open reading frame
- OsMPK12, rice mitogen-activated protein kinase 12
- OsMPK6, rice mitogen-activated protein kinase 6
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PCD, programmed cell death
- PDA, potato dextrose agar
- PR gene, pathogenicity related gene
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Rice
- YLG, Yue Liang Gu
- hpi, hours post inoculation
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China.,Quality Standard and Testing Technology Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
| | - Jinlu Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
| | - Changmi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
| | - Chengyun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 65000, China
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31
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Castilleux R, Plancot B, Ropitaux M, Carreras A, Leprince J, Boulogne I, Follet-Gueye ML, Popper ZA, Driouich A, Vicré M. Cell wall extensins in root-microbe interactions and root secretions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4235-4247. [PMID: 29945246 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Extensins are cell wall glycoproteins, belonging to the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) family, which are involved in many biological functions, including plant growth and defence. Several reviews have described the involvement of HRGPs in plant immunity but little focus has been given specifically to cell wall extensins. Yet, a large set of recently published data indicates that extensins play an important role in plant protection, especially in root-microbe interactions. Here, we summarise the current knowledge on this topic and discuss the importance of extensins in root defence. We first provide an overview of the distribution of extensin epitopes recognised by different monoclonal antibodies among plants and discuss the relevance of some of these epitopes as markers of the root defence response. We also highlight the implication of extensins in different types of plant interactions elicited by either pathogenic or beneficial micro-organisms. We then present and discuss the specific importance of extensins in root secretions, as these glycoproteins are not only found in the cell walls but are also released into the root mucilage. Finally, we propose a model to illustrate the impact of cell wall extensin on root secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Castilleux
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Barbara Plancot
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Marc Ropitaux
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Alexis Carreras
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- INSERM U1239, Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Boulogne
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Zoë A Popper
- Botany and Plant Science and The Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
| | - Maïté Vicré
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" FED, Rouen, France
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Sathiyabama M, Balasubramanian R. Protection of groundnut plants from rust disease by application of glucan isolated from a biocontrol agent Acremonium obclavatum. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:316-319. [PMID: 29727660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Prior treatment of groundnut leaves with glucan isolated from a biocontrol agent, Acremonium obclavatum, protected against the rust disease. Glucan treated leaves showed increased levels of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in the apoplastic fluid. An increase in endogenous levels of salicylic acid also was observed in treated leaves. Treated leaves also showed a significant reduction in rust disease development in groundnut leaves. Enhanced activities of glucanohydrolases of treated groundnut leaves might have affected the biotrophic rust pathogen, which is known to colonize in the apoplastic spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sathiyabama
- Department of Botany, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 24, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - R Balasubramanian
- CAS in Botany, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 25, Tamil Nadu, India
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Duba A, Goriewa-Duba K, Wachowska U. A Review of the Interactions between Wheat and Wheat Pathogens: Zymoseptoria tritici, Fusarium spp. and Parastagonospora nodorum. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1138. [PMID: 29642627 PMCID: PMC5979484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is a hemibiotrophic pathogen which causes Septoria leaf blotch in wheat. The pathogenesis of the disease consists of a biotrophic phase and a necrotrophic phase. The pathogen infects the host plant by suppressing its immune response in the first stage of infection. Hemibiotrophic pathogens of the genus Fusarium cause Fusarium head blight, and the necrotrophic Parastagonosporanodorum is responsible for Septoria nodorum blotch in wheat. Cell wall-degrading enzymes in plants promote infections by necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens, and trichothecenes, secondary fungal metabolites, facilitate infections caused by fungi of the genus Fusarium. There are no sources of complete resistance to the above pathogens in wheat. Defense mechanisms in wheat are controlled by many genes