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Song H, Wu P, Lu X, Wang B, Song T, Lu Q, Li M, Xu X. Comparative physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal the mechanisms of CO2 enrichment in promoting the growth and quality in Lactuca sativa. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278159. [PMID: 36735719 PMCID: PMC9897578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has attracted widespread attention. To explore the effect of elevated CO2 on lettuce growth and better understand the mechanism of elevated CO2 in lettuce cultivation, 3 kinds of lettuce with 4 real leaves were selected and planted in a solar greenhouse. One week later, CO2 was applied from 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. on sunny days for 30 days. The results showed that the growth potential of lettuce was enhanced under CO2 enrichment. The content of vitamin C and chlorophyll in the three lettuce varieties increased, and the content of nitrate nitrogen decreased. The light saturation point and net photosynthetic rate of leaves increased, and the light compensation point decreased. Transcriptome analysis showed that there were 217 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) shared by the three varieties, among which 166 were upregulated, 44 were downregulated, and 7 DEGs were inconsistent in the three materials. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that these DEGs involved mainly the ethylene signaling pathway, jasmonic acid signaling pathway, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism pathway, etc. Forty-one DEGs in response to CO2 enrichment were screened out by Gene Ontology (GO) analysis, and the biological processes involved were consistent with KEGG analysis. which suggested that the growth and nutritional quality of lettuce could be improved by increasing the enzyme activity and gene expression levels of photosynthesis, hormone signaling and carbohydrate metabolism. The results laid a theoretical foundation for lettuce cultivation in solar greenhouses and the application of CO2 fertilization technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Song
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Peiqi Wu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaonan Lu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Bei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Tianyue Song
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Meilan Li
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyong Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Sanya, Hainan, China
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2
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Jain D, Jones L, Roy S. Gene editing to improve legume-rhizobia symbiosis in a changing climate. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 71:102324. [PMID: 36535148 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the last three years, several gene editing techniques have been developed for both model and crop legumes. CRISPR-Cas9-based tools, in particular, are outpacing other comparable gene editing technologies used in legume hosts and their microbial symbionts to understand the molecular basis of symbiotic nitrogen-fixation. Gene editing has helped identify new gene functions, validate genetic screens, resolve gene redundancy, examine the role of tandemly duplicated genes, and investigate symbiotic signaling networks in non-model plants. In this review, we discuss the advances made in understanding the legume-rhizobia symbiosis through the use of gene editing and highlight studies conducted under varying environmental conditions. We reason that future climate-hardy legumes must be able to better integrate environmental signals with nitrogen fixation by fine-tuning long distance signaling, continuing to select efficient rhizobial partners, and adjusting their molecular circuitry to function optimally under variable light and nutrient availability and rising atmospheric carbon dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Jain
- College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Lauren Jones
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Sonali Roy
- College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.
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3
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Feitosa-Araujo E, da Fonseca-Pereira P, Pena MM, Lana-Costa J, Coelho DG, de Oliveira Silva FM, Medeiros DB, Linka N, Araújo WL, Weber APM, Fernie AR, Nunes-Nesi A. Mitochondrial and peroxisomal NAD + uptake are important for improved photosynthesis and seed yield under elevated CO 2 concentrations. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:713-730. [PMID: 35644998 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants must adapt their physiology and developmental processes to cope with challenging environmental circumstances, such as the ongoing elevation in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) levels. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) is a cornerstone of plant metabolism and plays an essential role in redox homeostasis. Given that plants impaired in NAD metabolism and transport often display growth defects, low seed production and disturbed stomatal development/movement, we hypothesized that subcellular NAD distribution could be a candidate for plants to exploit the effects of CO2 fertilization. We report that an efficient subcellular NAD+ distribution is required for the fecundity-promoting effects of elevated CO2 levels. Plants with reduced expression of either mitochondrial (NDT1 or NDT2) or peroxisomal (PXN) NAD+ transporter genes grown under elevated CO2 exhibited reduced total leaf area compared with the wild-type while PXN mutants also displayed reduced leaf number. NDT2 and PXN lines grown under elevated CO2 conditions displayed reduced rosette dry weight and lower photosynthetic rates coupled with reduced stomatal conductance. Interestingly, high CO2 doubled seed production and seed weight in the wild-type, whereas the mutants were less responsive to increases in CO2 levels during reproduction, producing far fewer seeds than the wild-type under both CO2 conditions. These data highlight the importance of mitochondrial and peroxisomal NAD+ uptake mediated by distinct NAD transporter proteins to modulate photosynthesis and seed production under high CO2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Feitosa-Araujo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula da Fonseca-Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mateus Miranda Pena