encoding resistance traits. In the wheat genome, the characteristic features of loci responsible for resistance to pathogenic infections indicate that at least several dozen genes encode resistance to pathogens. The molecular interactions between wheat and Z. tritici, P. nodorum and Fusarium spp. pathogens have been insufficiently investigated. Most studies focus on the mechanisms by which the hemibiotrophic Z. tritici suppresses immune responses in plants and the role of mycotoxins and effector proteins in infections caused by P. nodorum and Fusarium spp. fungi. Trichothecene glycosylation and effector proteins, which are involved in defense responses in wheat, have been described at the molecular level. Recent advances in molecular biology have produced interesting findings which should be further elucidated in studies of molecular interactions between wheat and fungal pathogens. The Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/ CRISPR associated (CRISPR/Cas) system can be used to introduce targeted mutations into the wheat genome and confer resistance to selected fungal diseases. Host-induced gene silencing and spray-induced gene silencing are also useful tools for analyzing wheat-pathogens interactions which can be used to develop new strategies for controlling fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Duba
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Goriewa-Duba
- Department of Plant Breeding and Seed Production, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, pl. Łódzki 3, 10-724 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Urszula Wachowska
- Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Ma X, Keller B, McDonald BA, Palma-Guerrero J, Wicker T. Comparative Transcriptomics Reveals How Wheat Responds to Infection by Zymoseptoria tritici. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:420-431. [PMID: 29090630 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-17-0245-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Zymoseptoria tritici causes septoria tritici blotch (STB) on wheat, an important disease globally and the most damaging wheat disease in Europe. Despite the global significance of STB, the molecular basis of wheat defense against Z. tritici is poorly understood. Here, we use a comparative transcriptomic study to investigate how wheat responds to infection by four distinct strains of Z. tritici. We examined the response of wheat across the entire infection cycle, identifying both shared responses to the four strains and strain-specific responses. We found that the early asymptomatic phase is characterized by strong upregulation of genes encoding receptor-like kinases and pathogenesis-related proteins, indicating the onset of a defense response. We also identified genes that were differentially expressed among the four fungal strains, including genes related to defense. Genes involved in senescence were induced during both the asymptomatic phase and at late stages of infection, suggesting manipulation of senescence processes by both the plant and the pathogen. Our findings illustrate the need, when identifying important genes affecting disease resistance in plants, to include multiple pathogen strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- 1 Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and
- 2 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Beat Keller
- 2 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
| | - Bruce A McDonald
- 1 Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Javier Palma-Guerrero
- 1 Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; and
| | - Thomas Wicker
- 2 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8008, Switzerland
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Biotrophy-necrotrophy switch in pathogen evoke differential response in resistant and susceptible sesame involving multiple signaling pathways at different phases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17251. [PMID: 29222513 PMCID: PMC5722813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection stages of charcoal rot fungus Macrophomina phaseolina in sesame revealed for the first time a transition from biotrophy via BNS (biotrophy-to-necrotrophy switch) to necrotrophy as confirmed by transcriptional studies. Microscopy using normal and GFP-expressing pathogen showed typical constricted thick intercellular bitrophic hyphae which gave rise to thin intracellular necrotrophic hyphae during BNS and this stage was delayed in a resistant host. Results also show that as the pathogen switched its strategy of infection, the host tailored its defense strategy to meet the changing situation. Less ROS accumulation, upregulation of ROS signaling genes and higher antioxidant enzyme activities post BNS resulted in resistance. There was greater accumulation of secondary metabolites and upregulation of secondary metabolite-related genes after BNS. A total of twenty genes functioning in different aspects of plant defense that were monitored over a time course during the changing infection phases showed a coordinated response. Experiments using phytohormone priming and phytohormone inhibitors showed that resistance resulted from activation of JA-ET signaling pathway. Most importantly this defense response was more prompt in the resistant than the susceptible host indicating that a resistant host makes different choices from a susceptible host during infection which ultimately influences the severity of the disease.
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36
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Abstract
The polysaccharide-rich wall, which envelopes the fungal cell, is pivotal to the maintenance of cellular integrity and for the protection of the cell from external aggressors - such as environmental fluxes and during host infection. This review considers the commonalities in the composition of the wall across the fungal kingdom, addresses how little is known about the assembly of the polysaccharide matrix, and considers changes in the wall of plant-pathogenic fungi during on and in planta growth, following the elucidation of infection structures requiring cell wall alterations. It highlights what is known about the phytopathogenic fungal wall and what needs to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivey Geoghegan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Gero Steinberg
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Sarah Gurr
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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37
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Orton ES, Rudd JJ, Brown JKM. Early molecular signatures of responses of wheat to Zymoseptoria tritici in compatible and incompatible interactions. PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 66:450-459. [PMID: 28356604 PMCID: PMC5349288 DOI: 10.1111/ppa.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici, the causal agent of septoria tritici blotch, a serious foliar disease of wheat, is a necrotrophic pathogen that undergoes a long latent period. Emergence of insensitivity to fungicides, and pesticide reduction policies, mean there is a pressing need to understand septoria and control it through greater varietal resistance. Stb6 and Stb15, the most common qualitative resistance genes in modern wheat cultivars, determine specific resistance to avirulent fungal genotypes following a gene-for-gene relationship. This study investigated compatible and incompatible interactions of wheat with Z. tritici using eight combinations of cultivars and isolates, with the aim of identifying molecular responses that could be used as markers for disease resistance during the early, symptomless phase of colonization. The accumulation of TaMPK3 was estimated using western blotting, and the expression of genes implicated in gene-for-gene interactions of plants with a wide range of other pathogens was measured by qRT-PCR during the presymptomatic stages of infection. Production of TaMPK3 and expression of most of the genes responded to inoculation with Z. tritici but varied considerably between experimental replicates. However, there was no significant difference between compatible and incompatible interactions in any of the responses tested. These results demonstrate that the molecular biology of the gene-for-gene interaction between wheat and Zymoseptoria is unlike that in many other plant diseases, indicate that environmental conditions may strongly influence early responses of wheat to infection by Z. tritici, and emphasize the importance of including both compatible and incompatible interactions when investigating the biology of this complex pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Orton
- John Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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38
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Serfling A, Templer SE, Winter P, Ordon F. Microscopic and Molecular Characterization of the Prehaustorial Resistance against Wheat Leaf Rust ( Puccinia triticina) in Einkorn ( Triticum monococcum). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1668. [PMID: 27881987 PMCID: PMC5101855 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici (Eriks.), the causal agent of leaf rust, causes substantial yield losses in wheat production. In wheat many major leaf rust resistance genes have been overcome by virulent races. In contrast, the prehaustorial resistance (phr) against wheat leaf rust detected in the diploid wheat Einkorn (Triticum monoccocum var. monococcum) accession PI272560 confers race-independent resistance against isolates virulent on accessions harboring resistance genes located on the A-genome of Triticum aestivum. Phr in PI272560 leads to abortion of fungal development during the formation of haustorial mother cells and to increased hydrogen peroxide concentration in comparison to the susceptible accession 36554 (Triticum boeoticum ssp. thaoudar var. reuteri). Increased peroxidase and endochitinase activity was detected in PI272560 within 6 h after inoculation (hai). Comparative transcriptome profiling using Massive Analysis of cDNA Ends (MACE) in infected and non-infected leaves detected 14220 differentially expressed tags in PI272560 and 15472 in accession 36554. Of these 2908 and 3004, respectively, could be assigned to Gene Ontology (GO) categories of which 463 were detected in both accessions and 311 were differentially expressed between the accessions. In accordance with the concept of non-host resistance in PI272560, genes with similarity to peroxidases, chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases and other pathogenesis-related genes were up-regulated within the first 8 hai, whereas up-regulation of such genes was delayed in 36554. Moreover, a Phosphoribulokinase gene contributing to non-host resistance in rice against stripe rust was exclusively expressed in the resistant accession PI272560. Gene expression underpinned physiological and phenotypic observations at the site of infection and are in accordance with the concept of non-host resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Serfling
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kuehn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated PlantsQuedlinburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Crop Plant Research, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
| | - Sven E. Templer
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologne, Germany
| | | | - Frank Ordon
- Institute for Resistance Research and Stress Tolerance, Julius Kuehn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated PlantsQuedlinburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Crop Plant Research, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergHalle, Germany
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39