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jaciara Lana-Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gomes Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - David Barbosa Medeiros
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam Golm, Germany
| | - Nicole Linka
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam Golm, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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4
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Lamichaney A, Maity A. Implications of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on seed quality. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:805-812. [PMID: 33484372 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-02073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of plants through seed is governed by the ability and rate to germinate, which largely depends on the climatic variables prevailing during pre-harvest (mother plant growth) and post-harvest (processing and storage) stages. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] is increasing rapidly and is expected to surpass 550 ppm within this century. Elevated CO2 (e[CO2]) is reported to influence the mother plant at morphological, phenological, physiological and biochemical levels across the species. Such changes are expected to alter the quality components of the progeny seeds, which has received very little research attention. This review discusses about the possible implications of e[CO2] on quality attributes of seed affecting its planting value with much emphasis on seed weight, germination, vigour and its biochemical constituents. Research indicates that the effect of e[CO2] on seed weight is variable and influenced by the availability of nutrients particularly nitrogen. Likewise, seed germination shows a divergent effect, whereas seed vigour that indicates the strength of a seed usually is compromised under e[CO2]. It generally alters the balance between tissue carbon and nitrogen content, thus impairs the normal C:N ratio in progeny seed, which eventually impacts the next generation crop. For mitigation, while global breeding efforts focused on elite but narrow gene pool across the crop species shredded some of the ecologically important seed traits, such as thick and dark seed coat in legumes, such traits must be considered in designing breeding programs as they provide resilience to various stresses. We have suggested additional potential mitigation strategies and areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Lamichaney
- Crop Improvement Division, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208024, India.
| | - Aniruddha Maity
- Seed Technology Division, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, 284003, India.
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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5
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Hamann E, Denney D, Day S, Lombardi E, Jameel MI, MacTavish R, Anderson JT. Review: Plant eco-evolutionary responses to climate change: Emerging directions. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110737. [PMID: 33568289 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary climate change is exposing plant populations to novel combinations of temperatures, drought stress, [CO2] and other abiotic and biotic conditions. These changes are rapidly disrupting the evolutionary dynamics of plants. Despite the multifactorial nature of climate change, most studies typically manipulate only one climatic factor. In this opinion piece, we explore how climate change factors interact with each other and with biotic pressures to alter evolutionary processes. We evaluate the ramifications of climate change across life history stages,and examine how mating system variation influences population persistence under rapid environmental change. Furthermore, we discuss how spatial and temporal mismatches between plants and their mutualists and antagonists could affect adaptive responses to climate change. For example, plant-virus interactions vary from highly pathogenic to mildly facilitative, and are partly mediated by temperature, moisture availability and [CO2]. Will host plants exposed to novel, stressful abiotic conditions be more susceptible to viral pathogens? Finally, we propose novel experimental approaches that could illuminate how plants will cope with unprecedented global change, such as resurrection studies combined with experimental evolution, genomics or epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Hamann
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Derek Denney
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Samantha Day
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lombardi
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - M Inam Jameel
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Rachel MacTavish
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jill T Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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6
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Yavaş İ, Ünay A. Baklagillerde Kök, Nodül Oluşumu ve Azot Fiksasyonu Üzerine Bazı Küresel İklim Değişikliği Parametrelerinin Etkisi. ULUSLARARASI TARIM VE YABAN HAYATI BILIMLERI DERGISI 2018. [DOI: 10.24180/ijaws.366386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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7