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Johnson George K, Rosana Babu O, Vijesh Kumar IP, Santhosh Eapen J, Anandaraj M. Interplay of genes in plant-pathogen interactions: In planta expression and docking studies of a beta 1,3 glucanase gene from Piper colubrinum and a glucanase inhibitor gene from Phytophthora capsici. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 22:567-573. [PMID: 27924129 PMCID: PMC5120035 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-016-0378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora capsici is devastating for black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and causes foot rot disease at all stages of plant growth. Phytophthora secretes a glucanase inhibitor protein (GIP), which is capable of inhibiting defence proteins like endoglucanases. In this particular study Quantitative PCR analysis, molecular docking studies and analysis of sequences of Glucanase inhibitor protein and beta-1,3 glucanse genes were done mainly depending on the data derived from Phytophthora capsici whole genome sequencing and Piper colubrinum RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). Amino acid sequence length of GIP gene from P. capsici was about 353 amino acids and that of glucanase pcEGase gene from P. colubrinum was about 312 amino acids. GIP gene from P. capsici showed high level of expression at early hours of the inoculation time period and pcEGase gene showed high level of expression at 16 hpi. High level of expression of pcEGase gene at 16 hpi is an indication that the GIP gene is successfully inhibited by the glucanase protein from the plant. Moreover insilico studies gave some hint on the importance of certain sites on the surfaces of both interacting proteins that might be having a role in binding of the two proteins and subsequent reactions thereof. Insilico analysis also conclusively proved that inhibition of glucanase inhibitor protein is mainly caused by recognition of an arginine as well as an isoleucine residue during the interaction of the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Johnson George
- Division of Crop Improvement and Division of Crop Protection, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, 673012 India
| | - O. Rosana Babu
- Division of Crop Improvement and Division of Crop Protection, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, 673012 India
| | - I. P. Vijesh Kumar
- Division of Crop Improvement and Division of Crop Protection, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, 673012 India
| | - J. Santhosh Eapen
- Division of Crop Improvement and Division of Crop Protection, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, 673012 India
| | - M. Anandaraj
- Division of Crop Improvement and Division of Crop Protection, Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, 673012 India
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40
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Li Y, Song N, Zhao C, Li F, Geng M, Wang Y, Liu W, Xie C, Sun Q. Application of Glycerol for Induced Powdery Mildew Resistance in Triticum aestivum L. Front Physiol 2016; 7:413. [PMID: 27708588 PMCID: PMC5030236 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) and oleic acid (18:1) are two important signal molecules associated with plant resistance to fungi. In this article, we provide evidence that a 3% glycerol spray application 1-2 days before powdery mildew infection and subsequent applications once every 4 days was sufficient to stimulate the plant defense responses without causing any significant damage to wheat leaves. We found that G3P and oleic acid levels were markedly induced by powdery mildew infection. In addition, TaGLI1 (encoding a glycerol kinase) and TaSSI2 (encoding a stearoylacyl carrier protein fatty acid desaturase), two genes associated with the glycerol and fatty acid (FA) pathways, respectively, were induced by powdery mildew infection, and their promoter regions contain some fungal response elements. Moreover, exogenous application of glycerol increased the G3P level and decreased the level of oleic acid (18:1). Glycerol application induced the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes (TaPR-1, TaPR-2, TaPR-3, TaPR-4, and TaPR-5), induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) before powdery mildew infection, and induced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in wheat leaves. Further, we sprayed glycerol in a wheat field and found that it significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the severity of powdery mildew disease and lessened disease-associated kernel weight loss, all without causing any noticeable degradation in wheat seed quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chaojie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Qixin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization (MOE) and State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
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41
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Hückelhoven R, Seidl A. PAMP-triggered immune responses in barley and susceptibility to powdery mildew. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1197465. [PMID: 27348336 PMCID: PMC4991337 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1197465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) builds one of the first layers of plant disease resistance. In susceptible plants, PTI is overcome by adapted pathogens. This can be achieved by suppression of PTI with the help of pathogen virulence effectors. However, effectors may also contribute to modification of host metabolism or cell architecture to ensure successful pathogenesis. Barley responds to treatment with the pathogen-associated molecular patterns flg22 or chitin with phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and an oxidative burst. RAC/ROP GTPases can act as positive or negative modulators of these plant immune responses. The RAC/ROP GTPase RACB is a powdery mildew susceptibility factor of barley. However, RACB apparently does not negatively control early PTI responses but functions in polar cell development during invasion of the pathogen into living host epidermal cells. Here, we further discuss the incomplete picture of PTI in Triticeae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Hückelhoven
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- CONTACT Ralph Hückelhoven
| | - Anna Seidl
- Phytopathology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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42
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Kumar Y, Zhang L, Panigrahi P, Dholakia BB, Dewangan V, Chavan SG, Kunjir SM, Wu X, Li N, Rajmohanan PR, Kadoo NY, Giri AP, Tang H, Gupta VS. Fusarium oxysporum mediates systems metabolic reprogramming of chickpea roots as revealed by a combination of proteomics and metabolomics. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1589-603. [PMID: 26801007 PMCID: PMC5066658 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular changes elicited by plants in response to fungal attack and how this affects plant-pathogen interaction, including susceptibility or resistance, remain elusive. We studied the dynamics in root metabolism during compatible and incompatible interactions between chickpea and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (Foc), using quantitative label-free proteomics and NMR-based metabolomics. Results demonstrated differential expression of proteins and metabolites upon Foc inoculations in the resistant plants compared with the susceptible ones. Additionally, expression analysis of candidate genes supported the proteomic and metabolic variations in the chickpea roots upon Foc inoculation. In particular, we found that the resistant plants revealed significant increase in the carbon and nitrogen metabolism; generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lignification and phytoalexins. The levels of some of the pathogenesis-related proteins were significantly higher upon Foc inoculation in the resistant plant. Interestingly, results also exhibited the crucial role of altered Yang cycle, which contributed in different methylation reactions and unfolded protein response in the chickpea roots against Foc. Overall, the observed modulations in the metabolic flux as outcome of several orchestrated molecular events are determinant of plant's role in chickpea-Foc interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashwant Kumar
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Limin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Priyabrata Panigrahi
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Bhushan B Dholakia
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Veena Dewangan
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Sachin G Chavan
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Shrikant M Kunjir
- Central NMR Facility, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Narendra Y Kadoo
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Ashok P Giri
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Huiru Tang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Metabolomics and Systems Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vidya S Gupta
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
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Ben M'Barek S, Cordewener JHG, van der Lee TAJ, America AHP, Mirzadi Gohari A, Mehrabi R, Hamza S, de Wit PJGM, Kema GHJ. Proteome catalog of Zymoseptoria tritici captured during pathogenesis in wheat. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 79:42-53. [PMID: 26092789 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zymoseptoria tritici is an economically important pathogen of wheat. However, the molecular basis of pathogenicity on wheat is still poorly understood. Here, we present a global survey of the proteins secreted by this fungus in the apoplast of resistant (cv. Shafir) and susceptible (cv. Obelisk) wheat cultivars after inoculation with reference Z. tritici strain IPO323. The fungal proteins present in apoplastic fluids were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and by data-independent acquisition liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS(E)) combined with data-dependent acquisition LC-MS/MS. Subsequent mapping mass spectrometry-derived peptide sequence data against the genome sequence of strain IPO323 identified 665 peptides in the MS(E) and 93 in the LC-MS/MS mode that matched to 85 proteins. The identified fungal proteins, including cell-wall degrading enzymes and proteases, might function in pathogenicity, but the functions of many remain unknown. Most fungal proteins accumulated in cv. Obelisk at the onset of necrotrophy. This inventory provides an excellent basis for future detailed studies on the role of these genes and their encoded proteins during pathogenesis in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah Ben M'Barek
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Biotechnology Center of Borj-Cedria, BP 901 Hammam-Lif-2050, Tunisia
| | - Jan H G Cordewener
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Center for BioSystems and Genomics, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A J van der Lee
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine H P America
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Center for BioSystems and Genomics, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amir Mirzadi Gohari
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Plant Pathology Building, Karaj, Iran
| | - Rahim Mehrabi
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Cereal Research Department, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sonia Hamza
- Laboratory of genetics, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pierre J G M de Wit
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit H J Kema
- Wageningen University & Research Center, Plant Research International, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kettles GJ, Kanyuka K. Dissecting the Molecular Interactions between Wheat and the Fungal Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:508. [PMID: 27148331 PMCID: PMC4832604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Dothideomycete fungus Zymoseptoria tritici (previously known as Mycosphaerella graminicola and Septoria tritici) is the causative agent of Septoria tritici leaf blotch (STB) disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In Europe, STB is the most economically damaging disease of wheat, with an estimated ∼€1 billion per year in fungicide expenditure directed toward its control. Here, an overview of our current understanding of the molecular events that occur during Z. tritici infection of wheat leaves is presented. On the host side, this includes the contribution of (1) the pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) layer of plant defense, and (2) major Stb loci for resistance against Z. tritici. On the pathogen side of the interaction, we consolidate evidence from recent bioinformatic, transcriptomic and proteomic studies that begin to explain the contribution of Z. tritici effector proteins to the biphasic lifestyle of the fungus. This includes the discovery of chitin-binding proteins in the Z. tritici secretome, which contribute to evasion of immune surveillance by this pathogen, and the possible existence of 'necrotrophic' effectors from Z. tritici, which may actively stimulate host recognition in a manner similar to related necrotrophic fungal pathogens. We finish by speculating on how some of these recent fundamental discoveries might be harnessed to help improve resistance to STB in the world's second largest food crop.