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Aoyama S, Yamaguchi J, Sato T. Methods for Elucidation of Plant Senescence in Response to C/N-Nutrient Balance. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1744:151-159. [PMID: 29392665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7672-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are essential elements for metabolism, and the ratio of C to N availability is called the C/N balance. C/N balance is very important for plant growth, but little is known about the detailed mechanisms of plant C/N responses. Previously a method of treating Arabidopsis plants with sugar-supplemented medium for studying C/N responses at early post-germinative growth stages has been developed. This method, however, cannot be used to determine physiological C/N effects in plants of mature growth stages, including senescence. Here we present two methods of analyzing responses to C/N treatments in senescing plants: transient C/N treatment with liquid medium and long-term C/N treatment with elevated atmospheric CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoki Aoyama
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junji Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeo Sato
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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8
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Dani KGS, Kodandaramaiah U. Plant and Animal Reproductive Strategies: Lessons from Offspring Size and Number Tradeoffs. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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9
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Wang X, Taub DR, Jablonski LM. Reproductive allocation in plants as affected by elevated carbon dioxide and other environmental changes: a synthesis using meta-analysis and graphical vector analysis. Oecologia 2014; 177:1075-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Schaz U, Düll B, Reinbothe C, Beck E. Influence of root-bed size on the response of tobacco to elevated CO2 as mediated by cytokinins. AOB PLANTS 2014; 6:plu010. [PMID: 24790131 PMCID: PMC4038427 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plu010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The extent of growth stimulation of C3 plants by elevated CO2 is modulated by environmental factors. Under optimized environmental conditions (high light, continuous water and nutrient supply, and others), we analysed the effect of an elevated CO2 atmosphere (700 ppm, EC) and the importance of root-bed size on the growth of tobacco. Biomass production was consistently higher under EC. However, the stimulation was overridden by root-bed volumes that restricted root growth. Maximum growth and biomass production were obtained at a root bed of 15 L at ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations. Starting with seed germination, the plants were strictly maintained under ambient or elevated CO2 until flowering. Thus, the well-known acclimation effect of growth to enhanced CO2 did not occur. The relative growth rates of EC plants exceeded those of ambient-CO2 plants only during the initial phases of germination and seedling establishment. This was sufficient for a persistently higher absolute biomass production by EC plants in non-limiting root-bed volumes. Both the size of the root bed and the CO2 concentration influenced the quantitative cytokinin patterns, particularly in the meristematic tissues of shoots, but to a smaller extent in stems, leaves and roots. In spite of the generally low cytokinin concentrations in roots, the amounts of cytokinins moving from the root to the shoot were substantially higher in high-CO2 plants. Because the cytokinin patterns of the (xylem) fluid in the stems did not match those of the shoot meristems, it is assumed that cytokinins as long-distance signals from the roots stimulate meristematic activity in the shoot apex and the sink leaves. Subsequently, the meristems are able to synthesize those phytohormones that are required for the cell cycle. Root-borne cytokinins entering the shoot appear to be one of the major control points for the integration of various environmental cues into one signal for optimized growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schaz
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Present address: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Düll
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Erwin Beck
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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11
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Aoyama S, Huarancca Reyes T, Guglielminetti L, Lu Y, Morita Y, Sato T, Yamaguchi J. Ubiquitin ligase ATL31 functions in leaf senescence in response to the balance between atmospheric CO2 and nitrogen availability in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:293-305. [PMID: 24399238 PMCID: PMC3913444 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) are essential elements for metabolism, and their availability, called the C/N balance, must be tightly coordinated for optimal growth in plants. Previously, we have identified the ubiquitin ligase CNI1/ATL31 as a novel C/N regulator by screening plants grown on C/N stress medium containing excess sugar and limited N. To elucidate further the effect of C/N balance on plant growth and to determine the physiological function of ATL31, we performed C/N response analysis using an atmospheric CO2 manipulation system. Under conditions of elevated CO2 and sufficient N, plant biomass and total sugar and starch dramatically increased. In contrast, elevated CO2 with limited N did not increase plant biomass but promoted leaf chlorosis, with anthocyanin accumulation and increased senescence-associated gene expression. Similar results were obtained with plants grown in medium containing excess sugar and limited N, suggesting that disruption of the C/N balance affects senescence progression. In ATL31-overexpressing plants, promotion of senescence under disrupted CO2/N conditions was repressed, whereas in the loss-of-function mutant it was enhanced. The ATL31 gene was transcriptionally up-regulated under N deficiency and in senescent leaves, and ATL31 expression was highly correlated with WRKY53 expression, a key regulator of senescence. Furthermore, transient protoplast analysis implicated the direct activation of ATL31 expression by WRKY53, which was in accordance with the results of WRKY53 overexpression experiments. Together, these results demonstrate the importance of C/N balance in leaf senescence and the involvement of ubiquitin ligase ATL31 in the process of senescence in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoki Aoyama