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Tayeh C, Randoux B, Tisserant B, Khong G, Jacques P, Reignault P. Are ineffective defence reactions potential target for induced resistance during the compatible wheat-powdery mildew interaction? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2015; 96:9-19. [PMID: 26218548 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici, an obligate aerial biotrophic fungus, would be one of the most damaging wheat (Triticum aestivum) diseases without the extensive use of conventional fungicides. In our study, the expression levels of some basal defence-related genes were investigated during a compatible interaction in order to evaluate wheat reactions to infection, along with the different stages of the infectious process in planta. As fungal conidia initiated their germination and developed appressorial germ tube (AGT), early defence reactions involved the expression of a lipoxygenase (LOX)- and an oxalate oxidase (OXO)-encoding genes, followed by activations of corresponding LOX (EC 1.13.11.12) and OXO (EC 1.2.3.4) activities, respectively. When penetration of AGT took place, up-regulation of chitinases (CHI) and PR1-encoding genes expression occurred along with an increase of CHI (EC 3.2.1.14) activity. Meanwhile, expression of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-encoding gene also took place. Up-regulation of a phospholipase C- and lipid transfer proteins-encoding genes expression occurred during the latest stages of infection. Neither the phi glutathione S-transferase (GST)-encoding gene expression nor the GST (EC 2.5.1.13) activity was modified upon wheat infection by powdery mildew. Whether these defence reactions during such a compatible interaction are markers of immunity or susceptibility, and whether they have the ability to contribute to protection upon modulation of their timing and their intensity by resistance inducers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Tayeh
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-EA4492), Univ. Lille-Nord de France, GIS PhyNoPi, B.P.699, F-62229 Calais Cedex, France.
| | - B Randoux
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-EA4492), Univ. Lille-Nord de France, GIS PhyNoPi, B.P.699, F-62229 Calais Cedex, France
| | - B Tisserant
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-EA4492), Univ. Lille-Nord de France, GIS PhyNoPi, B.P.699, F-62229 Calais Cedex, France
| | - G Khong
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-EA4492), Univ. Lille-Nord de France, GIS PhyNoPi, B.P.699, F-62229 Calais Cedex, France
| | - Ph Jacques
- Université de Lille, Institut Régional de Recherche en Agroalimentaire et Biotechnologie Charles Viollette, Cité Scientifique, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Ph Reignault
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV-EA4492), Univ. Lille-Nord de France, GIS PhyNoPi, B.P.699, F-62229 Calais Cedex, France.
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46
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How eukaryotic filamentous pathogens evade plant recognition. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 26:92-101. [PMID: 26162502 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi and oomycetes employ sophisticated mechanisms for evading host recognition. After host penetration, many fungi and oomycetes establish a biotrophic interaction. It is assumed that different strategies employed by these pathogens to avoid triggering host defence responses, including establishment of biotrophic interfacial layers between the pathogen and host, masking of invading hyphae and active suppression of host defence mechanisms, are essential for a biotrophic parasitic lifestyle. During the infection process, filamentous plant pathogens secrete various effectors, which are hypothesized to be involved in facilitating effective host infection. Live-cell imaging of fungi and oomycetes secreting fluorescently labeled effector proteins as well as functional characterization of the components of biotrophic interfaces have led to the recent progress in understanding how eukaryotic filamentous pathogens evade plant recognition.
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47
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Ignacio IF, Carmela AA, Blondy CC. Recovery of active pathogenesis-related enzymes from the apoplast of Musa acuminata infected by Mycosphaerella fijiensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajb2014.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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48
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Anusuya S, Sathiyabama M. Protection of turmeric plants from rhizome rot disease under field conditions by β-d-glucan nanoparticle. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 77:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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49
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FPLC and liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry identify candidate necrosis-inducing proteins from culture filtrates of the fungal wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 79:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Sánchez-Vallet A, McDonald MC, Solomon PS, McDonald BA. Is Zymoseptoria tritici a hemibiotroph? Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 79:29-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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