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Thais Huarancca Reyes
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Lorenzo Guglielminetti
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Mariscoglio 34, I-56017 Pisa, Italy
| | - Yu Lu
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Yoshie Morita
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
| | - Takeo Sato
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
- *Corresponding author: E-mail, ; Fax, +81-11-706-3612
| | - Junji Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Science and Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku N10-W8, Sapporo, 060-0810 Japan
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12
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Aoyama S, Lu Y, Yamaguchi J, Sato T. Regulation of senescence under elevated atmospheric CO₂ via ubiquitin modification. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28839. [PMID: 24739470 PMCID: PMC4091564 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration is a serious global environmental problem. Elevated CO₂ affects plant growth by changing primary metabolism, closely related to carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) availability. Under sufficient N conditions, plant growth is dramatically promoted by elevated CO₂. When N availability is limited, however, elevated CO₂ disrupts the balance between cellular C and N (C/N). Disruption of the C/N balance is regarded as an important factor in plant growth defects. Here we highlight the regulation of senescence in higher plants by atmospheric CO₂ and N, and the physiological function of C/N-related ubiquitin ligase ATL31 under condition of elevated CO₂. We also provide an overview of the ubiquitin ligases and related enzymes involved in regulating senescence in plants.
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13
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Lang-Yona N, Levin Y, Dannemiller KC, Yarden O, Peccia J, Rudich Y. Changes in atmospheric CO2 influence the allergenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:2381-8. [PMID: 23568517 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Increased susceptibility to allergies has been documented in the Western world in recent decades. However, a comprehensive understanding of its causes is not yet available. It is therefore essential to understand trends and mechanisms of allergy-inducing agents, such as fungal conidia. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that environmental conditions linked to global atmospheric changes can affect the allergenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus, a common allergenic fungal species in indoor and outdoor environments and in airborne particulate matter. We show that fungi grown under present-day CO2 levels (392 ppm) exhibit 8.5 and 3.5 fold higher allergenicity compared to fungi grown at preindustrial (280 ppm) and double (560 ppm) CO2 levels, respectively. A corresponding trend is observed in the expression of genes encoding for known allergenic proteins and in the major allergen Asp f1 concentrations, possibly due to physiological changes such as respiration rates and the nitrogen content of the fungus, influenced by the CO2 concentrations. Increased carbon and nitrogen levels in the growth medium also lead to a significant increase in the allergenicity. We propose that climatic changes such as increasing atmospheric CO2 levels and changes in the fungal growth medium may impact the ability of allergenic fungi such as A. fumigatus to induce allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Lang-Yona
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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14
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HAMPTON JG, BOELT B, ROLSTON MP, CHASTAIN TG. Effects of elevated CO 2 and temperature on seed quality. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 2013; 151:154-162. [PMID: 23495259 PMCID: PMC3594839 DOI: 10.1017/s0021859612000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Successful crop production depends initially on the availability of high-quality seed. By 2050 global climate change will have influenced crop yields, but will these changes affect seed quality? The present review examines the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature during seed production on three seed quality components: seed mass, germination and seed vigour. In response to elevated CO2, seed mass has been reported to both increase and decrease in C3 plants, but not change in C4 plants. Increases are greater in legumes than non-legumes, and there is considerable variation among species. Seed mass increases may result in a decrease of seed nitrogen (N) concentration in non-legumes. Increasing temperature may decrease seed mass because of an accelerated growth rate and reduced seed filling duration, but lower seed mass does not necessarily reduce seed germination or vigour. Like seed mass, reported seed germination responses to elevated CO2 have been variable. The reported changes in seed C/N ratio can decrease seed protein content which may eventually lead to reduced viability. Conversely, increased ethylene production may stimulate germination in some species. High-temperature stress before developing seeds reach physiological maturity (PM) can reduce germination by inhibiting the ability of the plant to supply the assimilates necessary to synthesize the storage compounds required for germination. Nothing is known concerning the effects of elevated CO2 on seed vigour. However, seed vigour can be reduced by high-temperature stress both before and after PM. High temperatures induce or increase the physiological deterioration of seeds. Limited evidence suggests that only short periods of high-temperature stress at critical seed development stages are required to reduce seed vigour, but further research is required. The predicted environmental changes will lead to losses of seed quality, particularly for seed vigour and possibly germination. The seed industry will need to consider management changes to minimize the risk of this occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. HAMPTON
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed.
| | - B. BOELT
- Sciences and Technology, Aarhus University, DK 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | | | - T. G. CHASTAIN
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3002, USA
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15
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Sun P, Mantri N, Lou H, Hu Y, Sun D, Zhu Y, Dong T, Lu H. Effects of elevated CO2 and temperature on yield and fruit quality of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) at two levels of nitrogen application. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41000. [PMID: 22911728 PMCID: PMC3404062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated if elevated CO(2) could alleviate the negative effect of high temperature on fruit yield of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Toyonoka) at different levels of nitrogen and also tested the combined effects of CO(2), temperature and nitrogen on fruit quality of plants cultivated in controlled growth chambers. Results show that elevated CO(2) and high temperature caused a further 12% and 35% decrease in fruit yield at low and high nitrogen, respectively. The fewer inflorescences and smaller umbel size during flower induction caused the reduction of fruit yield at elevated CO(2) and high temperature. Interestingly, nitrogen application has no beneficial effect on fruit yield, and this may be because of decreased sucrose export to the shoot apical meristem at floral transition. Moreover, elevated CO(2) increased the levels of dry matter-content, fructose, glucose, total sugar and sweetness index per dry matter, but decreased fruit nitrogen content, total antioxidant capacity and all antioxidant compounds per dry matter in strawberry fruit. The reduction of fruit nitrogen content and antioxidant activity was mainly caused by the dilution effect of accumulated non-structural carbohydrates sourced from the increased net photosynthetic rate at elevated CO(2). Thus, the quality of strawberry fruit would increase because of the increased sweetness and the similar amount of fruit nitrogen content, antioxidant activity per fresh matter at elevated CO(2). Overall, we found that elevated CO(2) improved the production of strawberry (including yield and quality) at low temperature, but decreased it at high temperature. The dramatic fluctuation in strawberry yield between low and high temperature at elevated CO(2) implies that more attention should be paid to the process of flower induction under climate change, especially in fruits that require winter chilling for reproductive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Nitin Mantri
- School of Applied Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heqiang Lou
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Ya Hu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Dan Sun
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yueqing Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Tingting Dong
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Hongfei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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Bezemer TM, Jones TH. The effects of CO2 and nutrient enrichment on photosynthesis and growth of Poa annua in two consecutive generations. Ecol Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-012-0961-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Gwynn-Jones D, Jones AG, Waterhouse A, Winters A, Comont D, Scullion J, Gardias R, Graee BJ, Lee JA, Callaghan TV. Enhanced UV-B and elevated CO(2) impacts sub-arctic shrub berry abundance, quality and seed germination. AMBIO 2012; 41 Suppl 3:256-68. [PMID: 22864699 PMCID: PMC3535057 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-012-0311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of long-term-enhanced UV-B, and combined UV-B with elevated CO(2) on dwarf shrub berry characteristics in a sub-arctic heath community. Germination of Vaccinium myrtillus was enhanced in seeds produced at elevated UV-B, but seed numbers and berry size were unaffected. Elevated UV-B and CO(2) stimulated the abundance of V. myrtillus berries, whilst UV-B alone stimulated the berry abundance of V. vitis-idaea and Empetrum hermaphroditum. Enhanced UV-B reduced concentrations of several polyphenolics in V. myrtillus berries, whilst elevated CO(2) increased quercetin glycosides in V. myrtillus, and syringetin glycosides and anthocyanins in E. hermaphroditum berries. UV-B × CO(2) interactions were found for total anthocyanins, delphinidin-3-hexoside and peonidin-3-pentosidein in V. myrtillus berries but not E. hermaphroditum. Results suggest positive impacts of UV-B on the germination of V. myrtillus and species-specific impacts of UV-B × elevated CO(2) on berry abundance and quality. The findings have relevance and implications for human and animal consumers plus seed dispersal and seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Gwynn-Jones
- Institute of Biological Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, Wales, SY23 3DA, UK.
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